Part of
Why Gesture?: How the hands function in speaking, thinking and communicatingEdited by Ruth Breckinridge Church, Martha W. Alibali and Spencer D. Kelly
[Gesture Studies 7] 2017
► pp. 129–153
Edited by Ruth Breckinridge Church, Martha W. Alibali and Spencer D. Kelly
[Gesture Studies 7] 2017
► pp. 129–153
Chapter 6The function of gesture in learning and memory
Susan Wagner Cook | Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa | DeLTA Center, University of Iowa
Hand gestures facilitate memory processes, both for newly learned material and for material that is already understood. Gestures facilitate working memory in the moment in which they are produced, and they facilitate recall over time. Information encoded with gesture appears particularly likely to be consolidated in memory, and is particularly likely to transfer to novel contexts. Thus, gesture not only improves initial encoding of material, but also improves the quality of the memory representation that is retained. This chapter focuses on the function of gesture with respect to memory, and discusses potential mechanisms by which gesture may promote memory and consolidation, including managing cognitive load, externalizing information, providing multiple, diverse and embodied representations; and engaging reactivation during sleep.
Article outline
- Introduction
- Working memory
- Capacity of working memory
- Spatial information
- Long-term memory
- Lexical access
- Semantic memory
- Episodic memory
- Learning
- Generalization and transfer
- Consolidation
- Mechanisms underlying memory and learning
- Facilitate understanding of spoken information
- Externalize information
- Create or activate visual and/or motor representations
- Procedural coding
- Neural processes supporting gesture and memory
- Sleep dependent consolidation
- Conclusion
-
References
References
Alibali, Martha W.
2005 “Mechanisms of change in the development of mathematical reasoning.” Advances in Child Development and Behavior 33: 79–123. 
Alibali, Martha W., and DiRusso, Alyssa A.
1999 “The function of gesture in learning to count: More than keeping track.” Cognitive Development 14 (1): 37–56.
Alibali, Martha W., Flevares, Lucia. M., and Goldin-Meadow, Susan
1997 “Assessing knowledge conveyed in gesture: Do teachers have the upper hand?” Journal of Educational Psychology 89 (1): 183–193.
Alibali, Martha W., Kita, Sotaro, and Young, Amanda J.
2000 “Gesture and the process of speech production: We think, therefore we gesture.” Language and Cognitive Processes 15 (6): 593–613.
Baddeley, Alan D.
1986 Working Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Baddeley, Alan D., and Hitch, Graham
1974 “Working Memory.” In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, G.H. Bower (ed), 47–89. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Baddeley, Alan D., and Logie, Robert H.
1999 “Working memory: The multiple component model.” In Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control, A. Miyake and P. Shah (eds), 28–61. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Beattie, Geoffrey, and Coughlan, J.
1999 “An experimental investigation of the role of iconic gestures in lexical access using the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.” British Journal of Psychology 90: 35–56.
Beattie, Geoffrey, and Shovelton, Heather
2000 “Iconic hand gestures and the predictability of words in context in spontaneous speech.” British Journal of Psychology 91: 473–491.
2002 “What properties of talk are associated with the generation of spontaneous iconic hand gestures?” British Journal of Social Psychology 41: 403–417.
Beattie, Geoff and Shovelton, Heather
2002 “An experimental investigation of some properties of individual iconic gestures that mediate their communicative power”. British Journal of Psychology, 93: 179–192.
Beattie, Geoffrey, and Shovelton, Heather
2006 “When size really matters: How a single semantic feature is represented in the speech and gesture modalities.” Gesture 6 (1): 63–84.
Beaudoin-Ryan, Leanne, and Goldin-Meadow, Susan
2014 “Teaching moral reasoning through gesture.” Developmental Science 17 (6): 984–990.
Bernardis, Paolo, Salillas, Elena, and Caramelli, Nicolleta
2008 “Behavioural and neurophysiological evidence of semantic interaction between iconic gestures and words.” Cognitive Neuropsychology 25 (7–8): 1114–1128.
Brawn, Timothy P., Fenn, Kimberly M., Margoliash, Daniel, and Nusbaum, Howard C.
2008 “Consolidation of sensorimotor learning during sleep.” Learning and Memory 15: 815–819.
