Cover not available
Article published In:
Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 43:1/2 (2016) ► pp.61–97

British 18th-Century Orientalism and Arabic Dialectology

William Price of Worcester and his “Dialogues in the vulgar arabick of Morocco” (1797)

| Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Madrid)
| Universidad Complutense de Madrid | Universidad de Granada

This article examines a relatively unknown 18th century European source on Moroccan Arabic. It is the article entitled “Dialogues on the vulgar Arabick of Morocco”, published in London in 1797 by William Price (1771–1830), a self-taught linguist and orientalist from Worcester, England. Price’s work is one of the few European texts predating 1800 focused on Moroccan Arabic, and providing some information about this linguistic variety. As we explain, Price obtained these “Dialogues” from “some natives of Barbary”, who happened to be in London. In the first four sections of the article, we examine the life and works of William Price, we place his activities as an expert in Arabic and other of the so-called “Oriental languages” in the context of 18th century British Orientalism, and we analyse the contents of the “Dialogues” provided in his article. These “Dialogues” consist of a conversation between two interlocutors who are taking a stroll in a walled coastal town of the Moroccan Atlantic strip. The fifth section of our contribution is a linguistic dialectological analysis of both the Arabic and Latin character transcriptions of Moroccan Arabic provided by Price. We analyse different issues concerning the transcriptions given, and we focus our linguistic study on phonological, morphological and syntactical issues.

Published online: 28 June 2016
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.1-2.03gon
References

A.Primary sources

Dodwell, Edward & James Samuel Miles
1838 Alphabetical List of the Officers of the Bengal Army. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, and Co.Google Scholar
Dombay, Franz von [Dombay, Francisci de
] 1800 Grammatica linguae mauro-arabicae juxta vernaculi idiomatis usum. Vindobonae: Camesina.Google Scholar
Chénier, Louis de
1787 Recherches Historiques sur les Maures et Hhistoire de l’Empire de Maroc, Paris: L’Auteur, Bailly, Royer et Imprimerie Polytype.Google Scholar
1788 The Present State of the Empire of Morocco. London: G. G. J. and J. Robinson.Google Scholar
Hadley, George
1772 Grammatical Remarks on the Practical and Vulgar Dialect of the Indostan Language, Commonly Called the Moors. With a vocabulary, English and Moors. The whole calculated for the Common Practice in Bengal. London: T. Cadell.Google Scholar
Herbin, Auguste F. J.
1803 Développemens des Principes de la Langue Arabe Moderne. Paris: Baudouin.Google Scholar
H⊘st, Georg
1779 Efterretninger om Marókos og Fes, samlede der i Landene fra 1760 til 1768. K⊘benhavn: trykt hos N. Möller.Google Scholar
Jackson, James Grey
1809 An Account of the Empire of Marocco and the Districts of Suse and Tafilelt. London: W. Bulmer and Co.Google Scholar
Journal Asiatique
, Vol. VI1 1825 Paris: Donne-Dupré et sons.Google Scholar
Lempriere, William
1800 A Tour from Gibraltar to Tangier, Sallee, Mogodore, Santa Cruz and Tarudant; and thence over Mount Atlas to Morocco Including a Particular Account of the Royal Harem. Richmond: William Pritchard.Google Scholar
Fell Smith, Charlotte
1896 “William Price”. Dictionary of National Biography, vol. XLIV, Pocock-Puckering, ed. by Sidney Lee. 343–344, London: Macmillan and Co.Google Scholar
Marcel, Jean J.
1799 Grammaire Arabe-Vulgaire du Dialecte d’Egypte. Kaire: Imprimerie Nationale.Google Scholar
Morier, James J.
