Cumulative index

• Abduction See Grounded theory  (); Language change  ()

• Abuse See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  ()

• Academic concept See Vygotsky  ()

• Academic language See Applied linguistics  (); Postcolonial pragmatics  ()

• Acceptability See Generative semantics  ()

• Accessibility See Anaphora  ()

• Accommodation See Contact  (); Presupposition  ()

• Accommodation theory (); see also Adaptability ( ) ; Age and language use ( ) ; Bilingualism and multilingualism ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Social psychology ( )

• Accounting See Collaboration in dialogues  (); Social psychology  ()

• Acoustics See Sound symbolism  ()

• Action See Action theory  (); Agency and language  (); Austin  (); Bühler  (); Cognitive psychology  (); Ethnomethodology  (); Intentionality  (); Nexus analysis  (); Perception and language  (); Philosophy of action  (); Speech act theory  ()

• Action theory (); see also Agency and language ( ) ; Grounded theory ( ) ; Philosophy of action ( )

• Activation See Relational ritual  ()

• Activity See Action theory  ()

• Adaptability (); see also Evolutionary pragmatics ( ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( )

• Adjacency pair See Prosody  (); Sequence  ()

• Adjective See Experimental pragmatics  ()

• Adjunct control See Control phenomena  ()

• Adorno, T. See Critical theory  ()

• Affect See Appraisal  (); Computational pragmatics  (); Discourse analysis  (); Emotion display  (); Emotions  (); Emphasis  (); Interpreter-mediated interaction  (); Laughter  (); Overlap  (); Stance  (); Text and discourse linguistics  (); Think-aloud protocols  ()

• Affiliation/disaffiliation → See Affect

• Affirmation See Negation  ()

• Affordance See Pragmatics of script  (); Social media research  ()

• Age and language use (); see also ‘Other’ representation ( )

• Ageism See Age and language use  ()

• Agency and language (); see also Action theory ( ) ; Case and semantic roles ( ) ; Computational pragmatics ( ) ; Intentionality ( ) ; Metapragmatics ( ) ; Motivation and language ( )

• Agreement See Social media research  (); Therapeutic conversation  ()

• Aisatsu ()

• Aktionsart See Tense and aspect  ()

• Alignment See Nigerian hospital setting discourse  (); Pragmatics of script  (); Stance  ()

• Allegory See Conceptual integration  ()

• Ambiguity See Indeterminacy and negotiation  (); Mental spaces  (); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  (); Polysemy  (); Sound symbolism  (); Truthfulness  ()

• Amerindian languages See Anthropological linguistics  (); Boas  ()

• Analysis See Analytical philosophy  ()

• Analytical philosophy (); see also Austin ( ) ; Conversational implicature ( ) ; Hermeneutics ( ) ; Philosophy of language ( ) ; Speech act theory ( ) ; Truth-conditional semantics ( ) ; Wittgenstein ( )

• Anaphora (); see also Grounding ( ) ; Indexicals and demonstratives ( ) ; Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( ) ; Tense and aspect ( )

• Anderson, Benedict ()

• Animal communication See Adaptability  (); Communication  (); Primate communication  ()

• Annotation See Corpus analysis  (); Corpus pragmatics  ()

• Antecedent See Anaphora  ()

• Anthropological linguistics (); see also Anderson ( ) ; Bilingualism and multilingualism ( ) ; Cognitive anthropology ( ) ; Componential analysis ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( ) ; Fieldwork ( ) ; Gesture research ( ) ; Gumperz ( ) ; Hermeneutics ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Language ideologies ( ) ; Malinowski ( ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( ) ; Metapragmatics ( ) ; Nexus analysis ( ) ; Phatic communion ( ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( ) ; Pragmatics of script ( ) ; Sapir ( ) ; Sociolinguistics ( ) ; Ta’ārof ( ) ; Taxonomy ( ) ; Transience ( ) ; Truthfulness ( ) ; Whorf ( )

• Anti-language See Jargon  ()

• Apel, K. O. See Universal and transcendental pragmatics  ()

• Aphasia See Adaptability  (); Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics  (); Jakobson  (); Neurolinguistics  ()

• Apology See Corpus pragmatics  (); Mediated performatives  ()

• Appeal → See Functions of language

• Applied linguistics (); see also Forensic linguistics ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization ( ) ; Sociolinguistics ( )

• Appraisal (); see also Emphasis ( )

• Appreciation See Appraisal  (); Ọmọlúàbí  ()

• Appropriateness See Creativity in language use  ()

• Approval and disapproval See Ta’ārof  ()

• Arbitrariness See Adaptability  (); Iconicity  (); Sound symbolism  (); Structuralism  ()

• Archive See Postcolonial pragmatics  ()

• Areal linguistics See Contact linguistics  (); Language change  ()

• Argument structure (); see also Dependency

• Argumentation See Argumentation in discourse and grammar  (); Argumentation theory  (); Rhetoric  ()

• Argumentation in discourse and grammar (); see also Argumentation theory ( )

• Argumentation theory (); see also Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( ) ; Rhetoric ( )

• Articulation See Humboldt  (); Sound symbolism  ()

• Artificial intelligence (); see also Cognitive psychology ( ) ; Cognitive science ( ) ; Communication ( ) ; Computational linguistics ( ) ; Connectionism ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Frame analysis ( ) ; Frame semantics ( ) ; Speech act theory ( )

• Artificial life See Language acquisition  ()

• Ascription See Functional discourse grammar  ()

• Aspect See Event representation  (); Markedness  (); Tense and aspect  ()

• Assertion See Austin  (); Speech act theory  ()

• Assimilation See Language rights  ()

• Asymmetric interaction See Applied linguistics  (); Communicative success vs. failure  (); Computer-mediated communication  (); Conversation types  (); Frame analysis  (); Mass media  (); Nigerian hospital setting discourse  ()

• Attention and language ()

• Attitude See Appraisal  (); Dialectology  (); Methods in language-attitudes research  (); Pluricentric languages  (); Social psychology  (); Stance  ()

• Attribution theory See Social psychology  ()

• Audience → See Hearer

• Audience design → See Recipient design

• Audience effect See Primate communication  ()

• Augmentative See Morphopragmatics  ()

• Austin, J. L. (); see also Analytical philosophy ( ) ; Communicative success vs. failure ( ) ; Contextualism ( ) ; Grice ( ) ; Speech act theory ( )

• Authenticity (); see also Identity ( ) ; Reported speech ( )

• Authier-Revuz, J. See Énonciation  ()

• Authority (); see also Evidentiality ( ) ; Honorifics ( )

• Authorship See Experimental pragmatics  (); Forensic linguistics  ()

• Autism See Clinical pragmatics  (); Conceptual integration  ()

• Auto-ethnography See Postcolonial pragmatics  ()

• Automata theory See Computational linguistics  ()

• Automaticity See Think-aloud protocols  ()

• Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax (); see also Chomskyan linguistics ( ) ; Functionalism vs. formalism ( ) ; Structuralism ( )

• Avoidance See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  ()

• Awareness See Metalinguistic awareness  (); Orthography and cognition  ()

• Axiology See Morris  ()

• Baby talk → See Motherese

• Back channel cue See Listener response  ()

• Background information See Cognitive science  (); Collaboration in dialogues  (); Common ground  (); Communication  (); Context and contextualization  (); Discourse analysis  (); Text and discourse linguistics  ()

• Backgrounding See Argument structure  (); Grounding  ()

• Bakhtin, M. M. (); see also Collaboration in dialogues ( ) ; Dialogical analysis ( ) ; Genre ( ) ; Ideology ( ) ; Intertextuality ( ) ; Polyphony ( ) ; Reported speech ( )