Brawn, Timothy P., Fenn, Kimberly M., Nusbaum, Howard C., and Margoliash, Daniel
2010 “Consolidating the effects of waking and sleep on motor-sequence learning.” Journal of Neuroscience 30 (42): 13977–13982.
Broaders, Sarah C., Cook, Susan W., Mitchell, Zachary, and Goldin-Meadow, Susan
2007 “Making children gesture reveals implicit knowledge and leads to learning.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 136: 539–550.
Broaders, Sarah C., and Goldin-Meadow, Susan
2010 “Truth is at hand: How gesture adds information during investigative interviews.” Psychological Science 21 (5): 623–628.
Cameron, Hilary, and Xu, Xu.
2011 “Representational gesture, pointing gesture, and memory recall of preschool children.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 35 (2): 155–171.
Caplan, David, and Waters, Gloria S.
1999 “Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22 (1): 77–126.
Cassell, Justine, McNeill, David, and McCullough, Karl-Erik
1999 “Speech-gesture mismatches: Evidence for one underlying representation of linguistic and nonlinguistic information.” Pragmatics and Cognition 7 (1): 1–34.
Chawla, Purnima, and Krauss, Robert M.
1994 “Gesture and speech in spontaneous and rehearsed narratives.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 30 (6): 580–601.
Chu, Mingyuan, and Kita, Sotaro
2011 “The nature of gestures' beneficial role in spatial problem solving.” Journal of Experimental Psychology-General 140 (1): 102–116.
Chu, Mingyuan, Meyer, Antje, Foulkes, Lucy, and Kita, Sotaro
2014 “Individual differences in frequency and saliency of speech-accompanying gestures: The role of cognitive abilities and empathy.” Journal of Experimental Psychology-General 143 (2): 709–709.
Church, Ruth B., Ayman-Nolley, S, and Mahootian, Shahrzad
2004 “The Role of Gesture in Bilingual Education: Does Gesture Enhance Learning?” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 7: 303–319.
Church, Ruth B., Garber, Philli, and Rogalski, Kathryn
Church, Ruth B., and Goldin-Meadow, Susan
1986 “The mismatch between gesture and speech as an index of transitional knowledge.” Cognition 23 (1): 43–71.
Church, Ruth B., Kelly, Spencer D, and Lynch, Kathryn
2000 “Immediate memory for mismatched speech and representational gesture across development.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 24 (2): 151–174.
Clark, Andy
2008 “Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension.” In.: Oxford University Press.
Cohen, Neal J., and Squire, Larry. R.
1980 “Preserved Learning and Retention of Pattern-Analyzing Skill in Amnesia – Dissociation of Knowing How and Knowing That.” Science 210 (4466): 207–210.
Cohen, Ronald L.
1981 “On the Generality of Some Memory Laws.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 22 (4): 267–281.
Cohen, Ronald L., and Otterbein, Nicola
1992 “The Mnemonic Effect of Speech Gestures – Pantomimic and Non-Pantomimic Gestures Compared.” European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 4 (2): 113–139.
Cook, Susan W., Duff, Melissa C., and Goldin-Meadow, Susan
in revision. “Rethinking memory and learning: Gesture as a vehicle for non-declarative knowledge.” Psychological Review.
Cook, Susan W., Duffy, Ryan G., and Fenn, Kimberly M.
2013 “Consolidation and transfer of learning after observing hand gesture.” Child Development 84 (6): 1863–1871.
Cook, Susan W., and Goldin-Meadow, Susan
2006 “The role of gesture in learning: Do children use their hands to change their minds.” Journal of Cognition and Development: 211–232.
Cook, Susan W., Mitchell, Zachary, and Goldin-Meadow, Susan
2008 “Gesturing makes learning last.” Cognition 106: 1047–1058.
Cook, Susan W., and Tanenhaus, Michael. K.
2009 “Embodied communication: Speakers' gestures affect listeners' actions.” Cognition 113 (1): 98–104.
Cook, Susan W., Yip, Terina K., and Goldin-Meadow, Susan
2010 “Gesturing makes memories that last.” Journal of Memory and Language 63 (4): 465–475.
2012 “Gestures, but not meaningless movements, lighten working memory load when explaining math.” Language and Cognitive Processes 27 (4): 594–610.
Cowan, Nelson
1995 Attention and Memory: An Integrated Framework. New York: Oxford University Press.
2008a “Intelligence, cognitive control, and working memory capacity: Three distinct relatives of selective attention.” International Journal of Psychology 43 (3–4): 723–723.
