Fourteen visibility experiments, which compared the overall rate of gesturing when participants could or could not see each other, have produced perfectly contradictory results: Seven found a significantly higher overall gesture rate in the visible condition, and seven found no significant difference. Experiments that used quasi-dialogues in which the addressees’ responses were experimentally constrained (e.g., using a confederate) found a significant difference; the experiments that used free dialogues did not. This review examined three possible explanations and found that (1) the use of quasi-dialogues did not ensure better experimental control, (2) the constrained addressees may have introduced a confound that could account for the significant difference, and (3) although mutual visibility did not affect the overall gesture rate in free dialogues, it significantly increased more specific features of gestures that are useful to addressees. These findings raise several issues about the utility of conventional visibility designs for understanding conversational gestures.
2014. Effect of Dialogue on Demonstrations: Direct Quotations, Facial Portrayals, Hand Gestures, and Figurative References. Discourse Processes 51:8 ► pp. 619 ff.
2022. Multimodal Prominence Marking in Semi-Spontaneous YouTube Monologs: The Interaction of Intonation and Eyebrow Movements. Frontiers in Communication 7
Brown, Lucien, Hyunji Kim, Iris Hübscher & Bodo Winter
2016. Can you handle this? The impact of object affordances on how co-speech gestures are produced. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 31:3 ► pp. 430 ff.
2024. Pragmatics, Utterance Meaning, and Representational Gesture,
Winner, Tobias, Luc Selen, Anke Murillo Oosterwijk, Lennart Verhagen, W. Pieter Medendorp, Iris van Rooij & Ivan Toni
2019. Recipient Design in Communicative Pointing. Cognitive Science 43:5
Zhang, Leshao & Patrick G.T. Healey
2018. Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, ► pp. 428 ff.
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