1824 The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan. London: John Murray. Google Scholar
Morning Post
, February 28 1821.Google Scholar
Moüette, Germain
1683 Relation de la Captivité du Sieur Moüette dans les Royaumes de Fez et de Maroc. Paris: Jean Cochart.Google Scholar
New monthly magazine
, vol. 301 1830, p. 439.Google Scholar
New Times
, July 23 1821.Google Scholar
Nolleroth, Michaël B.
1787 Dissertatio academica de gente et lingua maroccana, publico eruditorum examini pro gradu modeste subjicit auctor et respondens Michaël B. Nolleroth, … in lyceo Carolino ad diem X martii 1787. Lundae: litteris Berlingianis.Google Scholar
Norberg, Matthias
1818 “X. De gente et lingua maroccana. Dissertatio”. Matthiae Norbergi Selecta Opuscula Academica, Pars Secunda, ed. by Johannes Norrmann. 267–287. Londini Gothorum: Litteris Berlingianis.Google Scholar
Niebuhr, Carsten
1772 Beschreibung von Arabien. Aus eigenene Beobachtungen und im Lande selbst gesammelten Nachrichten abgefasset von Carsten Niebuhr. Copenhagen. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ouseley, Gore
1846 Biographical Notices of Persian poets, with Critical and Explanatory Remarks. London: W. H. Allen and Co.Google Scholar
Ouseley, William
1795 Persian Miscellanies: A essay to facilitate the reading of Persian manuscripts, with Engraved Specimens, Philological Observations, and Notes Critical and Historical. London: Richard White.Google Scholar
1797–1799 The Oriental Collections. Consisting of Original Essays and Dissertations, Translations and Miscellaneous papers, 31 vols. London: Cadell and Davies.Google Scholar
1814 “A Letter from Sir William Ouseley, to the Rev. H. T. Payne. Crickhowell, Aug. 7, 1809”. Motives to the Study of Hebrew: Collected by the Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of St. David’s in two parts, Part I, 44–47. London: W. Calvert.Google Scholar
Price, William
1797 “Dialogues in the vulgar Arabick of Morocco. Communicated by Mr. W. Price, of Worcester”. The Oriental Collections. Consisting of Original Essays and Dissertations, Translations and Miscellaneous papers, vol. I1, ed. by William Ouseley. 84–85 y 109–111. London: Cadell and Davies.Google Scholar
1813 “Letter from Mr. W. Price to the Bishop of St. David’s, Worcester, Aug. 15, 1809”. Letters on the Subject of the Election of a Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Languages in the University of Edinburgh. The Scots magazine and Edinburgh Literary Miscellany: Being a General Repository of Literature, History and Politics, for 1813, vol. LXXV1, 421–423. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable and Company.Google Scholar
1814 “A Letter from Mr. Price to the Bishop of St. David’s, Worcester, Aug. 15, 1809”. Motives to the Study of Hebrew: Collected by the Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of St. David’s in two parts, Part I, 47–51. London: W. Calvert.Google Scholar
1823 A Grammar of the Three Principal Oriental Languages, Hindoostanee, Persian, and Arabic. London: Kingsbury, Parbury and Allen.Google Scholar
1825 Journal of the British Embassy to Persia, mbellished with numerous views taken in India and Persia, also a dissertation upon the antiquities of Persepolis. London: Kingsbury, Parbury and Allen.Google Scholar
1827 Elements of Aanskrit, or an Easy Guide to the Indian Tongues. Worcester.Google Scholar
1828 A New Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language. To which are added selections from the best authors, familiar phrases and dialogues, in the proper character. London: Parbury, Allen, and Co.Google Scholar
1828 Husn-oo-Dil or Beauty and Heart. A pleasing allegory in eleven chapters composed by Alfettah of Nishapoor. Persian and English. Translated by William Price, M.R.S.L. London: Parbury, Allen and Co.Google Scholar
Price, W.
1829 The Ch,hutru Prukash: a biographical account of Ch,hutru Sal, raja of Boondelkhund. Calcutta: Education Press.Google Scholar
Rabbe, M. M.