2008b “What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?” Essence of Memory 169: 323–338.
Daneman, Meredyth, and Carpenter, Patricia A.
1983 “Individual-Differences in Integrating Information between and within Sentences.” Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition 9 (4): 561–584.
1980 “Individual differences in working memory and reading.” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19 (4): 450–466.
Daneman, Meredyth, and Green, Ian
1986 “Individual differences in comprehending and producing words in context.” Journal of Memory and Language 25 (1): 1–18.
Daneman, Meredyth, and Merikle, Philip M.
1996 “Working memory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 3 (4): 422–433.
Dave, Amish S., and Margoliash, Daniel
2000 “Song Replay during Sleep and Computational Rules for Sensorimotor Vocal Learning.” Science 290: 812–816.
de Nooijer, Jacqueline A., van Gog, Tamara, Paas, Fred, and Zwaan, Rolf A.
2013 “Effects of imitating gestures during encoding or during retrieval of novel verbs on children's test performance.” Acta Psychologica 144 (1): 173–179.
de Ruiter, Jan-Peter
1998 “Gesture and speech production.” Doctoral dissertation.
Diekelmann, Suzanne, and Born, Jan
2010 “The memory function of sleep.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11: 114–126.
Duff, Melissa C., and Brown-Schmidt, Sarah
2012 “The hippocampus and the flexible use and processing of language.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience: 6.
Eichenbaum, Howard, and Cohen, Neal J.
2001 From Conditioning to Conscious Recollection: Memory Systems of the Brain. New York: Oxford University Press.
Engelkamp, Johannes, and Krumnacker, Horst
1980 “The imaginal and motor processes as performance recall influences of verbal material.” Zeitschrift Fur Experimentelle Und Angewandte Psychologie 27 (4): 511–533.
Engelkamp, Johannes and Zimmer, Hubert D.
1994 “Motor Similarity in Subject-Performed Tasks.” Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung 57 (1): 47–53.
Fenn, Kimberly M., and Hambrick, David Z.
2013 “What drives sleep-dependent memory consolidation: greater gain or less loss?” Psychonomic Bulliten and Review 20 (3): 501–506.
Fenn, Kimberly M., Margoliash, Daniel, and Nusbaum, Howard C.
2013 “Sleep restores loss of generalized but not rote learning of synthetic speech.” Cognition 128 (3): 280–286.
Fenn, Kimberly M., and David Z. Hambrick
2012 “Individual differences in working memory capacity predict sleep-dependent memory consolidation.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141 (3): 404–410.
Fenn, Kimberly M., Nusbaum, Howard C., and Margoliash, Daniel
2003 “Consolidation during sleep of perceptual learning of spoken language.” Nature 425: 614–616.
Feyereisen, Pierre
2006 “Further investigation on the mnemonic effect of gestures: Their meaning matters.” European Journal of Cognitive Psychology: 185–205.
Frick-Horbury, Donna
2002a “The effects of hand gestures on verbal recall as a function of high- and low-verbal-skill levels.” Journal of General Psychology 129 (2): 137–147.
2002b “The use of hand gestures as self-generated cues for recall of verbally associated targets.” American Journal of Psychology 115 (1): 1–20.
Frick-Horbury, Donna, and Guttentag, Robert E.
1998 “The effects of restricting hand gesture production on lexical retrieval and free recall.” American Journal of Psychology 111 (1): 43–62.
Gabrieli, John D. E.
1998 “Cognitive neuroscience of human memory.” Annual Review of Psychology 49: 87–115.
Gais, Steffen, Lucas, Brian, and Born, Jan
2006 “Sleep after learning aids memory recall.” Learning & Memory 13: 259–262.
Galati, Alexia, and Samuel, Arthur G.
2011 “The role of speech-gesture congruency and delay in remembering action events.” Language and Cognitive Processes 26 (3): 406–436.
Gillespie, Maureen, James, Ariel N., Federmeier, Kara D., and Watson, Duane G.
2014 “Verbal working memory predicts co-speech gesture: Evidence from individual differences.” Cognition 132 (2): 174–180.
Goldin-Meadow, Susan, Nusbaum, Howard, Kelly, Spencer D., and Wagner, S.
2001 “Explaining math: Gesturing lightens the load.” Psychological Science 12 (6): 516–522.
