Cover not available
Part of
Why Gesture?: How the hands function in speaking, thinking and communicating
Edited by Ruth Breckinridge Church, Martha W. Alibali and Spencer D. Kelly
[Gesture Studies 7] 2017
► pp. 129–153

Chapter 6
The function of gesture in learning and memory

| Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa | DeLTA Center, University of Iowa
| Department of Psychology, Michigan State University
Hand gestures facilitate memory processes, both for newly learned material and for material that is already understood. Gestures facilitate working memory in the moment in which they are produced, and they facilitate recall over time. Information encoded with gesture appears particularly likely to be consolidated in memory, and is particularly likely to transfer to novel contexts. Thus, gesture not only improves initial encoding of material, but also improves the quality of the memory representation that is retained. This chapter focuses on the function of gesture with respect to memory, and discusses potential mechanisms by which gesture may promote memory and consolidation, including managing cognitive load, externalizing information, providing multiple, diverse and embodied representations; and engaging reactivation during sleep.
Article outline
  • Introduction
  • Working memory
    • Capacity of working memory
    • Spatial information
  • Long-term memory
    • Lexical access
    • Semantic memory
    • Episodic memory
  • Learning
    • Generalization and transfer
    • Consolidation
  • Mechanisms underlying memory and learning
    • Facilitate understanding of spoken information
    • Externalize information
    • Create or activate visual and/or motor representations
    • Procedural coding
    • Neural processes supporting gesture and memory
    • Sleep dependent consolidation
  • Conclusion
  • References
Published online: 26 April 2017
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/gs.7.07coo
References (148)
References
Alibali, Martha W. 2005. “Mechanisms of change in the development of mathematical reasoning.” Advances in Child Development and Behavior 33: 79–123. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Alibali, Martha W., and DiRusso, Alyssa A. 1999. “The function of gesture in learning to count: More than keeping track.” Cognitive Development 14 (1): 37–56. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Alibali, Martha W., Flevares, Lucia. M., and Goldin-Meadow, Susan. 1997. “Assessing knowledge conveyed in gesture: Do teachers have the upper hand?” Journal of Educational Psychology 89 (1): 183–193. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Alibali, Martha W., Kita, Sotaro, and Young, Amanda J. 2000. “Gesture and the process of speech production: We think, therefore we gesture.” Language and Cognitive Processes 15 (6): 593–613. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, Alan D. 1986. Working Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Baddeley, Alan D., and Hitch, Graham 1974. “Working Memory.” In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, G.H. Bower (ed), 47–89. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Baddeley, Alan D., and Logie, Robert H. 1999. “Working memory: The multiple component model.” In Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control, A. Miyake and P. Shah (eds), 28–61. New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Beattie, Geoffrey, and Coughlan, J. 1999. “An experimental investigation of the role of iconic gestures in lexical access using the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.” British Journal of Psychology 90: 35–56. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Beattie, Geoffrey, and Shovelton, Heather 2000. “Iconic hand gestures and the predictability of words in context in spontaneous speech.” British Journal of Psychology 91: 473–491. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2002. “What properties of talk are associated with the generation of spontaneous iconic hand gestures?” British Journal of Social Psychology 41: 403–417. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Beattie, Geoff and Shovelton, Heather. 2002. “An experimental investigation of some properties of individual iconic gestures that mediate their communicative power”. British Journal of Psychology, 93: 179–192. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Beattie, Geoffrey, and Shovelton, Heather 2006. “When size really matters: How a single semantic feature is represented in the speech and gesture modalities.” Gesture 6 (1): 63–84. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Beaudoin-Ryan, Leanne, and Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2014. “Teaching moral reasoning through gesture.” Developmental Science 17 (6): 984–990. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bernardis, Paolo, Salillas, Elena, and Caramelli, Nicolleta. 2008. “Behavioural and neurophysiological evidence of semantic interaction between iconic gestures and words.” Cognitive Neuropsychology 25 (7–8): 1114–1128. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brawn, Timothy P., Fenn, Kimberly M., Margoliash, Daniel, and Nusbaum, Howard C. 2008. “Consolidation of sensorimotor learning during sleep.” Learning and Memory 15: 815–819. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brawn, Timothy P., Fenn, Kimberly M., Nusbaum, Howard C., and Margoliash, Daniel. 