• Bally, C. See Énonciation  ()

• Basilect See Creole linguistics  ()

• Bateson, G. (); see also Communication ( )

• Behaviorism (); see also Cognitive psychology ( ) ; Grice ( ) ; Morris ( ) ; Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( )

• Benveniste, E. (); see also Énonciation ( )

• Bernstein, B. See Applied linguistics  (); Communicative success vs. failure  ()

• Bilingual interactive activation (BIA) See The multilingual lexicon  ()

• Bilingualism and multilingualism (); see also Accommodation theory ( ) ; Anderson ( ) ; Anthropological linguistics ( ) ; Borrowing ( ) ; Code-switching ( ) ; Code-switching and translanguaging ( ) ; Contact ( ) ; Contact linguistics ( ) ; Developmental psychology ( ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Language contact ( ) ; Language dominance and minorization ( ) ; Language maintenance and shift ( ) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization ( ) ; The multilingual lexicon ( ) ; Pragmatics of script ( ) ; Social psychology ( ) ; Sociolinguistics ( ) ; Transience ( ) ; Translanguaging pedagogy ( )

• Binding See Anaphora  ()

• Biodiversity See Language ecology  ()

• Biology See Morris  ()

• Biosemiotics See Communication  ()

• Blended data See Social media research  ()

• Blog See Social media research  ()

• Boas, F. (); see also Anthropological linguistics ( ) ; Culture ( ) ; Fieldwork ( ) ; Sapir ( ) ; Typology ( ) ; Whorf ( )

• Body See Ta’ārof  (); Tactile sign languages  ()

• Bootstrapping See Language acquisition  ()

• Borrowing (); see also Contact ( ) ; Interjections ( ) ; Language contact ( )

• Bourdieu, P. (); see also Anderson ( ) ; Ideology ( ) ; Social institutions ( )

• Brain See Clinical pragmatics  (); Developmental dyslexia  (); Emotions  (); Neurolinguistics  (); Neuropragmatics  ()

• Brain imaging → See Cerebral representation of language ; Cognitive science  (); Language acquisition  (); Neurolinguistics  (); Neuropragmatics  (); Perception and language  (); Psycholinguistics  ()

• Bureaucratic language See Applied linguistics  ()

• Business communication See Communication  ()

• Bühler, K. (); see also Language psychology ( ) ; Phatic communion ( )

• Caretaker discourse See Age and language use  ()

• Carnap, R. See Analytical philosophy  (); Intensional logic  ()

• Carnival(esque) See Bakhtin  (); Intertextuality  ()

• Cartesian philosophy See Chomskyan linguistics  ()

• Case and semantic roles (); see also Agency and language ( ) ; Case grammar ( ) ; Cognitive grammar ( ) ; Cognitive linguistics ( ) ; Dependency and valency grammar ( ) ; Functional grammar ( ) ; Role and reference grammar ( )

• Case grammar (); see also Case and semantic roles ( ) ; Construction grammar ( ) ; Dependency and valency grammar ( ) ; Frame semantics ( ) ; Functional grammar ( ) ; Role and reference grammar ( )

• Caste and language ()

• Catastrophe theory ()

• Categorial imperative See Truthfulness  ()

• Categorization (); see also Adaptability ( ) ; Cognitive grammar ( ) ; Cognitive linguistics ( ) ; Language dominance and minorization ( ) ; Membership categorization analysis ( ) ; Polysemy ( )

• Causality ()

• Census See Caste and language  ()

• Centering theory See Tense and aspect  ()

• Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication ()

• Cerebral representation of language See Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication  (); Neurolinguistics  ()

• Channel (); see also Computer-mediated communication ( ) ; Conversation types ( ) ; Discourse analysis ( ) ; Literacy ( ) ; Mass media ( ) ; Non-verbal communication ( ) ; Politeness ( ) ; Social media research ( )

• Chaos theory See Catastrophe theory  ()

• Chat See Computer-mediated communication  ()

• Child language See Ellipsis  (); Ervin-Tripp, S.  (); Language acquisition  ()

• ‘CHILDES’ See Language acquisition  ()

• Choice-making See Adaptability  ()

• Chomskyan linguistics (); see also Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax ( ) ; Interpretive semantics ( ) ; Language acquisition ( ) ; Mentalism ( )

• Chronometric studies See Psycholinguistics  ()

• Chronotope See Bakhtin  ()

• Chunking See Linear Unit Grammar  ()

• Cicourel, A. V. See Cognitive sociology  ()

• Class See Social class and language  ()

• Classification1 See Typology  ()

• Classification2 See Taxonomy  ()

• Classroom interaction See Applied linguistics  (); Communicative success vs. failure  (); Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms  ()

• Clause structure See Attention and language  (); Control phenomena  (); Role and reference grammar  ()

• Clinical pragmatics (); see also Cerebral representation of language; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( ) ; Perception and language ( )

• Co-ordination See Cognitive psychology  (); Ellipsis  ()

• Code See Code-switching  (); Code-switching and translanguaging  (); Metalinguistic awareness  (); Pragmatics of script  (); Register  (); Semiotics  ()

• Code-autonomy See Code-switching and translanguaging  ()

• Code-switching (); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism ( ) ; Borrowing ( ) ; Code-switching and translanguaging ( ) ; Contact linguistics ( ) ; Language contact ( ) ; Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ( ) ; Language maintenance and shift ( ) ; Pragmatics of script ( )

• Code-switching and translanguaging ()

• Codemixing See Code-switching  ()

• Coding See Bateson  (); Evidentiality  ()

• Cognate See The multilingual lexicon  ()

• Cognition See Adaptability  (); Caste and language  (); Language acquisition  (); Orthography and cognition  ()

• Cognitive anthropology (); see also Anthropological linguistics ( )

• Cognitive grammar (); see also Case and semantic roles ( ) ; Cognitive linguistics ( ) ; Metaphor ( )

• Cognitive linguistics (); see also Attention and language ( ) ; Case and semantic roles ( ) ; Cognitive grammar ( ) ; Cognitive science ( ) ; Embodiment ( ) ; Emotions ( ) ; Event representation ( ) ; Gesture research ( ) ; Hermeneutics ( ) ; Humor ( ) ; Language psychology ( ) ; Mental spaces ( ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( )

• Cognitive pragmatics See Clinical pragmatics  (); Philosophy of mind  ()

• Cognitive psychology (); see also Artificial intelligence ( ) ; Behaviorism ( ) ; Clinical pragmatics ( ) ; Cognitive science ( ) ; Comprehension vs. production ( ) ; Connectionism ( ) ; Developmental psychology ( ) ; Experimentation ( ) ; Frame semantics ( ) ; Gesture research ( ) ; Intentionality ( ) ; Perception and language ( ) ; Psycholinguistics ( )

• Cognitive science (); see also Artificial intelligence ( ) ; Cognitive linguistics ( ) ; Cognitive psychology ( ) ; Connectionism ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Experimentation ( ) ; Grice ( ) ; Mentalism ( ) ; Perception and language ( ) ; Philosophy of mind ( )

• Cognitive semantics See Cognitive science  (); Componential analysis  (); Conceptual semantics  (); Frame semantics  (); Lexical semantics  ()

• Cognitive sociology (); see also Discourse analysis ( ) ; Emphasis ( ) ; Ethnomethodology ( ) ; Sociolinguistics ( ) ; Symbolic interactionism ( )

• Cohesion and coherence (); see also Communicative success vs. failure ( ) ; Computational pragmatics ( ) ; Discourse analysis ( ) ; Ellipsis ( ) ; Frame analysis ( ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( ) ; Tense and aspect ( ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( )