Goldin-Meadow, Susan, Wein, Debra, and Chang, Cecilia
1992 “Assessing knowledge through gesture: Using children's hands to read their minds.” Cognition and Instruction 9 (3): 559–580.
Graham, Jean A., and Heywood, Simon
1975 “Effects of Elimination of Hand Gestures and of Verbal Codability on Speech Performance.” European Journal of Social Psychology 5 (2): 189–195.
Gray, Wayne D., and Fu, Wai-Tat
2004 “Soft constraints in interactive behavior: the case of ignoring perfect knowledge in-the-world for imperfect knowledge in-the-head.” Cognitive Science 28 (3): 359–382.
Gurney, Daniel J., Pine, Karen J., and Wiseman, Richard
2013 “The Gestural Misinformation Effect: Skewing Eyewitness Testimony Through Gesture.” American Journal of Psychology 126 (3): 301–314.
Hadar, Uri and Krauss, Robert. K.
1999 “Iconic gestures: the grammatical categories of lexical affiliates.” Journal of Neurolinguistics 12 (1): 1–12.
Hartsuiker, Robert J., and Barkhuysen, Pashiera N.
2006 “Language production and working memory: The case of subject-verb agreement.” Language and Cognitive Processes 21 (1–3): 181–204.
Heikkilä, Jenni, Alho, Kimmo, Hyvönen, Heidi, and Tiippana, Kaisa
2015 “Audiovisual semantic congruency during encoding enhances memory performance.” Experimental Psychology 62 (2): 123–130.
Hoetjes, Marieke, Krahmer, Emiel, and Swerts, Marc
2014 “Does our speech change when we cannot gesture?” Speech Communication 57: 257–267.
Holle, Henning, Obleser, Jonas, Rueschemeyer, Shirley-Ann, and Gunter, Thomas C.
2010 “Integration of iconic gestures and speech in left superior temporal areas boosts speech comprehension under adverse listening conditions.” Neuroimage 49 (1): 875–884.
Horton, W. Sid, and Gerrig, Richard J.
2005 “The impact of memory demands on audience design during language production.” Cognition 96 (2): 127–142.
Hostetter, Autumn B.
2011 “When Do Gestures Communicate? A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 137 (2): 297–315.
Hostetter, Autumn B., and Alibali, Martha W.
2008 “Visible embodiment: Gestures as simulated action.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 15 (3): 495–514.
2010 “Language, gesture, action! A test of the Gesture as Simulated Action framework.” Journal of Memory and Language 63 (2): 245–257.
2011 “Cognitive skills and gesture-speech redundancy: Formulation difficulty or communicative strategy?” Gesture 11 (1): 40–60.
Hostetter, Autumn B., Alibali, Martha W., and Kita, Sotaro
2007 “I see it in my hands' eye: Representational gestures reflect conceptual demands.” Language and Cognitive Processes 22 (3): 313–336.
Hostetter, Autumn B., and Hopkins, William D.
2002 2002 “The effect of thought structure on the production of lexical movements.” Brain and Language 82 (1): 22–29.
Ji, Daoyun, and Wilson, Matthew A.
2007 “Coordinated memory replay in the visual cortex and hippocamus during sleep.” Nature Neuroscience 10 (1): 100–107.
Just, Marcel A., and Carpenter, Patricia A.
1992 “A capacity theory of comprehension – individual-differences in working memory.” Psychological Review 99 (1): 122–149.
Just, Marcel A., Carpenter, Patricia A., and Keller, T. A.
1996 “The capacity theory of comprehension: New frontiers of evidence and arguments.” Psychological Review 103 (4): 773–780.
Kelly, Spencer D., Barr, D. J., Church, Ruth B., and Lynch, Kathryn
1999 “Offering a hand to pragmatic understanding: The role of speech and gesture in comprehension and memory.” Journal of Memory and Language 40: 577–592.
Kelly, Spencer D., and Church, Ruth B.
1997 “Can children detect conceptual information conveyed through other children's nonverbal behaviors?” Cognition and Instruction 15 (1): 107–134.
1998 “A comparison between children's and adults' ability to detect conceptual information conveyed through representational gestures.” Child Development 69 (1): 85–93.