2010. “Consolidating the effects of waking and sleep on motor-sequence learning.” Journal of Neuroscience 30 (42): 13977–13982. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Broaders, Sarah C., Cook, Susan W., Mitchell, Zachary, and Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2007. “Making children gesture reveals implicit knowledge and leads to learning.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 136: 539–550. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Broaders, Sarah C., and Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2010. “Truth is at hand: How gesture adds information during investigative interviews.” Psychological Science 21 (5): 623–628. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cameron, Hilary, and Xu, Xu. 2011. “Representational gesture, pointing gesture, and memory recall of preschool children.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 35 (2): 155–171. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Caplan, David, and Waters, Gloria S. 1999. “Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22 (1): 77–126. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cassell, Justine, McNeill, David, and McCullough, Karl-Erik 1999. “Speech-gesture mismatches: Evidence for one underlying representation of linguistic and nonlinguistic information.” Pragmatics and Cognition 7 (1): 1–34. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chawla, Purnima, and Krauss, Robert M. 1994. “Gesture and speech in spontaneous and rehearsed narratives.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 30 (6): 580–601. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chu, Mingyuan, and Kita, Sotaro 2011. “The nature of gestures' beneficial role in spatial problem solving.” Journal of Experimental Psychology-General 140 (1): 102–116. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chu, Mingyuan, Meyer, Antje, Foulkes, Lucy, and Kita, Sotaro 2014. “Individual differences in frequency and saliency of speech-accompanying gestures: The role of cognitive abilities and empathy.” Journal of Experimental Psychology-General 143 (2): 709–709. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Church, Ruth B., Ayman-Nolley, S, and Mahootian, Shahrzad 2004. “The Role of Gesture in Bilingual Education: Does Gesture Enhance Learning?” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 7: 303–319. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Church, Ruth B., Garber, Philli, and Rogalski, Kathryn 2007. “The role of gesture in memory and social communication.” Gesture 7 (2): 137–158. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Church, Ruth B., and Goldin-Meadow, Susan 1986. “The mismatch between gesture and speech as an index of transitional knowledge.” Cognition 23 (1): 43–71. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Church, Ruth B., Kelly, Spencer D, and Lynch, Kathryn 2000. “Immediate memory for mismatched speech and representational gesture across development.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 24 (2): 151–174. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Clark, Andy 2008. “Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension.” In.: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Neal J., and Squire, Larry. R. 1980. “Preserved Learning and Retention of Pattern-Analyzing Skill in Amnesia – Dissociation of Knowing How and Knowing That.” Science 210 (4466): 207–210. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Ronald L. 1981. “On the Generality of Some Memory Laws.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 22 (4): 267–281. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Ronald L., and Otterbein, Nicola 1992. “The Mnemonic Effect of Speech Gestures – Pantomimic and Non-Pantomimic Gestures Compared.” European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 4 (2): 113–139. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cook, Susan W., Duff, Melissa C., and Goldin-Meadow, Susan in revision. “Rethinking memory and learning: Gesture as a vehicle for non-declarative knowledge.” Psychological Review.
Cook, Susan W., Duffy, Ryan G., and Fenn, Kimberly M. 2013. “Consolidation and transfer of learning after observing hand gesture.” Child Development 84 (6): 1863–1871. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cook, Susan W., and Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2006. “The role of gesture in learning: Do children use their hands to change their minds.” Journal of Cognition and Development: 211–232. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cook, Susan W., Mitchell, Zachary, and Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2008. “Gesturing makes learning last.” Cognition 106: 1047–1058. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cook, Susan W., and Tanenhaus, Michael. K. 2009. “Embodied communication: Speakers' gestures affect listeners' actions.” Cognition 113 (1): 98–104. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cook, Susan W., Yip, Terina K., and Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2010. “Gesturing makes memories that last.” Journal of Memory and Language 63 (4): 465–475. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012. “Gestures, but not meaningless movements, lighten working memory load when explaining math.” Language and Cognitive Processes 27 (4): 594–610. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cowan, Nelson 1995. Attention and Memory: An Integrated Framework. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2008a. “Intelligence, cognitive control, and working memory capacity: Three distinct relatives of selective attention.” International Journal of Psychology 43 (3–4): 723–723.Google Scholar