1836 Biographie Universelle et Portative des Contemporaines, T. V. Paris: Rue du Colombier 1836.Google Scholar
Roebuck, Thomas
1819 The Annals of the College of Fort-William. Calcutta: Hindoostanee Press.Google Scholar
Savary, Claude Étienne
1813 Grammaire de la Langue Arabe Vulgaire et Littérale. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale.Google Scholar
Seaman, William [Gulielmo Seaman]
1670 Grammatica linguae Turcicae, in quinque partes distributa. Oxford: Edvardum Millington.Google Scholar
Silvestre de Sacy, Antoine Isaac
1810 Grammaire Arabe à l’usage des élèves de l’école spéciale des langues orientales vivantes. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale.Google Scholar
1824 “A Grammar of the three principal…”. Journal des savans, janvier, 15–20. Paris: Imprimerie Royale.Google Scholar
Socin, Albert
1893 “Zum arabischen Dialekt von Marokko”, Abhandlungen der philologischhistorischen Classe der Königlich Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig 141. 150–204. Leipzig: S. Hirzel.Google Scholar
Socin, A. & Stumme, H.
1894 Der arabische Dialect der Houwāra des Wād Sūs in Morokko. Leipzig: S. Hirzel.Google Scholar
St. James Chronicle and London Evening Post
, January 13 1821.Google Scholar
The British Critic
, June 1798, p. 603.Google Scholar
The Courier
, June 30 1830.Google Scholar
The Courier
, November 28 1820.Google Scholar
The gentleman’s magazine
1808.Google Scholar
The gentleman’s magazine
, vol. 1481 1830, p. 185.Google Scholar
The Journal of the Ex Libris Society
1899, p. 124.Google Scholar
Torres, Diego de
1585 Relación del origen y suceso de los xarifes y del estado de los reinos de Marruecos, Fez y Tarudante. Sevilla: Francisco Pérez.Google Scholar
Turnbull, William
1839 The Stirling Peerage, Trial of Alexander Humphrys or Alexander, Styling Himself Earl of Stirling, before the High Court of Justiciary for Forgery. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons and T. Cadell.Google Scholar
Valle Flemmarum, Agapitus a.
1845 [1687] Flores grammaticales arabici idiomatis. Romae: Vincentio F. Castellini.Google Scholar

B.Secondary sources

Ackerman, Gérald M.
1991 Les Orientalistes de l’école britannique. Paris: ACR Édition.Google Scholar
Aguadé, Jordi
1998 “Un dialecte maʕqilien: le parler des Zʕīr”, Peuplement et arabisation au Maghreb occidental: dialectologie et histoire, edited by Jordi Aguadé, Patrice Cressier and Ángeles Vicente. 141–150. Madrid-Zaragoza: Casa de Velázquez-Universidad de Zaragoza.Google Scholar
2003 “Estudio descriptivo y comparativo de los fonemas del árabe dialectal marroquí”. Estudios de dialectología norteafricana y andalusí 71. 59–109.Google Scholar
2006 “Writing dialect in Morocco”. Estudios de dialectología norteafricana y andalusí 101. 253–274.Google Scholar
2012 “El árabe marroquí según un texto danés del siglo XVIII”. Séptimo centenario de los estudios orientales en Salamanca, 185–192. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca.Google Scholar
Arberry, Arthur John
1946 Asiatic Jones: The Life and Influence of Sir William Jones. Pioneer of Indian Studies. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Auchterlonie, Paul
1986 “The Development of Arabic Studies in Britain from the Middle Ages to the Present Day”. Arabic Resources: Acquisition and management in British Libraries, edited by David Burnett. 71–77. London: Mansell Publishing Limited.Google Scholar
Avery, Peter
2004 “Ouseley, Gore”. Encyclopaedia Iranica on line (accesed 1 March 2015).Google Scholar
2004 “Ouseley, William”. Encyclopaedia Iranica on line (accesed 1 March 2015).Google Scholar
Barker, George Fisher Russell
1995 “Ouseley, Sir Gore 1770–1844”. Dictionary of National Biography. CD-ROM, Oxford.Google Scholar
Behn, Wolfgang H.