Kendon, Adam
1987 “On Gesture: Its complementary relationship with speech.”In Nonverbal Communication, A. Seigman and S. Feldstein (eds), 65–97. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kirsh, David
1995 “The Intelligent Use of Space.” Artificial Intelligence 73 (1–2): 31–68.
Klooster, Nathaniel. B., Cook, Susan W., Uc, Ergun Y., and Duff, Melissa C.
2015 “Gestures make memories, but what kind? Patients with impaired procedural memory display disruptions in gesture production and comprehension.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience: 8.
Klooster, Nathaniel. B., Cook, Susan W., and Duff, Melissa C.
2012 Gestures Make Memories, But What Kind? The Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms of Hand Gesture. Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Chicago, IL.
Krönke, Klaus-Martin, Mueller, Karsten, Friederici, Angela D., and Obrig, Hellmuth
2013 “Learning by doing? The effect of gestures on implicit retrieval of newly acquired words.” Cortex 49 (9): 2553–2568.
Louie, Kenway, and Wilson, Matthew A.
2001 “Temporally structured replay of awake hippocampal ensemble activity during rapid eye movement sleep.” Neuron 29: 145–156.
Margoliash, Daniel, and Fenn, Kimberly M.
2008 “Sleep and Memory Consolidation in Audition.” In The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference, A.I. Basbaum, A. Kaneko, G.M. Shephard and G. Westheimer (eds). San Diego: Academic Press.
Marstaller, Lars, and Burianová, Hana
2013 “Individual differences in the gesture effect on working memory.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 20 (3): 496–500.
McGaugh, James L.
2000 “Memory – A century of consolidation.” Science 287: 248–251.
McNeill, David
1992 Hand and mind: What gestures reveal about thought.
Miller, George A.
1956 “The magical number 7, plus or minus 2 – some limits on our capacity for processing information.” Psychological Review 63 (2): 81–97.
Morrel-Samuels, Palmer and Krauss, Robert. M.
1992 “Word familiarity predicts temporal asynchrony of hand gestures and speech.” Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition 18 (3): 615–622.
Morsella, Ezequiel and Krauss, Robert. M.
2004 “The role of gestures in spatial working memory and speech.” American Journal of Psychology 117 (3): 411–424.
Murray, Micah M., Michel, Christoph M., de Peralta, Rolando Grave, Ortigue, Stephanie, Brunet, Denis, Andino, Sara G., and Schnider, Armin
2004 “Rapid discrimination of visual and multisensory memories revealed by electrical neuroimaging.” Neuroimage 21 (1): 125–135.
Novack, Miriam A., Congdon, Eliza L., Hemani-Lopez, Naureen and Goldin-Meadow, Susan
2014 “From action to abstraction using the hands to learn math.” Psychological Science 25 (4): 903–910.
Novick, Jared M., Trueswell, John C., and Thompson-Schill, Sharon L.
2005 “Cognitive control and parsing: Reexamining the role of Broca's area in sentence comprehension.” Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience 5 (3): 263–281.
Özyürek, Asli
2002 “Do speakers design their cospeech gestures for their addressees? The effects of addressee location on representational gestures.” Journal of Memory and Language 46 (4): 688–704.
Özyürek, Asli, Willems, Roel. M., Kita, Sotaro, and Hagoort, Peter
2007 “On-line integration of semantic information from speech and gesture: Insights from event-related brain potentials.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19 (4): 605–616.
Perry, Michelle, Church, Ruth B., and Goldin-Meadow, Susan
1992 “Is gesture speech mismatch a general index of transitional knowledge.” Cognitive Development 7 (1): 109–122.
Pine, Karen J., Lufkin, Nicola, Kirk, Elizabeth, and Messer, David
2007 “A microgenetic analysis of the relationship between speech and gesture in children: Evidence for semantic and temporal asynchrony.” Language and Cognitive Processes 22 (2): 234–246.
Pine, Karen J., Reeves, Lindsey, Howlett, Neil, and Fletcher, Ben
2013 “Giving cognition a helping hand: The effect of congruent gestures on object name retrieval.” British Journal of Psychology 104 (1): 57–68.
Ping, Ready M.
2009 “The motor system’s role in gesture understanding.” Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Chicago.
Ping, Ready M., and Goldin-Meadow, Susan
2008 “Hands in the air: Using ungrounded iconic gestures to teach children conservation of quantity.” Developmental Psychology 44: 1277–1287.