• Collaboration in dialogues (); see also Common ground ( ) ; Conversational implicature ( ) ; Conversational logic ( ) ; Listener response ( )

• Colligation See Collocation and colligation  (); Metaphor  ()

• Collocation and colligation ()

• Colonization See Caste and language  (); Language dominance and minorization  ()

• Color terms See Anthropological linguistics  (); Lexical semantics  (); Perception and language  ()

• Commodification See Ideology  ()

• Common ground (); see also Cognitive science ( ) ; Collaboration in dialogues ( ) ; Communication ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Discourse analysis ( ) ; Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( )

• Common sense See Ethnomethodology  ()

• Communication (); see also Common ground ( )

• Communication disorders → See Language disorders

• Communication failure See Applied linguistics  ()

• Communicational dialectology See Dialectology  ()

• Communicative competence See Ethnography of speaking  (); Gumperz  (); Linguistic explanation  (); Motivation  ()

• Communicative dynamism (); see also Functional sentence perspective ( ) ; Ọmọlúàbí ( ) ; Word order ( )

• Communicative effect See Interlanguage pragmatics  ()

• Communicative style (); see also Cultural scripts ( ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( ) ; Non-verbal communication ( ) ; Register ( )

• Communicative success vs. failure ()

• Community See Pragmatics of script  ()

• Community of practice See Social class and language  ()

• Comparative method See Contrastive analysis  ()

• Competence vs. performance → See Cerebral representation of language ; Chomskyan linguistics  ()

• Complement control See Control phenomena  ()

• Compliment See Corpus pragmatics  ()

• Componential analysis (); see also Anthropological linguistics ( ) ; Cultural scripts ( ) ; Generative semantics ( ) ; Lexical field analysis ( ) ; Lexical semantics ( ) ; Structuralism ( )

• Comprehension vs. production (); see also Cohesion and coherence ( ) ; Communication ( ) ; Irony ( ) ; Mediated performatives ( ) ; Psycholinguistics ( ) ; Speech act theory ( ) ; Text comprehension ( )

• Compression See Conceptual integration  ()

• Computational linguistics (); see also Artificial intelligence ( ) ; Discourse analysis ( ) ; Lexical functional grammar ( )

• Computational pragmatics ()

• Computer communication See Artificial intelligence  (); Computational pragmatics  (); Computer-mediated communication  ()

• Computer corpora See Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora  ()

• Computer modeling See Cognitive science  ()

• Computer programming See Artificial intelligence  ()

• Computer-mediated communication (); see also Computational pragmatics ( ) ; Literacy ( ) ; Social media research ( )

• Conceptual blending See Conceptual integration  (); Metaphor  ()

• Conceptual dependency theory See Artificial intelligence  ()

• Conceptual integration ()

• Conceptual metaphor theory See Metaphor  ()

• Conceptual semantics (); see also Interpretive semantics ( )

• Conceptual vs. linguistic representation See Cognitive anthropology  (); Cognitive psychology  (); Event representation  ()

• Conceptualization See Cognitive grammar  (); Cognitive linguistics  (); Event representation  ()

• Condition of satisfaction See Intentionality  ()

• Conditional See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  ()

• Conflict talk See Applied linguistics  ()

• Connectionism (); see also Artificial intelligence ( ) ; Cognitive psychology ( ) ; Cognitive science ( ) ; Language acquisition ( ) ; Psycholinguistics ( )

• Connectivity See Cohesion and coherence  ()

• Connotation → See Cerebral representation of language ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  ()

• Consciousness and language (); see also Attention and language ( ) ; Folk pragmatics ( ) ; Metapragmatics ( ) ; Participation ( ) ; Perception and language ( )

• Considerateness → See Tact

• Consistency-checking device See Manipulation  ()

• Construction grammar (); see also Case grammar ( ) ; Emergent grammar ( ) ; Frame semantics ( ) ; Word order ( )

• Constructional analysis (); see also Collocation and colligation ( ) ; Construction grammar ( ) ; Constructional analysis ( )

• Constructionism See Applied linguistics  (); Argumentation theory  (); Cognitive anthropology  (); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  (); Developmental psychology  (); Intercultural communication  (); Narrative  (); Social institutions  ()

• Constructivism → See Constructionism

• Contact (); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism ( ) ; Contact linguistics ( ) ; Creole linguistics ( ) ; Creoles and creolization ( ) ; Language change ( ) ; Language contact ( ) ; Language maintenance and shift ( )

• Contact linguistics (); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism ( ) ; Contact ( ) ; Creole linguistics ( ) ; Creoles and creolization ( ) ; Dialectology ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Interjections ( ) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization ( ) ; Sociolinguistics ( ) ; Speech community ( ) ; Typology ( ) ; Variational pragmatics ( )

• Context and contextualization (); see also Accommodation theory ( ) ; Aisatsu ( ) ; Anthropological linguistics ( ) ; Argument structure ( ) ; Artificial intelligence ( ) ; Bateson ( ) ; Cerebral representation of language; Cognitive science ( ) ; Cohesion and coherence ( ) ; Common ground ( ) ; Communication ( ) ; Communicative style ( ) ; Computational pragmatics ( ) ; Contextualism ( ) ; Conversation analysis ( ) ; Conversation types ( ) ; Conversational implicature ( ) ; Conversational logic ( ) ; Dialogical analysis ( ) ; Discourse markers ( ) ; Ellipsis ( ) ; Emphasis ( ) ; Énonciation ( ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( ) ; Ethnomethodology ( ) ; Evolutionary pragmatics ( ) ; Experimental pragmatics ( ) ; Firthian linguistics ( ) ; Frame analysis ( ) ; Generative semantics ( ) ; Goffman ( ) ; Gumperz ( ) ; Impoliteness ( ) ; Indexicals and demonstratives ( ) ; Integrational linguistics ( ) ; Intensional logic ( ) ; Interactional sociolinguistics ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Intertextuality ( ) ; Language psychology ( ) ; Laughter ( ) ; Literary pragmatics ( ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( ) ; Model-theoretic semantics ( ) ; Motivation and language ( ) ; Narrative ( ) ; Notation in formal semantics ( ) ; Politeness ( ) ; Polysemy ( ) ; Presupposition ( ) ; Prosody ( ) ; Rhetoric ( ) ; Social media research ( ) ; Stance ( ) ; Style and styling ( ) ; Symbolic interactionism ( ) ; Tactile sign languages ( ) ; Text comprehension ( ) ; Truthfulness ( )

• Context change See Context and contextualization  ()

• Context modelling See Formal pragmatics  ()

• Context-of-situation See Context and contextualization  (); Firthian linguistics  (); Malinowski  (); Register  (); Systemic functional grammar  ()

• Context-sensitive vs. context-free grammar See Computational linguistics  (); Functional sentence perspective  ()

• Context-sensitiveness See Context and contextualization  ()

• Contextualism (); see also Context and contextualization ( )

• Contextualization cue See Gumperz  (); Style and styling  ()

• Continuity See Historical politeness  ()

• Continuity hypothesis See Language acquisition  ()

• Contrast See Functional discourse grammar  ()

• Contrastive analysis (); see also Developmental psychology ( ) ; Error analysis ( ) ; Historical politeness ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Interlanguage pragmatics ( ) ; Language change ( ) ; Pragmatic markers ( )

• Contrastive pragmatics (); see also Contrastive pragmatics ( ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Interlanguage pragmatics ( ) ; Mianzi / lian ( ) ; Translation studies ( ) ; Typology ( ) ; Variational pragmatics ( )