1989 Index Islamicus, 1665–1905. A bibliography of articles on Islamic subjects in periodicals and other collective publications. Millersville: Adiyok Publications.Google Scholar
Benítez Fernández, M.
2010 La política lingüística de Marruecos: de la arabización a la aceptación del multilingüismo. Zaragoza: IEIOP.Google Scholar
2012a “ TelQuel: una fuente contemporánea para el estudio del árabe marroquí”. De los manuscritos medievales a internete: la presencia del árabe vernáculo en las fuetes escritas, edited by Mohamed Meouak, Pablo Sánchez and Ángeles Vicente. 403–417. Zaragoza: IEIOP.Google Scholar
2012b “Al-’Amal. Otro intento fallido de escribir en dārīža marroquí”. Dynamiques langagières en Arabophonies: variations, contacts, migrations et créations artistiques, edited by Alexandrine Barontini, Christophe Pereira, Ángeles Vicente and Karima Ziamari. 379–391. Zaragoza: IEIOP.Google Scholar
Bourne, John Michael
1977 The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784– 1858. PhD Thesis, University of Leicester.Google Scholar
1979 “The East India Company’s military seminary, Addiscombe, 1809–1858”. Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 571. 206–22.Google Scholar
Burnett, Charles
1997 The Introduction of Arabic Learning into England. London: The British Library.Google Scholar
Cannon, Garland
1964 Oriental Jones: a Biography of Sir William Jones (1746–1794). Bombay and New York: Asia Publishing House.Google Scholar
1984 “Sir William Jones, Persian, Sanskrit and the Asiatic Society”. Histoire, Épistémologie, Langage 6: 6–2. 83–94. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1990 The life and Mind of Oriental Jones: Sir William Jones, the Father of Modern Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cantineau, Jean
1960 Cours de phonétique árabe. Paris: Klincksieck.Google Scholar
Carey, Daniel and Lynn Festa
2009 The Postcolonial Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Colonialism and Postcolonial Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Caubet, D.
1999 “Arabe maghrébin: passage à l’écrit et institutions”. Faits des langues, Revue de linguistique 131. 235–244. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010 “La Nayda par ses textes”. Magazine Littéraire du Maghreb 3–41. 99–105.Google Scholar
2012 “Apparition massive de la darija à l’écrit à partir de 2008–2009: sur le papier et sur la toile”. De los manuscritos medievales a internet: la presencia del árabe vernáculo en las fuentes escritas, edited by Mohamed Meouak, Pablo Sánchez and Ángeles Vicente, 377–402. Zaragoza: IEIOP.Google Scholar
2013 “Maroc 2011 – Messagerie instantanée sur l’internet marocain: Facebook, darija et parler jeunes”. Évolution des pratiques et représentations langagières dans le Marco du XXIème siècle, edited by Montserrat Benítez Fernández, Catherine Miller, Jan Jaap de Ruiter and Youssef Tamer, 63–86. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Chaudhury, K. N.
1965 The English East India Company. The Study of an Early Joint-Stock Company 1600–1640. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cherti, Myriam
2008 Paradoxes of Social Capital: A Multi-Generational Study of Moroccans in London. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Colin, Georges S.
1987 Reprint. “Morocco: VII, Linguistic Survey”. E. J. Brill’s First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1916, ed. by Houtsma, M. Th., Wensinck, A. J., Lévi-Provençal, E., Gibb, H. A. R., and W. Heffening, 597–604. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Dozy, Reinhart
1967 Supplément aux Dictionnaires arabes. Vol 11. Leyde-Paris: Brill-Maisonnaueve et Larose.Google Scholar
El Mansour, Mohamed
1990 Morocco in the reign of Mawlay Sulayman. Wisbech.: Middle East and North African Studies Press.Google Scholar
Fell Smith, Charlotte
2009 “Price, William (1771–1830)”. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, vol. 46. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, Michael H.