2010 “Gesturing saves cognitive resources when talking about nonpresent objects.” Cognitive Science 34 (4): 602–619.
Plihal, Werner and Born, Jan
1997 “Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on declarative and procedural memory.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9: 534–547.
1999 “Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on priming and spatial memory.” Psychophysiology 36: 571–582.
Pouw, Wim T. J. L., de Nooijer, Jacqueline A., van Gog, Tamara, Zwaan, Rolf A., and Paas, Fred
2014 “Toward a more embedded/extended perspective on the cognitive function of gestures.” Frontiers in Psychology: 5.
Power, M. J.
1985 “Sentence production and working memory.” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section a-Human Experimental Psychology 37 (3): 367–385.
Rauscher, Frances H., Krauss, Robert. M., and Chen, Yihsiu
1996 “Gesture, speech, and lexical access: The role of lexical movements in speech production.” Psychological Science 7 (4): 226–231.
Reber, Paul J., Knowlton, Barbara J., and Squire, Larry R.
1996 “Dissociable properties of memory systems: Differences in the flexibility of declarative and nondeclarative knowledge.” Behavioral Neuroscience 110 (5): 861–871.
Rimé, Bernard, Schiaratura, Loris, Hupet, Michel, and Ghysselinckx, Anne
1984 “Effects of relative immobilization on the speakers nonverbal behavior and on the dialog imagery level.” Motivation and Emotion 8 (4): 311–325.
Riseborough, Margaret G.
1981a “Gestural Accompaniments in Childrens Speech.” Bulletin of the British Psychological Society 34 (Aug): 323–323.
1981b “Physiographic gestures as decoding facilitators – 3 experiments exploring a neglected facet of communication.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 5 (3): 172–183.
Rogers, William T.
1978 “The contribution of kinesic illustrators toward the comprehension of verbal behavior within utterances.” Human Communications Research 5 (1): 54–62.
Saltz, Eli, and Donnenwerth-Nolan, Suzanne
1981 “Does motoric imagery facilitate memory for sentences – a selective interference test.” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 20 (3): 322–332.
Schneider, Michael, Rittle-Johnson, Bethany, and Star, Jon R.
2011 “Relations among conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge, and procedural flexibility in two samples differing in prior knowledge.” Developmental Psychology 47 (6): 1525–1538.
Singer, Melissa, and Goldin-Meadow, Susan
2005 “Children learn when their teacher's gestures and speech differ.” Psychological Science 16: 85–89.
Singer, Melissa, Radinsky, Joshua, and Goldman, S. R.
2008 “The role of gesture in meaning construction.” Discourse Processes 45 (4–5): 365–386.
Skipper, Jeremy I., Goldin-Meadow, Susan, Nusbaum, Howard C., and Small, Steven L.
2009 “Gestures orchestrate brain networks for language understanding.” Current Biology 19 (8): 661–667.
Smithson, Lisa, and Nicoladis, Elena
2013 “Verbal memory resources predict iconic gesture use among monolinguals and bilinguals.” Bilingualism-Language and Cognition 16 (4): 934–944.
Smithson, L., and Nicoladis, E.
2014 “Lending a hand to imagery? The impact of visuospatial working memory interference upon iconic gesture production in a narrative task.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 38 (2): 247–258.
So, Wing-Chee, Chen-Hui, C. S., and Wei-Shan, J. L.
2012 “Mnemonic effect of iconic gesture and beat gesture in adults and children: Is meaning in gesture important for memory recall?” Language and Cognitive Processes 27 (5): 665–681.
Squire, Larry R.
1992 “Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans.” Psychological Review 99: 195–231.
Stevanoni, Elizabeth and Salmon, Karen
2005 “Giving memory a hand: Instructing children to gesture enhances their event recall.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 29 (4): 217–233.
Straube, Benjamin, Green, Antonia, Weis, Susanne, Chatterjee, Anjan, and Kircher, Tilo
2009 “Memory effects of speech and gesture binding: Cortical and hippocampal activation in relation to subsequent memory performance.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21 (4): 821–836.
Straube, Benjamin, Meyer, Lea, Green, Antonia, and Kircher, Tilo
2014 “Semantic relation vs. surprise: The differential effects of related and unrelated co-verbal gestures on neural encoding and subsequent recognition.” Brain Research 1567: 42–56.