• Control See Public discourse  (); Social institutions  ()

• Control phenomena ()

• Conventional implicature See Grice  (); Implicitness  (); Truth-conditional pragmatics  ()

• Conventionalism See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  ()

• Conventionality See Adaptability  (); Conventions of language  (); Gesture research  (); Metaphor  (); Nigerian hospital setting discourse  (); Primate communication  (); Speech act theory  ()

• Conventions of language (); see also Austin ( ) ; Conversational implicature ( ) ; Conversational logic ( ) ; Grice ( ) ; Speech act

• Convergence See Accommodation theory  (); Contact  ()

• Conversation See Collaboration in dialogues  (); Conversation analysis  (); Gesture research  (); Humor  (); Indeterminacy and negotiation  (); Institutional interaction  (); Mass media  (); Narrative  ()

• Conversation analysis (); see also Age and language use ( ) ; Communication ( ) ; Communicative success vs. failure ( ) ; Computational pragmatics ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Conversation types ( ) ; Conversational storytelling ( ) ; Discourse analysis ( ) ; Discourse markers ( ) ; Embodied interaction ( ) ; Emphasis ( ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( ) ; Ethnomethodology ( ) ; Forensic linguistics ( ) ; Goffman ( ) ; Gumperz ( ) ; Hermeneutics ( ) ; Humor ( ) ; Institutional interaction ( ) ; Interactional linguistics ( ) ; Interactional sociolinguistics ( ) ; Intertextuality ( ) ; Language psychology ( ) ; Laughter ( ) ; Linear Unit Grammar ( ) ; Listener response ( ) ; Mass media ( ) ; Membership categorization analysis ( ) ; Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora ( ) ; Overlap ( ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( ) ; Prosody ( ) ; Repair ( ) ; Sacks ( ) ; Sequence ( ) ; Social psychology ( ) ; Therapeutic conversation ( ) ; Transcription systems for spoken discourse ( )

• Conversation types ()

• Conversational implicature (); see also Analytical philosophy ( ) ; Clinical pragmatics ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Conversational logic ( ) ; Ellipsis ( ) ; Experimental pragmatics ( ) ; Grice ( ) ; Implicature and language change ( ) ; Implicitness ( ) ; Interlanguage pragmatics ( ) ; Language and the law ( ) ; Politeness ( ) ; Relevance theory ( ) ; Speech act theory ( ) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics ( ) ; Truthfulness ( )

• Conversational logic (); see also Context and contextualization ( ) ; Conversational implicature ( ) ; Generative semantics ( ) ; Grice ( ) ; Philosophy of language ( ) ; Relevance theory ( ) ; Speech act theory ( )

• Conversational move → See Move

• Conversational storytelling (); see also Conversation analysis ( ) ; Life stories ( ) ; Narrative ( )

• Conversationalism See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  ()

• Cooperative principle See Computational pragmatics  (); Conversational implicature  (); Conversational logic  (); Creativity in language use  (); Grice  (); Humor  (); Implicature and language change  (); Implicitness  (); Irony  (); Politeness  (); Silence  (); Truthfulness  (); Universals  ()

• Copenhagen circle See Structuralism  ()

• Coreference See Anaphora  ()

• Corpus analysis (); see also Collocation and colligation ( ) ; Corpus pragmatics ( ) ; Discourse analysis ( ) ; Language acquisition ( ) ; Leech ( ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( ) ; Pragmatic markers ( ) ; Psycholinguistics ( ) ; Statistics ( ) ; Structuralism ( ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( ) ; Translation studies ( ) ; Variational pragmatics ( )

• Corpus pragmatics (); see also Corpus analysis ( )

• Correlational sociolinguistics (); see also Dialectology ( ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( ) ; Pluricentric languages ( ) ; Sociolinguistics ( ) ; Statistics ( )

• Coseriu See Structuralism  ()

• Courtroom conversation See Forensic linguistics  (); Interpreter-mediated interaction  (); Language and the law  ()

• Creativity in language use (); see also Authenticity ( ) ; Bühler ( ) ; Code-switching and translanguaging ( ) ; Cognitive science ( ) ; Euphemism ( ) ; Humboldt ( ) ; Language acquisition ( ) ; Think-aloud protocols ( )

• Creature construction See Grice  ()

• Creole linguistics (); see also Contact ( ) ; Contact linguistics ( ) ; Creoles and creolization ( ) ; Historical linguistics ( ) ; Sociolinguistics ( )

• Creoles and creolization (); see also Contact ( ) ; Contact linguistics ( ) ; Creole linguistics ( ) ; Historical linguistics ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Language contact ( ) ; Sociolinguistics ( )

• Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (); see also Discourse analysis ( ) ; Emphasis ( ) ; General semantics ( ) ; Ideology ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Intertextuality ( ) ; Language ideologies ( ) ; Manipulation ( ) ; Marxist linguistics ( ) ; Mass media ( ) ; Nexus analysis ( ) ; Polyphony ( ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( ) ; Text linguistics ( ) ; Truthfulness ( )

• Critical theory (); see also Intercultural communication ( ) ; Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( )

• Cross-cultural communication See Intercultural communication  ()

• Cross-cultural pragmatics See Discourse analysis  (); Listener response  (); Overlap  ()

• Cross-cultural psychology See Cognitive anthropology  (); Developmental psychology  ()

• Cross-sectional method See Developmental psychology  ()

• Crying See Emotion display  ()

• Culioli, A. See Énonciation  ()

• Cultural anthropology See Anthropological linguistics  (); Cognitive anthropology  ()

• Cultural model See Cognitive science  ()

• Cultural scripts (); see also Communicative style ( ) ; Componential analysis ( ) ; Culture ( )

• Cultural studies See Ethnography of speaking  (); Literary pragmatics  (); Translation studies  ()

• Culture (); see also Anthropological linguistics ( ) ; Behaviorism ( ) ; Boas ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Contrastive analysis ( ) ; Cultural scripts ( ) ; Default interpretations ( ) ; Ethnography ( ) ; Evolutionary pragmatics ( ) ; Fieldwork ( ) ; Gumperz ( ) ; Humboldt ( ) ; Ideology ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Interjections ( ) ; Mentalism ( ) ; Mianzi / lian ( ) ; Morphopragmatics ( ) ; Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( ) ; Ọmọlúàbí ( ) ; Politeness ( ) ; Repair ( ) ; Sapir ( ) ; Semiotics ( ) ; Sociolinguistics ( ) ; Style and styling ( ) ; Whorf ( )

• Curse See Impoliteness  ()

• Cynicism See Irony  ()

• Data collection/coding/analysis See Conversation analysis  (); Developmental psychology  (); Grounded theory  (); Historical pragmatics  (); Linguistic landscape studies  (); Statistics  (); Tactile sign languages  (); Terms of address  (); Typology  ()

• Davidson, D. See Analytical philosophy  ()

• Deception See Truthfulness  ()

• Decolonizing See Postcolonial pragmatics  ()

• Deconstruction (); see also Literary pragmatics ( )

• Deduction See Grounded theory  ()

• Default interpretations ()

• Default semantics See Default interpretations  ()

• Deference See Ọmọlúàbí  (); Ta’ārof  ()

• Definite articles See Definiteness  ()

• Definite description See Game-theoretical semantics  (); Reference and descriptions  ()

• Definiteness ()

• Degree See Communicative dynamism  ()

• Deixis (); see also Bühler ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Énonciation ( ) ; Honorifics ( ) ; Mental spaces ( ) ; Non-verbal communication ( ) ; Peirce ( ) ; Politeness ( ) ; Universals ( )