2008b. “What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?” Essence of Memory 169: 323–338. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Daneman, Meredyth, and Carpenter, Patricia A. 1983. “Individual-Differences in Integrating Information between and within Sentences.” Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition 9 (4): 561–584. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1980. “Individual differences in working memory and reading.” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19 (4): 450–466. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Daneman, Meredyth, and Green, Ian 1986. “Individual differences in comprehending and producing words in context.” Journal of Memory and Language 25 (1): 1–18. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Daneman, Meredyth, and Merikle, Philip M. 1996. “Working memory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 3 (4): 422–433. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dave, Amish S., and Margoliash, Daniel 2000. “Song Replay during Sleep and Computational Rules for Sensorimotor Vocal Learning.” Science 290: 812–816. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
de Nooijer, Jacqueline A., van Gog, Tamara, Paas, Fred, and Zwaan, Rolf A. 2013. “Effects of imitating gestures during encoding or during retrieval of novel verbs on children's test performance.” Acta Psychologica 144 (1): 173–179. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
de Ruiter, Jan-Peter. 1998. “Gesture and speech production.” Doctoral dissertation.Google Scholar
Diekelmann, Suzanne, and Born, Jan 2010. “The memory function of sleep.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11: 114–126.Google Scholar
Duff, Melissa C., and Brown-Schmidt, Sarah 2012. “The hippocampus and the flexible use and processing of language.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience: 6. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eichenbaum, Howard, and Cohen, Neal J. 2001. From Conditioning to Conscious Recollection: Memory Systems of the Brain. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Engelkamp, Johannes, and Krumnacker, Horst 1980. “The imaginal and motor processes as performance recall influences of verbal material.” Zeitschrift Fur Experimentelle Und Angewandte Psychologie 27 (4): 511–533.Google Scholar
Engelkamp, Johannes and Zimmer, Hubert D. 1994. “Motor Similarity in Subject-Performed Tasks.” Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung 57 (1): 47–53. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fenn, Kimberly M., and Hambrick, David Z. 2013. “What drives sleep-dependent memory consolidation: greater gain or less loss?” Psychonomic Bulliten and Review 20 (3): 501–506. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fenn, Kimberly M., Margoliash, Daniel, and Nusbaum, Howard C. 2013. “Sleep restores loss of generalized but not rote learning of synthetic speech.” Cognition 128 (3): 280–286. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fenn, Kimberly M., and David Z. Hambrick 2012. “Individual differences in working memory capacity predict sleep-dependent memory consolidation.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141 (3): 404–410. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fenn, Kimberly M., Nusbaum, Howard C., and Margoliash, Daniel 2003. “Consolidation during sleep of perceptual learning of spoken language.” Nature 425: 614–616. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Feyereisen, Pierre 2006. “Further investigation on the mnemonic effect of gestures: Their meaning matters.” European Journal of Cognitive Psychology: 185–205. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Frick-Horbury, Donna 2002a. “The effects of hand gestures on verbal recall as a function of high- and low-verbal-skill levels.” Journal of General Psychology 129 (2): 137–147. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2002b. “The use of hand gestures as self-generated cues for recall of verbally associated targets.” American Journal of Psychology 115 (1): 1–20. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Frick-Horbury, Donna, and Guttentag, Robert E. 1998. “The effects of restricting hand gesture production on lexical retrieval and free recall.” American Journal of Psychology 111 (1): 43–62. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gabrieli, John D. E. 1998. “Cognitive neuroscience of human memory.” Annual Review of Psychology 49: 87–115. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gais, Steffen, Lucas, Brian, and Born, Jan 2006. “Sleep after learning aids memory recall.” Learning & Memory 13: 259–262. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Galati, Alexia, and Samuel, Arthur G. 2011. “The role of speech-gesture congruency and delay in remembering action events.” Language and Cognitive Processes 26 (3): 406–436. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gillespie, Maureen, James, Ariel N., Federmeier, Kara D., and Watson, Duane G. 2014. “Verbal working memory predicts co-speech gesture: Evidence from individual differences.” Cognition 132 (2): 174–180. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Goldin-Meadow, Susan, Nusbaum, Howard, Kelly, Spencer D., and Wagner, S. 2001. “Explaining math: Gesturing lightens the load.” Psychological Science 12 (6): 516–522. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Goldin-Meadow, Susan, Wein, Debra, and Chang, Cecilia 1992. “Assessing knowledge through gesture: Using children's hands to read their minds.” Cognition and Instruction 9 (3): 559–580. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Graham, Jean A., and Heywood, Simon 1975. “Effects of Elimination of Hand Gestures and of Verbal Codability on Speech Performance.” European Journal of Social Psychology 5 (2): 189–195. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gray, Wayne D., and Fu, Wai-Tat 2004. “Soft constraints in interactive behavior: the case of ignoring perfect knowledge in-the-world for imperfect knowledge in-the-head.” Cognitive Science 28 (3): 359–382.Google Scholar
Gurney, Daniel J., Pine, Karen J., and Wiseman, Richard 2013. “The Gestural Misinformation Effect: Skewing Eyewitness Testimony Through Gesture.” American Journal of Psychology 126 (3): 301–314. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hadar, Uri and Krauss, Robert. K. 1999. “Iconic gestures: the grammatical categories of lexical affiliates.” Journal of Neurolinguistics 12 (1): 1–12. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hartsuiker, Robert J., and Barkhuysen, Pashiera N. 2006. “Language production and working memory: The case of subject-verb agreement.” Language and Cognitive Processes 21 (1–3): 181–204. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Heikkilä, Jenni, Alho, Kimmo, Hyvönen, Heidi, and Tiippana, Kaisa 2015. “Audiovisual semantic congruency during encoding enhances memory performance.” Experimental Psychology 62 (2): 123–130. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hoetjes, Marieke, Krahmer, Emiel, and Swerts, Marc 2014. “Does our speech change when we cannot gesture?” Speech Communication 57: 257–267. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Holle, Henning, Obleser, Jonas, Rueschemeyer, Shirley-Ann, and Gunter, Thomas C. 2010. “Integration of iconic gestures and speech in left superior temporal areas boosts speech comprehension under adverse listening conditions.” Neuroimage 49 (1): 875–884. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Horton, W. Sid, and Gerrig, Richard J. 2005. “The impact of memory demands on audience design during language production.” Cognition 96 (2): 127–142. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hostetter, Autumn B. 2011. “When Do Gestures Communicate? A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 137 (2): 297–315. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hostetter, Autumn B., and Alibali, Martha W. 2008. “Visible embodiment: Gestures as simulated action.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 15 (3): 495–514. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010. “Language, gesture, action! A test of the Gesture as Simulated Action framework.” Journal of Memory and Language 63 (2): 245–257. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011. “Cognitive skills and gesture-speech redundancy: Formulation difficulty or communicative strategy?” Gesture 11 (1): 40–60. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hostetter, Autumn B., Alibali, Martha W., and Kita, Sotaro 2007. “I see it in my hands' eye: Representational gestures reflect conceptual demands.” Language and Cognitive Processes 22 (3): 313–336. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hostetter, Autumn B., and Hopkins, William D. 2002. 2002. “The effect of thought structure on the production of lexical movements.” Brain and Language 82 (1): 22–29. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ji, Daoyun, and Wilson, Matthew A. 2007. “Coordinated memory replay in the visual cortex and hippocamus during sleep.” Nature Neuroscience 10 (1): 100–107. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Just, Marcel A., and Carpenter, Patricia A. 1992. “A capacity theory of comprehension – individual-differences in working memory.” Psychological Review 99 (1): 122–149. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Just, Marcel A., Carpenter, Patricia A., and Keller, T. A. 1996. “The capacity theory of comprehension: New frontiers of evidence and arguments.” Psychological Review 103 (4): 773–780. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kelly, Spencer D., Barr, D. J., Church, Ruth B., and Lynch, Kathryn 1999. “Offering a hand to pragmatic understanding: The role of speech and gesture in comprehension and memory.” Journal of Memory and Language 40: 577–592. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kelly, Spencer D., and Church, Ruth B. 1997. “Can children detect conceptual information conveyed through other children's nonverbal behaviors?” Cognition and Instruction 15 (1): 107–134. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1998. “A comparison between children's and adults' ability to detect conceptual information conveyed through representational gestures.” Child Development 69 (1): 85–93. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kendon, Adam 1987. “On Gesture: Its complementary relationship with speech.”In Nonverbal Communication, A. Seigman and S. Feldstein (eds), 65–97. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Kirsh, David 1995. “The Intelligent Use of Space.” Artificial Intelligence 73 (1–2): 31–68. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Klooster, Nathaniel. B., Cook, Susan W., Uc, Ergun Y., and Duff, Melissa C. 2015. “Gestures make memories, but what kind? Patients with impaired procedural memory display disruptions in gesture production and comprehension.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience: 8. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Klooster, Nathaniel. B., Cook, Susan W., and Duff, Melissa C. 2012. Gestures Make Memories, But What Kind? The Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms of Hand Gesture. Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