Tellier, Marion
2008 “The effect of gestures on second language memorisation by young children.” Gesture 8 (2): 219–235.
Thompson, Laura A.
1995 “Encoding and memory for visible speech and gestures: A comparison between young and older adults.” Psychology & Aging 10: 215–228.
Thompson, Laura A., Driscoll, Donna, and Markson, Lori
1998 “Memory for visual-spoken language in children and adults.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 22 (3): 167–187.
Valenzeno, L, Alibali, Martha W., and Klatzky, Roberta
2003 “Teachers' gestures facilitate students' learning: A lesson in symmetry.” Contemporary Educational Psychology 28: 187–204.
Wagner, Susan. M., Nusbaum, Howard, and Goldin-Meadow, Susan
2004 “Probing the mental representation of gesture: Is handwaving spatial?” Journal of Memory and Language 50 (4): 395–407.
Wagner, Ullrich, Gais, Steffen, Haider, Hilde, Verleger, Rolf, and Born, Jan
2004 “Sleep inspires insight.” Nature 427: 352–355.
Wesp, Richard, Hesse, Jennifer, Keutmann, Donna, and Wheaton, Karen
2001 “Gestures maintain spatial imagery.” American Journal of Psychology 114 (4): 591–600.
Wilson, Margaret
2001 “The case for sensorimotor coding in working memory.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 8 (1): 44–57.
Wilson, Matthew A., and McNaughton, Bruce L.
1993 “Dynamics of the hippocampal ensemble code for space.” Science 261: 1055–1058.
1994 “Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep.” Science 265: 676–679.
Wixted, John T.
2004 “The psychology and neuroscience of forgetting.” Annual Review of Psychology 55: 235–269.
Woodall, W. Gill, and Folger, Joseph P.
1985 “Nonverbal cue context and episodic memory – on the availability and endurance of nonverbal behaviors as retrieval cues.” Communication Monographs 52 (4): 319–333.
Yap, DeFu., So, WingChee, Yap, JuMin M., Tan, Ying-Quan, and Teoh, Ruo-Li S.
2011 “Iconic gestures prime words.” Cognitive Science 35 (1): 171–183.
Cited by
Cited by 11 other publications
Aydin, Cagla, Tilbe Göksun, Ege Otenen, Selma Berfin Tanis, Yağmur Damla Şentürk & Barbara Dritschel
2023. The role of gestures in autobiographical memory. PLOS ONE 18:2 ► pp. e0281748 ff. 
Davis, Robert O.
2018. The impact of pedagogical agent gesturing in multimedia learning environments: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review 24 ► pp. 193 ff.
Denault, Vincent & Miles L. Patterson
2021. Justice and Nonverbal Communication in a Post-pandemic World: An Evidence-Based Commentary and Cautionary Statement for Lawyers and Judges. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 45:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Khatin-Zadeh, Omid, Zahra Eskandari & Fernando Marmolejo-Ramos
2022. Gestures Enhance Executive Functions for the Understating of Mathematical Concepts. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science
Khatin-Zadeh, Omid, Zahra Eskandari, Babak Yazdani-Fazlabadi & Fernando Marmolejo-Ramos
2022. Four Functions of Gesture in Promoting Thought Processes. Psychological Studies 67:4 ► pp. 411 ff.
Lin, Yen-Liang
2021. Gestures as scaffolding for L2 narrative recall: The role of gesture type, task complexity, and working memory. Language Teaching Research ► pp. 136216882110445 ff.
Mathayas, Nitasha, David E. Brown & Robb Lindgren
2021. “I got to see, and I got to be a part of it”: How cued gesturing facilitates middle‐school students' explanatory modeling of thermal conduction. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 58:10 ► pp. 1557 ff.
Nicoladis, Elena & Emma Hill
Nirme, Jens, Agneta Gulz, Magnus Haake & Marianne Gullberg
2024. Early or synchronized gestures facilitate speech recall—a study based on motion capture data. Frontiers in Psychology 15
Sgard, Clara, Jean‐Christophe Bier & Philippe Peigneux
2021. Gesturing helps memory encoding in aMCI. Journal of Neuropsychology 15:3 ► pp. 396 ff.
Özer, Demet & Tilbe Göksun
2020. Gesture Use and Processing: A Review on Individual Differences in Cognitive Resources. Frontiers in Psychology 11
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 12 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.