• Deletion See Ellipsis  ()

• Dementia See Clinical pragmatics  ()

• Demonstrative See Indexicals and demonstratives  ()

• Denotation → See Cerebral representation of language ; Polysemy  ()

• Deontic logic (); see also Epistemic logic ( ) ; Logical semantics ( ) ; Modal logic ( ) ; Modality ( )

• Dependency See Argument structure  (); Dependency and valency grammar  (); Frame semantics  (); Polysemy  (); Predicates and predication  (); Role and reference grammar  ()

• Dependency and valency grammar (); see also Case and semantic roles ( ) ; Case grammar ( ) ; Role and reference grammar ( )

• Depiction See Gesture research  ()

• Derogatory language See Feminism and language  (); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  ()

• Derrida, J. See Deconstruction  ()

• Detention hearing → See Police interrogation

• Deutero-learning See Bateson  ()

• Developmental dyslexia (); see also Clinical pragmatics ( ) ; Developmental psychology ( ) ; Language acquisition ( ) ; Literacy ( ) ; Pragmatic acquisition ( ) ; Psycholinguistics ( )

• Developmental pragmatics See Developmental psychology  (); Ervin-Tripp, S.  (); Language acquisition  (); Second language acquisition

• Developmental psychology (); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism ( ) ; Cognitive psychology ( ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( ) ; Psycholinguistics ( ) ; Vygotsky ( )

• Dewey, J. See Morris  (); Pragmatism  ()

• Diachrony See Language change  ()

• Diacritic See Phonetic notation systems  ()

• Dialect (); see also Anderson ( ) ; Argument structure ( ) ; Dialectology ( ) ; Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( ) ; Folk pragmatics ( ) ; Integrational linguistics ( )

• Dialect formation See Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics  ()

• Dialect geography See Dialectology  ()

• Dialect leveling/loss See Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics  ()

• Dialectology (); see also Contact linguistics ( ) ; Correlational sociolinguistics ( ) ; Dialect ( ) ; Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( ) ; Historical linguistics ( ) ; Reconstruction ( ) ; Sociolinguistics ( )

• Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ()

• Dialog modeling See Artificial intelligence  (); Computational pragmatics  ()

• Dialog system See Artificial intelligence  (); Computational pragmatics  ()

• Dialogical analysis (); see also Collaboration in dialogues ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Foucault ( ) ; Humboldt ( ) ; Interactional linguistics ( ) ; Peirce ( )

• Dialogism See Appraisal  (); Intertextuality  (); Stance  ()

• Dialogue See Bakhtin  (); Collaboration in dialogues  (); Interpreter-mediated interaction  (); Polyphony  ()

• Diaphor See Metaphor  ()

• Diglossia See Language contact  ()

• Dik, S. See Functional grammar  ()

• Diminutive See Morphopragmatics  ()

• Direct vs. indirect speech See Reported speech  ()

• Directive See Ervin-Tripp, S.  ()

• Discourse See Argumentation in discourse and grammar  (); Bakhtin  (); Cognitive sociology  (); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  (); Discourse analysis  (); Discourse markers  (); Ethnography  (); Foucault  (); Grounding  (); Intertextuality  (); Language psychology  (); Mental spaces  (); Narrative  (); Neuropragmatics  (); Nexus analysis  (); Polyphony  (); Public discourse  (); Social institutions  (); Systemic functional grammar  (); Text and discourse linguistics  (); Text structure  ()

• Discourse act See Functional discourse grammar  ()

• Discourse analysis (); see also Channel ( ) ; Cognitive sociology ( ) ; Common ground ( ) ; Conversation analysis ( ) ; Corpus analysis ( ) ; Creole linguistics ( ) ; Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( ) ; Geneva school ( ) ; Grounding ( ) ; Historical pragmatics ( ) ; Ideology ( ) ; Mass media ( ) ; Multimodality ( ) ; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( ) ; Prague school ( ) ; Rhetoric ( ) ; Social psychology ( ) ; Structuralism ( ) ; Stylistics ( ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( ) ; Text linguistics ( ) ; Truthfulness ( )

• Discourse attuning See Accommodation theory  ()

• Discourse completion test See Intercultural communication  ()

• Discourse focus See Anaphora  ()

• Discourse genre See Genre  ()

• Discourse linking See Discourse representation theory  ()

• Discourse markers (); see also Historical pragmatics ( ) ; Interjections ( ) ; Polyphony ( ) ; Pragmatic markers ( ) ; Pragmatic particles ( )

• Discourse mode See Register  ()

• Discourse representation theory (); see also Default interpretations ( ) ; Game-theoretical semantics ( ) ; Logical semantics ( ) ; Montague and categorial grammar ( ) ; Situation semantics ( ) ; Tense and aspect ( )

• Discourse sociolinguistics See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  ()

• Discourse topic See Consciousness and language  ()

• Discursive ethics See Universal and transcendental pragmatics  ()

• Discursive formation See Foucault  ()

• Discursive order See Foucault  ()

• Discursive psychology See Authority  (); Language psychology  (); Motivation  ()

• Dismissal See Impoliteness  ()

• Displacement See Adaptability  ()

• Distinctive feature See Jakobson  ()

• Divergence See Accommodation theory  ()

• Diversity See Anderson  (); Language maintenance and shift  (); Superdiversity  ()

• Doctor‒patient interaction → See Medical interaction

• Document design See Applied linguistics  ()

• Donnellan, K. See Reference and descriptions  ()

• Double bind See Bateson  ()

• Double object construction See Argument structure  ()

• Drift See Language change  ()

• Ducrot, O. See Argumentation theory  (); Énonciation  (); Polyphony  ()

• Dummett, M. See Analytical philosophy  ()

• Durkheim, Emile See Sociology of language  ()

• Dyadic interaction See Conversation types  (); Statistics  ()

• Dynamic semantic functions See Communicative dynamism  ()

• Dynamic semantics See Presupposition  ()

• Dyslexia See Orthography and cognition  ()

• Dysphasia See Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication  ()

• Dysphemism See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  ()

• E-mail communication See Computer-mediated communication  ()

• Ebonics See ‘Other’ representation  ()

• Education See Applied linguistics  (); Code-switching and translanguaging  (); Ideology  (); Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms  (); Language rights  (); Linguistic landscape studies  (); Literacy  (); Translanguaging pedagogy  ()

• Egocentric speech See Vygotsky  ()

• Elicitation (); see also Fieldwork ( ) ; Interview ( ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( )

• Ellipsis (); see also Argument structure ( )

• Emancipation See Feminism and language  (); Postcolonial pragmatics  ()

• Emancipatory pragmatics See Postcolonial pragmatics  ()

• Embedding See Frame analysis  ()

• Embodied interaction ()

• Embodiment (); see also Embodied interaction ( ) ; Gesture research ( ) ; Humor ( ) ; Pragmatics of script ( )

• Emergence See Adaptability  ()

• Emergent grammar ()

• Emotion display (); see also Laughter ( ) ; Silence ( )

• Emotions (); see also Appraisal ( ) ; Emotion display ( ) ; Impoliteness ( ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( )

• Emphasis ()

• Encoding See Orthography and cognition  ()

• Endangered languages See Language ecology  ()

• Engagement See Appraisal  (); Evidentiality  (); Nexus analysis  ()

• Engels, Friedrich See Ideology  ()

• English (as a global language) See Linguistic landscape studies  (); Postcolonial pragmatics  ()

• Énonciation (); see also Benveniste ( )

• Entailment See Implicitness  (); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  ()

• Entrenchment See Conceptual integration  ()

• Enunciation See Benveniste  (); Polyphony  ()