2006 Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain 1600–1857. Delhi: Permanent Black.Google Scholar
Franklin, Michael John
2000 Representing India: Indian Culture and Imperial Control in Eighteenth Century British Orientalist Discourse. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gallien, Claire
2008 Connaître et imaginer l’Orient dans la littérature anglaise du XVIIIè siècle. Université Paris IV-Sorbonne. Doctoral Thesis.Google Scholar
2013 “Le manuel de langue orientale, reflet d’une politique coloniale? Le cas anglais en Inde (1757–1830)”. Manuels d’arabe d’hier et d’aujourd’hui: France et Maghreb, XIXe–XXIe siècle, edited by Sylvette Larzul and Alain Messaoudi. 31–46. Paris: Éditions de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
González Vázquez, Araceli
2014 “El árabe marroquí visto por un cautivo francés del siglo XVII: Estudio histórico, social y cultural del Dictionnaire François-Arabesque de Germain Moüette”. Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos, Sección Árabe-Islam 631. 65–90.Google Scholar
Green, Nile
2009 “Journeymen, Middlemen: Travel, Transculture, and Technology in the Origins of Muslim Printing”. International Journal of Middle East Studies 41:2. 203–224. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012 “Panassus of the Evangelical Empire: Orientalism and the English Universities, 1800–50”. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 40: 3. 337–355. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Guerrero, Jairo
2012 “La gramática de árabe marroquí del austríaco Franz von Dombay”. Séptimo centenario de los estudios orientales en Salamanca, 241–249. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca.Google Scholar
Heath, Jeffrey
1987 Ablaut and Ambiguity. Phonology of a Moroccan Arabic Dialect. Albany: State University of New York.Google Scholar
Jones, John
1997 Baliol college: a history. Oxford: Oxford Univeristy Press.Google Scholar
Joseph, Betty
2004 Reading the East India Company, 1720–1840: Colonial currencies of gender. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Khan, Gulfishan
2013 “Indo-Persian Scholarship and the Formation of Orientalism”. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society 51: 4. 7–54.Google Scholar
Kopf, David
1969 British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization, 1773–1835. Berkeley: The University of California Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1995 “The historiography of British Orientalism, 1772–1992”. Objects of Enquiry: The Life, Contributions, and Influences of Sir William Jones (1746–1794), ed. by Garland Cannon and Kevin R. Brine, 141–160. New York, New York University Press.Google Scholar
Lane-Poole, Stanley
1995 “Ouseley, Sir William (1767–1842)”. Dictionary of National Biography. CD-ROM, Oxford.Google Scholar
Larcher, Pierre
2003 “Diglossie arabisante et fuṣḥā vs. ’āmmiyya arabes: essai d’histoire parallèle”, History of linguistics, 1999, Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences, 14–19 Semptember 1999, Fontenay-St. Cloud, by Sylvain Auroux. 47–92. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Larzul, Sylvette
2010 “Grammatisation et lexicographie de l’arabe algèrien au XIXè siècle”. Synergies Monde arabe 71. 89–100.Google Scholar
Lévi-Provençal, Évariste
1928 Documents inédits d’histoire almohade. Fragments manscrits du “legajo” 1919 du fonds arabe de l’Escurial, publiés et traduits avec une introduction et notes par E. Lévi-Provençal. Paris: Geuthner.Google Scholar
Loubignac, Victorien
1952 Textes arabes des Zaër. Transcription, traduction, notes et lexique. Publications de l’Institut des Hautes Études Marocaines. Paris: Librairie Orientale et Américaine Max Besson.Google Scholar
Lucas, C.