Krönke, Klaus-Martin, Mueller, Karsten, Friederici, Angela D., and Obrig, Hellmuth 2013. “Learning by doing? The effect of gestures on implicit retrieval of newly acquired words.” Cortex 49 (9): 2553–2568. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Louie, Kenway, and Wilson, Matthew A. 2001. “Temporally structured replay of awake hippocampal ensemble activity during rapid eye movement sleep.” Neuron 29: 145–156. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Margoliash, Daniel, and Fenn, Kimberly M.. 2008. “Sleep and Memory Consolidation in Audition.” In The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference, A.I. Basbaum, A. Kaneko, G.M. Shephard and G. Westheimer (eds). San Diego: Academic Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Marstaller, Lars, and Burianová, Hana 2013. “Individual differences in the gesture effect on working memory.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 20 (3): 496–500. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
McGaugh, James L. 2000. “Memory – A century of consolidation.” Science 287: 248–251. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
McNeill, David 1992. Hand and mind: What gestures reveal about thought.Google Scholar
Miller, George A. 1956. “The magical number 7, plus or minus 2 – some limits on our capacity for processing information.” Psychological Review 63 (2): 81–97. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Morrel-Samuels, Palmer and Krauss, Robert. M. 1992. “Word familiarity predicts temporal asynchrony of hand gestures and speech.” Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition 18 (3): 615–622. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Morsella, Ezequiel and Krauss, Robert. M. 2004. “The role of gestures in spatial working memory and speech.” American Journal of Psychology 117 (3): 411–424. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Murray, Micah M., Michel, Christoph M., de Peralta, Rolando Grave, Ortigue, Stephanie, Brunet, Denis, Andino, Sara G., and Schnider, Armin 2004. “Rapid discrimination of visual and multisensory memories revealed by electrical neuroimaging.” Neuroimage 21 (1): 125–135. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Novack, Miriam A., Congdon, Eliza L., Hemani-Lopez, Naureen and Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2014. “From action to abstraction using the hands to learn math.” Psychological Science 25 (4): 903–910. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Novick, Jared M., Trueswell, John C., and Thompson-Schill, Sharon L. 2005. “Cognitive control and parsing: Reexamining the role of Broca's area in sentence comprehension.” Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience 5 (3): 263–281. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Özyürek, Asli 2002. “Do speakers design their cospeech gestures for their addressees? The effects of addressee location on representational gestures.” Journal of Memory and Language 46 (4): 688–704. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Özyürek, Asli, Willems, Roel. M., Kita, Sotaro, and Hagoort, Peter 2007. “On-line integration of semantic information from speech and gesture: Insights from event-related brain potentials.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19 (4): 605–616. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Perry, Michelle, Church, Ruth B., and Goldin-Meadow, Susan 1992. “Is gesture speech mismatch a general index of transitional knowledge.” Cognitive Development 7 (1): 109–122. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pine, Karen J., Lufkin, Nicola, Kirk, Elizabeth, and Messer, David 2007. “A microgenetic analysis of the relationship between speech and gesture in children: Evidence for semantic and temporal asynchrony.” Language and Cognitive Processes 22 (2): 234–246. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pine, Karen J., Reeves, Lindsey, Howlett, Neil, and Fletcher, Ben 2013. “Giving cognition a helping hand: The effect of congruent gestures on object name retrieval.” British Journal of Psychology 104 (1): 57–68. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ping, Ready M. 2009. “The motor system’s role in gesture understanding.” Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Ping, Ready M., and Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2008. “Hands in the air: Using ungrounded iconic gestures to teach children conservation of quantity.” Developmental Psychology 44: 1277–1287. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010. “Gesturing saves cognitive resources when talking about nonpresent objects.” Cognitive Science 34 (4): 602–619. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Plihal, Werner and Born, Jan 1997. “Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on declarative and procedural memory.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9: 534–547. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1999. “Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on priming and spatial memory.” Psychophysiology 36: 571–582. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pouw, Wim T. J. L., de Nooijer, Jacqueline A., van Gog, Tamara, Zwaan, Rolf A., and Paas, Fred 2014. “Toward a more embedded/extended perspective on the cognitive function of gestures.” Frontiers in Psychology: 5. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Power, M. J. 1985. “Sentence production and working memory.” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section a-Human Experimental Psychology 37 (3): 367–385. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rauscher, Frances H., Krauss, Robert. M., and Chen, Yihsiu 1996. “Gesture, speech, and lexical access: The role of lexical movements in speech production.” Psychological Science 7 (4): 226–231. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Reber, Paul J., Knowlton, Barbara J., and Squire, Larry R. 1996. “Dissociable properties of memory systems: Differences in the flexibility of declarative and nondeclarative knowledge.” Behavioral Neuroscience 110 (5): 861–871. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rimé, Bernard, Schiaratura, Loris, Hupet, Michel, and Ghysselinckx, Anne 1984. “Effects of relative immobilization on the speakers nonverbal behavior and on the dialog imagery level.” Motivation and Emotion 8 (4): 311–325. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Riseborough, Margaret G. 1981a. “Gestural Accompaniments in Childrens Speech.” Bulletin of the British Psychological Society 34 (Aug): 323–323.Google Scholar
1981b. “Physiographic gestures as decoding facilitators – 3 experiments exploring a neglected facet of communication.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 5 (3): 172–183. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rogers, William T. 1978. “The contribution of kinesic illustrators toward the comprehension of verbal behavior within utterances.” Human Communications Research 5 (1): 54–62. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Saltz, Eli, and Donnenwerth-Nolan, Suzanne 1981. “Does motoric imagery facilitate memory for sentences – a selective interference test.” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 20 (3): 322–332. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Michael, Rittle-Johnson, Bethany, and Star, Jon R. 2011. “Relations among conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge, and procedural flexibility in two samples differing in prior knowledge.” Developmental Psychology 47 (6): 1525–1538. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Singer, Melissa, and Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2005. “Children learn when their teacher's gestures and speech differ.” Psychological Science 16: 85–89. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Singer, Melissa, Radinsky, Joshua, and Goldman, S. R. 2008. “The role of gesture in meaning construction.” Discourse Processes 45 (4–5): 365–386. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Skipper, Jeremy I., Goldin-Meadow, Susan, Nusbaum, Howard C., and Small, Steven L. 2009. “Gestures orchestrate brain networks for language understanding.” Current Biology 19 (8): 661–667. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Smithson, Lisa, and Nicoladis, Elena 2013. “Verbal memory resources predict iconic gesture use among monolinguals and bilinguals.” Bilingualism-Language and Cognition 16 (4): 934–944. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Smithson, L., and Nicoladis, E. 2014. “Lending a hand to imagery? The impact of visuospatial working memory interference upon iconic gesture production in a narrative task.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 38 (2): 247–258. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
So, Wing-Chee, Chen-Hui, C. S., and Wei-Shan, J. L. 2012. “Mnemonic effect of iconic gesture and beat gesture in adults and children: Is meaning in gesture important for memory recall?” Language and Cognitive Processes 27 (5): 665–681. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Squire, Larry R. 1992. “Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans.” Psychological Review 99: 195–231. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Stevanoni, Elizabeth and Salmon, Karen 2005. “Giving memory a hand: Instructing children to gesture enhances their event recall.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 29 (4): 217–233. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Straube, Benjamin, Green, Antonia, Weis, Susanne, Chatterjee, Anjan, and Kircher, Tilo 2009. “Memory effects of speech and gesture binding: Cortical and hippocampal activation in relation to subsequent memory performance.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21 (4): 821–836. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Straube, Benjamin, Meyer, Lea, Green, Antonia, and Kircher, Tilo 2014. “Semantic relation vs. surprise: The differential effects of related and unrelated co-verbal gestures on neural encoding and subsequent recognition.” Brain Research 1567: 42–56. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tellier, Marion 2008. “The effect of gestures on second language memorisation by young children.” Gesture 8 (2): 219–235. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Thompson, Laura A. 1995. “Encoding and memory for visible speech and gestures: A comparison between young and older adults.” Psychology & Aging 10: 215–228. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Thompson, Laura A., Driscoll, Donna, and Markson, Lori 1998. “Memory for visual-spoken language in children and adults.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 22 (3): 167–187. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Valenzeno, L, Alibali, Martha W., and Klatzky, Roberta 2003. “Teachers' gestures facilitate students' learning: A lesson in symmetry.” Contemporary Educational Psychology 28: 187–204. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wagner, Susan. M., Nusbaum, Howard, and Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2004. “Probing the mental representation of gesture: Is handwaving spatial?” Journal of Memory and Language 50 (4): 395–407. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wagner, Ullrich, Gais, Steffen, Haider, Hilde, Verleger, Rolf, and Born, Jan 2004. “Sleep inspires insight.” Nature 427: 352–355. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wesp, Richard, Hesse, Jennifer, Keutmann, Donna, and Wheaton, Karen 2001. “Gestures maintain spatial imagery.” American Journal of Psychology 114 (4): 591–600. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wilson, Margaret 2001. “The case for sensorimotor coding in working memory.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 8 (1): 44–57. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wilson, Matthew A., and McNaughton, Bruce L. 1993. “Dynamics of the hippocampal ensemble code for space.” Science 261: 1055–1058. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1994. “Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep.” Science 265: 676–679. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wixted, John T. 2004. “The psychology and neuroscience of forgetting.” Annual Review of Psychology 55: 235–269. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Woodall, W. Gill, and Folger, Joseph P. 1985. “Nonverbal cue context and episodic memory – on the availability and endurance of nonverbal behaviors as retrieval cues.” Communication Monographs 52 (4): 319–333. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yap, DeFu., So, WingChee, Yap, JuMin M., Tan, Ying-Quan, and Teoh, Ruo-Li S. 2011. “Iconic gestures prime words.” Cognitive Science 35 (1): 171–183. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cited by (13)

Cited by 13 other publications

Alibali, Martha W. & Autumn B. Hostetter
2024. Gestures in Cognition: Actions that Bridge the Mind and the World. In The Cambridge Handbook of Gesture Studies, ► pp. 501 ff. DOI logo
Gullberg, Marianne
2024. Gesture and Second/Foreign Language Acquisition. In The Cambridge Handbook of Gesture Studies, ► pp. 398 ff. DOI logo
Nirme, Jens, Agneta Gulz, Magnus Haake & Marianne Gullberg
2024. Early or synchronized gestures facilitate speech recall—a study based on motion capture data. Frontiers in Psychology 15 DOI logo
Aydin, Cagla, Tilbe Göksun, Ege Otenen, Selma Berfin Tanis, Yağmur Damla Şentürk & Barbara Dritschel
2023. The role of gestures in autobiographical memory. PLOS ONE 18:2 ► pp. e0281748 ff. DOI logo
Nicoladis, Elena & Emma Hill
2023. Do gestures reflect children’s lexical retrieval difficulties?. Gesture 22:1 ► pp. 94 ff. DOI logo
Khatin-Zadeh, Omid, Zahra Eskandari & Fernando Marmolejo-Ramos
2022. Gestures Enhance Executive Functions for the Understating of Mathematical Concepts. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science DOI logo
Khatin-Zadeh, Omid, Zahra Eskandari, Babak Yazdani-Fazlabadi & Fernando Marmolejo-Ramos
2022. Four Functions of Gesture in Promoting Thought Processes. Psychological Studies 67:4 ► pp. 411 ff. DOI logo
Denault, Vincent & Miles L. Patterson
2021. Justice and Nonverbal Communication in a Post-pandemic World: An Evidence-Based Commentary and Cautionary Statement for Lawyers and Judges. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 45:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Lin, Yen-Liang
2021. Gestures as scaffolding for L2 narrative recall: The role of gesture type, task complexity, and working memory. Language Teaching Research ► pp. 136216882110445 ff. DOI logo
Mathayas, Nitasha, David E. Brown & Robb Lindgren
2021. “I got to see, and I got to be a part of it”: How cued gesturing facilitates middle‐school students' explanatory modeling of thermal conduction. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 58:10 ► pp. 1557 ff. DOI logo
Sgard, Clara, Jean‐Christophe Bier & Philippe Peigneux
2021. Gesturing helps memory encoding in aMCI. Journal of Neuropsychology 15:3 ► pp. 396 ff. DOI logo
Özer, Demet & Tilbe Göksun
2020. Gesture Use and Processing: A Review on Individual Differences in Cognitive Resources. Frontiers in Psychology 11 DOI logo
Davis, Robert O.
2018. The impact of pedagogical agent gesturing in multimedia learning environments: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review 24 ► pp. 193 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 14 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.