• Environment See Context and contextualization  (); Gesture research  (); Tactile sign languages  ()

• Epiphor See Metaphor  ()

• Epistemic authority See Conversational storytelling  (); Evidentiality  ()

• Epistemic dynamics See Epistemic logic  ()

• Epistemic logic (); see also Deontic logic ( ) ; Logical semantics ( ) ; Modal logic ( ) ; Modality ( ) ; Possible worlds semantics ( )

• Epistemology (); see also Austin ( ) ; Foucault ( ) ; Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( ) ; Ontology ( ) ; Perception and language ( )

• Epistemology of testimony ()

• Erklären vs. Verstehen See Grounded theory  ()

• Error analysis (); see also Contrastive analysis ( )

• Ervin-Tripp, S. (); see also Developmental psychology ( ) ; Language acquisition ( ) ; Sociolinguistics ( )

• Ethnicity See Culture  (); Humor  (); Intercultural communication  (); Language dominance and minorization  (); Language policy, language planning and standardization  ()

• Ethnographic semantics See Anthropological linguistics  (); Taxonomy  ()

• Ethnography (); see also Anderson ( ) ; Anthropological linguistics ( ) ; Bourdieu ( ) ; Developmental psychology ( ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( ) ; Fieldwork ( ) ; Linguistic landscape studies ( ) ; Social media research ( )

• Ethnography of communication See Ethnography of speaking  ()

• Ethnography of speaking (); see also Anthropological linguistics ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Conversation analysis ( ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( ) ; Gumperz ( ) ; Interactional sociolinguistics ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Nexus analysis ( ) ; Phatic communion ( ) ; Style and styling ( )

• Ethnomethodology (); see also Cognitive sociology ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Conversation analysis ( ) ; Humor ( ) ; Interactional sociolinguistics ( ) ; Language psychology ( ) ; Membership categorization analysis ( ) ; Phenomenology ( ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( ) ; Sacks ( ) ; Social psychology ( ) ; Symbolic interactionism ( )

• Ethnoscience See Anthropological linguistics  ()

• Ethogenics See Social psychology  ()

• Euphemism (); see also Morphopragmatics ( ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( )

• Evaluation See Appraisal  (); Emphasis  (); Stance  ()

• Evaluation task See Methods in language-attitudes research  ()

• Event representation ()

• Event types See Event representation  ()

• Event-related potential See Cognitive science  (); Language acquisition  ()

• Evidence See Evidentiality  ()

• Evidentiality (); see also Appraisal ( ) ; Authority ( ) ; Modality ( ) ; Stance ( )

• Evolution (theory) See Adaptability  (); Evolutionary pragmatics  ()

• Evolutionary pragmatics ()

• Executive function See Clinical pragmatics  ()

• Exemplar model See Psycholinguistics  ()

• Expectation See Frame analysis  (); Mediated performatives  ()

• Experimental pragmatics (); see also Experimentation ( )

• Experimentation (); see also Cognitive psychology ( ) ; Cognitive science ( ) ; Ethnomethodology ( ) ; Experimental pragmatics ( ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( ) ; Orthography and cognition ( ) ; Psycholinguistics ( ) ; Sound symbolism ( ) ; Statistics ( ) ; Think-aloud protocols ( ) ; Variational pragmatics ( )

• Expertise See Cognitive sociology  (); Forensic linguistics  ()

• Explaining vs. understanding → See Erklären vs. Verstehen

• Explanation See Linguistic explanation  ()

• Explicature See Implicitness  (); Truth-conditional pragmatics  ()

• Expression → See Functions of language

• Extension → See Intension vs. extension

• Face See Goffman  (); Impoliteness  (); Mianzi / lian  (); Politeness  (); Silence  (); Ta’ārof  ()

• Face-to-face interaction See Accommodation theory  (); Cognitive sociology  (); Computer-mediated communication  (); Conversation analysis  (); Intercultural communication  (); Prosody  ()

• Facebook See Social media research  ()

• Factivity See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  ()

• False friends See The multilingual lexicon  ()

• Familiarity See Information structure  ()

• Feedback See Adaptability  (); Tactile sign languages  ()

• Feeling(s) See Appraisal  ()

• Felicity condition See Speech act theory  ()

• Feminism and language ()

• Ferguson, C. See Register  ()

• Field See Register  ()

• Fieldwork (); see also Anthropological linguistics ( ) ; Boas ( ) ; Elicitation ( ) ; Ethnography ( ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( ) ; Interview ( ) ; Malinowski ( )

• Figure vs. ground See Grounding  ()

• Figures of speech (); see also Cultural scripts ( ) ; Emphasis ( )

• File change semantics See Computational linguistics  (); Discourse representation theory  ()

• Fillmore, C. J. See Case grammar  (); Frame semantics  ()

• Firth, J. R. (); see also Firthian linguistics ( ) ; Register ( ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( )

• Firthian linguistics (); see also Context and contextualization ( ) ; Firth ( ) ; Phatic communion ( ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( )

• Flexibility See Primate communication  ()

• Focalisation See Tense and aspect  ()

• Focalizer See Functional sentence perspective  ()

• Focus → See Topic vs. focus

• Focus domain See Argument structure  ()

• Focus structure See Role and reference grammar  ()

• Folk classification See Anthropological linguistics  (); Cognitive anthropology  (); Language ideologies  (); Metalinguistic awareness  (); Taxonomy  ()

• Folk linguistics See Socio-onomastics  ()

• Folk pragmatics (); see also Methods in language-attitudes research ( )

• Folk psychology See Philosophy of mind  ()

• Footing See Frame analysis  (); Goffman  (); Participation  ()

• Foregrounding See Grounding  ()

• Foreigner talk See Intercultural communication  (); Register  ()

• Forensic linguistics (); see also Applied linguistics ( )

• Form vs. function See Corpus pragmatics  (); Sapir  ()

• Form-function mapping → See Form vs. function

• Formal dialectics See Argumentation theory  ()

• Formal linguistics See Linguistic explanation  ()

• Formal pragmatics (); see also Analytical philosophy ( ) ; Logical semantics ( ) ; Montague and categorial grammar ( )

• Formality See Conversation types  (); Register  ()

• Formulaic language → See Routine formula

• Formulation See Rhetoric  ()

• Foucault, M. (); see also Critical theory ( ) ; Ideology ( ) ; Jargon ( )

• Frame (analysis) (); see also Artificial intelligence ( ) ; Bateson ( ) ; Cognitive science ( ) ; Emphasis ( ) ; Frame semantics ( ) ; Gesture research ( ) ; Goffman ( ) ; Humor ( ) ; Mental spaces ( ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( ) ; Non-verbal communication ( ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( )

• Frame semantics (); see also Collocation and colligation ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Dependency and valency grammar ( ) ; Event representation ( ) ; Lexical field analysis ( ) ; Lexical semantics ( )

• Frankfurt school → See Adorno ; Habermas

• Frege, G. See Analytical philosophy  (); Intensional logic  (); Reference and descriptions  (); Semantics vs. pragmatics  (); Speech act theory  ()

• Fremdverstehen See Grounded theory  ()

• Frequency See Markedness  (); Statistics  ()

• Functional discourse grammar ()

• Functional explanation See Linguistic explanation  ()

• Functional grammar (); see also Case and semantic roles ( ) ; Case grammar ( ) ; Mathesius ( ) ; Prague school ( ) ; Predicates and predication ( ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( ) ; Word order ( )

• Functional sentence perspective (); see also Communicative dynamism ( ) ; Mathesius ( ) ; Prague school ( ) ; Word order ( )