2007 “Jespersen’s Cycle in Arabic and Berber”. Transactions of the Philological Society 105/3. 398–431. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Marçais, W.
1908 Le dialecte arabe des Ulād Bṛāhim de Saïda (Département d›Oran). Chalonsur-Saone: Imprimerie E. Bretrand.Google Scholar
Marshall, Peter J.
1970 The British Discovery of Hinduism in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moscoso, Francisco
2002 “El dialecto árabe de Essauira a partir de los textos publicados en 1893 por Albert Socin”. Estudios de Dialectología norteafricana y andalusí 61. 35–97.Google Scholar
Moscoso García, Francisco
2003 El dialecto árabe de Chauen. Estudio lingüístico y textos. Cádiz: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz.Google Scholar
2008 “El estudio del árabe marroquí en España durante el siglo XIX. La obra de Manuel Bacas Merino”. Miscelánea de estudios árabes y hebraicos. Sección Árabe-Islam, 571. 269–293.Google Scholar
2011 “Un pionero en los estudios de árabe marroquí: el P. Fr. Patricio José de la Torre. Refranes y adagios”. Studia Orientalia 1111. 185–250.Google Scholar
Mousavi, Ali
2012 Persepolis. Discovery and Afterlife of a World Wonder. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mukherjee, Soumyendra Nath
1968 Sir William Jones: a Study in Eighteenth-Century British Attitudes to India. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Ogborn, Miles
2008 Indian Ink: Script and Print in the Making of the English East India Company. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Premare, Alfred-Louis (de) et al.
1993–1999 Dictionnaire arabe-français. 121 vol. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Rahman, Tariq
2008 “The British Learning of Hindustani”. Pakistan Vision 8: 3. 19–55.Google Scholar
Rocher, Rosane
1993 “British Orientalism in the Eighteenth Century: The Dialectics of Knowledge and Government”, Orientalism and Post-Colonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, edited by Carol A. Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer. 215–249. Pennsylvania: The University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Roman, André
2005 “Grammaire générale et grammaires arabes en France”. Arabica 52: 3. 315–347. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Saporta, Isabelle de
1970 “Une enquête linguistique au XVIIIe siècle: le vocabulaire arabe et berbère recueilli par L. de Chénier, consul de France au Maroc”. Comptes rendus du Groupe Linguistique d’Études Chamito-Sémitiques (G.L.E.C.S.) XV1. 1–16.Google Scholar
Toomer, G. J.
1996 Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Troupeau, Gérard
1997 “Deux cents ans d’enseignement de l’arabe à l’école des langues orientales”. Chroniques yéménites 4–5. On line: URL: [URL]
Vicente, Ángeles
2000 El dialecto árabe de Anjra (norte de Marruecos): estudio lingüístico y textos. Zaragoza: Univesidad de Zaragoza.Google Scholar
2012 “Sur la piste de l’arabe marocain dans quelques sources écrites anci ennes (du XIIe au XVIe siècle)”. De los manuscritos medievales a Internet: la presencia del árabe vernáculo en las fuentes escritas, edited by Mohamed Meouak, Ángeles Vicente and Pablo Sánchez. 103–120. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza.Google Scholar
Wilmsen, David
2014 Arabic Indefinites, Interrogatives, and Negators. Oxford: Osford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wright, Denis
2001 The English Amongst the Persians: Imperial Lives in Nineteenth-Century Iran. London: I. B. Tauris. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zack, Liesbeth
2014 “Key to Mass Literacy or Professor’s Hobby? Fiske’s Project to Write Egyptian Arabic with the Latin Alphabet”. Al-’Arabiyya 471.1–19.Google Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 1 other publications

Guerrero, Jairo
2024. Hacia un estudio diacrónico del árabe marroquí: Acerca de algunos rasgos dialectales en los documentos árabes del siglo XVI conservados en el Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo. Al-Qanṭara 44:2 ► pp. e16 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 march 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.