• Functionalism vs. formalism (); see also Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax ( ) ; Cognitive science ( ) ; Communicative dynamism ( ) ; Emergent grammar ( ) ; Linguistic explanation ( ) ; Mathesius ( ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( ) ; Translation studies ( )

• Functions of language See Bühler  (); Emotion display  (); Evolutionary pragmatics  (); Functional discourse grammar  (); Functionalism vs. formalism  (); Historical politeness  (); Impoliteness  (); Jakobson  (); Participation  (); Prague school  (); Relational ritual  (); Silence  (); Systemic functional grammar  ()

• Fund See Predicates and predication  ()

• Fuzziness → See Vagueness

• Fuzzy set theory See Categorization  (); Lexical semantics  ()

• Game-theoretical semantics (); see also Discourse representation theory ( ) ; Logical semantics ( ) ; Model-theoretic semantics ( )

• Gapping See Ellipsis  ()

• Garfinkel, H. See Ethnomethodology  ()

• Gender (); see also Authority ( ) ; Caste and language ( ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( ) ; Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( ) ; Feminism and language ( ) ; Humor ( ) ; Identity ( ) ; Interjections ( ) ; Laughter ( ) ; Listener response ( ) ; Overlap ( ) ; Silence ( )

• General rhetoric See Rhetoric  ()

• General semantics (); see also Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( )

• Generalized catastrophe See Catastrophe theory  ()

• Generalized phrase structure grammar See Computational linguistics  (); Construction grammar  (); Interpretive semantics  ()

• Generative semantics (); see also Componential analysis ( ) ; Conceptual semantics ( ) ; Conversational logic ( ) ; Interpretive semantics ( ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( )

• Generative(-transformational) linguistics See Attention and language  (); Chomskyan linguistics  (); Cognitive linguistics  (); Computational linguistics  (); Creativity in language use  (); Historical linguistics  (); Interpretive semantics  (); Language acquisition  (); Language change  (); Lexical semantics  ()

• Genetic linguistics See Historical linguistics  (); Language change  (); Reconstruction  ()

• Geneva school (); see also Discourse analysis ( ) ; Structuralism ( )

• Genre (); see also Bakhtin ( ) ; Channel ( ) ; Conversation types ( ) ; Conversational logic ( ) ; Narrative ( ) ; Tense and aspect ( ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( ) ; Text type ( )

• Geographical origin See Laughter  ()

• Geolinguistics See Contact linguistics  (); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics  (); Linguistic landscape studies  ()

• Gestalt psychology See Behaviorism  (); Cognitive psychology  (); Metaphor  ()

• Gesticulation See Gesture research  ()

• Gesture See Communication  (); Gesture research  (); Non-verbal communication  (); Primate communication  (); Prosody  ()

• Gesture research (); see also Non-verbal communication ( )

• Given vs. new See Argument structure  (); Argumentation in discourse and grammar  (); Computational pragmatics  (); Definiteness  (); Functional sentence perspective  (); Information structure  (); Word order  ()

• Globalization See Code-switching and translanguaging  (); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics  (); Language dominance and minorization  (); Translanguaging pedagogy  ()

• Glossematics See Semiotics  (); Structuralism  ()

• Glottochronology See Historical linguistics  ()

• Goffman, E. (); see also Conversation analysis ( ) ; Frame analysis ( ) ; Participation ( ) ; Politeness ( ) ; Public discourse ( ) ; Reported speech ( ) ; Symbolic interactionism ( )

• Government and binding theory See Chomskyan linguistics  (); Construction grammar  (); Interpretive semantics  ()

• Gradience See Categorization  ()

• Grammar See Argumentation in discourse and grammar  (); Leech  (); Nigerian hospital setting discourse  ()

• Grammatical constraints See Code-switching  ()

• Grammatical metaphor See Metaphor  ()

• Grammatical relations See Agency and language  (); Polysemy  (); Role and reference grammar  ()

• Grammatical status See Grammaticalization and pragmatics  ()

• Grammaticalization See Constructional analysis  (); Emergent grammar  (); Implicature and language change  (); Language change  (); Metaphor  (); Modality  (); Negation  (); Pragmatic markers  (); Predicates and predication  ()

• Grammaticalization and pragmatics ()

• Grammatization See Emergent grammar  ()

• Gramsci, A. See Hegemony  (); Marxist linguistics  ()

• Greeting See Ọmọlúàbí  (); Ta’ārof  ()

• Grice, H. P. (); see also Analytical philosophy ( ) ; Clinical pragmatics ( ) ; Conversational implicature ( ) ; Conversational logic ( ) ; Default interpretations ( ) ; Humor ( ) ; Semantics vs. pragmatics ( ) ; Silence ( ) ; Speech act theory ( ) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics ( ) ; Truthfulness ( ) ; Universals ( )

• Grounded theory ()

• Grounding (); see also Anaphora ( ) ; Computational pragmatics ( ) ; Discourse analysis ( ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( )

• Guillaume, G. See Énonciation  ()

• Gumperz, J. J. (); see also Anthropological linguistics ( ) ; Communicative success vs. failure ( ) ; Culture ( ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( ) ; Interactional sociolinguistics ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Prosody ( ) ; Register ( )

• Habermas, J. See Critical theory  (); Ideology  (); Public discourse  (); Universal and transcendental pragmatics  ()

• Habitus See Anderson  (); Bourdieu  (); Communication  (); Lifestyle  ()

• Half-truth See Truthfulness  ()

• Halliday, M. A. K. See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  (); Firthian linguistics  (); Genre  (); Jargon  (); Phatic communion  (); Register  (); Social semiotics  (); Systemic functional grammar  ()

• Harold Garfinkel and pragmatics (); see also Conversation analysis ( ) ; Ethnomethodology ( ) ; Metapragmatics ( ) ; Sacks ( )

• Head-driven phrase structure grammar See Computational linguistics  (); Construction grammar  (); Formal pragmatics  (); Interpretive semantics  ()

• Hearer See Appraisal  (); Mass media  ()

• Hegemony (); see also Ideology ( ) ; Intertextuality ( ) ; Language ecology ( ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( )

• Hemisphere dominance See Neurolinguistics  ()

• Heritage language See Language maintenance and shift  ()

• Hermeneutics (); see also Analytical philosophy ( ) ; Anthropological linguistics ( ) ; Cognitive linguistics ( ) ; Cohesion and coherence ( ) ; Conversation analysis ( ) ; Language psychology ( ) ; Literary pragmatics ( ) ; Structuralism ( ) ; Truthfulness ( ) ; Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( )

• Heterogeneity See Language dominance and minorization  ()

• Heteroglossia See Appraisal  (); Bakhtin  (); Ideology  (); Intertextuality  ()

• Heterosemy See Polysemy  ()

• Hierarchy See Nigerian hospital setting discourse  ()

• Historical linguistics (); see also Borrowing ( ) ; Creole linguistics ( ) ; Creoles and creolization ( ) ; Dialectology ( ) ; Historical pragmatics ( ) ; Language change ( ) ; Reconstruction ( ) ; de Saussure ( ) ; Typology ( )

• Historical politeness ()

• Historical pragmatics (); see also Discourse analysis ( ) ; Historical linguistics ( ) ; Interjections ( ) ; Mass media ( )

• Historical sociolinguistics (); see also Correlational sociolinguistics ( ) ; Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( ) ; Historical linguistics ( ) ; Historical pragmatics ( ) ; Interactional sociolinguistics ( ) ; Language change ( ) ; Sociolinguistics ( )

• History See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  (); Dialectology  (); Hegemony  ()

• Homogeneity See Anderson  (); Metalinguistic awareness  ()

• Homogenisation See ‘Other’ representation  ()

• Homonymy See Indeterminacy and negotiation  (); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  (); Polysemy  ()

• Honorifics (); see also Politeness ( ) ; Terms of address ( ) ; Universals ( )

• Humboldt, W. von ()

• Humor (); see also Computer-mediated communication ( ) ; Emotion display ( ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( ) ; Irony ( ) ; Laughter ( ) ; ‘Other’ representation ( ) ; Truthfulness ( )

• Hybridity See Genre  (); Intensional logic  (); Intertextuality  (); ‘Other’ representation  (); Presupposition  ()

• Hymes, D. See Anthropological linguistics  (); Culture  (); Ethnography of speaking  ()

• Hyperlink See Social media research  ()

• Hyponymy See Polysemy  ()

• I-principle See Anaphora  (); Semantics vs. pragmatics  ()

• Iconicity (); see also Jakobson ( ) ; Language change ( ) ; Sound symbolism ( )

• Identifiability See Definiteness  ()

• Identity (); see also Age and language use ( ) ; Anderson ( ) ; Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( ) ; Feminism and language ( ) ; Gumperz ( ) ; Ideology ( ) ; Language maintenance and shift ( ) ; Laughter ( ) ; Life stories ( ) ; Membership categorization analysis ( ) ; Motivation and language ( ) ; Pluricentric languages ( ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( ) ; Pragmatics of script ( ) ; Social class and language ( ) ; Social media research ( ) ; Superdiversity ( ) ; Translanguaging pedagogy ( ) ; Variational pragmatics ( )

• Ideology (); see also Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( ) ; Culture ( ) ; Hegemony ( ) ; Honorifics ( ) ; Manipulation ( ) ; Marxist linguistics ( ) ; Mass media ( ) ; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( ) ; Public discourse ( ) ; Social psychology ( ) ; Social semiotics ( )

• Idiolect See Forensic linguistics  (); Integrational linguistics  ()

• Idéologues See Humboldt  ()

• Illiteracy See Literacy  ()

• Illocution See Functional discourse grammar  (); Functional grammar  (); Indeterminacy and negotiation  (); Intentionality  (); Modality  (); Non-verbal communication  (); Speech act theory  ()

• Illocutionary force See Speech act theory  ()

• Illocutionary force-indicating device See Corpus pragmatics  (); Speech act theory  ()

• Imagined community See Anderson  ()

• Immersion See Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms  ()

• Implication See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  ()

• Implicature → See Conventional implicature ; Conversational implicature  (); Implicature and language change  ()

• Implicature and language change (); see also Conventional implicature; Conversational implicature ( )

• Implicitness (); see also Argument structure ( ) ; Cerebral representation of language; Discourse markers ( ) ; Emphasis ( ) ; Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( ) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics ( )

• Impliciture See Implicitness  ()

• Impoliteness (); see also Euphemism ( ) ; Historical politeness ( ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( ) ; Politeness ( )

• Incongruity resolution See Humor  ()

• Indeterminacy and negotiation (); see also Ellipsis ( ) ; Integrational linguistics ( ) ; Truthfulness ( )

• Indexicalism See Contextualism  ()

• Indexicality See Ethnomethodology  (); Gesture research  (); Jakobson  (); Language change  (); Language psychology  (); Metalinguistic awareness  (); Prosody  (); Stance  (); Truth-conditional semantics  ()

• Indexicals and demonstratives (); see also Anaphora ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( )

• Indifference See Postcolonial pragmatics  ()

• Indirectness See Conversational logic  (); Discourse representation theory  (); Leech  ()

• Individualism See Sociology of language  ()

• Individuality See Intentionality  ()

• Induction See Grounded theory  ()

• Industrialization See Sociology of language  ()

• Inequality → See Power

• (In)felicity See Communicative success vs. failure  ()

• Inferencing → See Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics  (); Cognitive psychology  (); Cognitive sociology  (); Computational pragmatics  (); Conceptual semantics  (); Default interpretations  (); Discourse representation theory  (); Ellipsis  (); Emphasis  (); Evidentiality  (); Experimental pragmatics  (); Figures of speech  (); Grice  (); Gumperz  (); Implicature and language change  (); Irony  (); Language psychology  (); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  (); Prosody  (); Speech act theory  ()

• Informal logic See Argumentation theory  ()

• Information processing See Attention and language  (); Cognitive psychology  (); Cognitive science  (); Comprehension vs. production  (); Evidentiality  (); Text comprehension  ()

• Information source See Evidentiality  ()

• Information structure (); see also Argument structure ( ) ; Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( ) ; Computational pragmatics ( ) ; Discourse analysis ( ) ; Discourse markers ( ) ; Emphasis ( ) ; Narrative ( ) ; Signed language pragmatics ( ) ; Tense and aspect ( ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( ) ; Text structure ( ) ; Word order ( )

• Informativeness See Definiteness  (); Humor  (); Information structure  (); Presupposition  ()

• Informing See Mediated performatives  ()

• Innateness See Language acquisition  ()

• Inner speech See Vygotsky  ()

• Instagram See Social media research  ()

• Institutional interaction (); see also Social institutions ( )

• Institutional role See Laughter  ()

• Institutional setting See Nigerian hospital setting discourse  (); Social institutions  ()

• Instructional science See Applied linguistics  ()

• Instrumentality See Evolutionary pragmatics  ()

• Insult See Impoliteness  (); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  ()

• Integration See Language rights  ()

• Integrational linguistics (); see also Pragmatics of script ( )

• Integrity See Truthfulness  ()

• Intension vs. extension See Intensional logic  (); Notation in formal semantics  ()

• Intensional logic (); see also Logical semantics ( )

• Intensional semantics See Analytical philosophy  ()

• Intention See Artificial intelligence  (); Computational pragmatics  (); Grice  (); Intentionality  (); Irony  (); Mediated performatives  (); Neuropragmatics  (); Philosophy of action  (); Philosophy of mind  (); Primate communication  (); Speech act theory  (); Truthfulness  ()

• Intentionality (); see also Agency and language ( ) ; Communication ( ) ; Impoliteness ( ) ; Philosophy of mind ( )

• Interaction-organization theory See Metaphor  ()

• Interactional analysis See Multimodality  ()

• Interactional linguistics (); see also Emergent grammar ( ) ; Linear Unit Grammar ( )

• Interactional sense-making → See Meaning construction

• Interactional sociolinguistics (); see also Code-switching ( ) ; Communicative style ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Conversation analysis ( ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( ) ; Ethnomethodology ( ) ; Gumperz ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Metapragmatics ( ) ; Mianzi / lian ( ) ; Nexus analysis ( ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( ) ; Sociolinguistics ( )

• Interactive failure → See Communication failure

• Interactive-activation model See Psycholinguistics  ()

• Interactivity See Computer-mediated communication  (); Conversational storytelling  (); Deixis  (); Functional discourse grammar  (); Psycholinguistics  (); Reported speech  ()

• Intercultural communication (); see also Aisatsu ( ) ; Anthropological linguistics ( ) ; Applied linguistics ( ) ; Bilingualism and multilingualism ( ) ; Code-switching ( ) ; Communication ( ) ; Communicative success vs. failure ( ) ; Contact linguistics ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Contrastive analysis ( ) ; Creoles and creolization ( ) ; Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( ) ; Critical theory ( ) ; Culture ( ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( ) ; Gumperz ( ) ; Interactional sociolinguistics ( ) ; Interlanguage pragmatics ( ) ; Language and the law ( ) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization ( ) ; Non-verbal communication ( ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( ) ; Truthfulness ( )

• Intercultural politeness research ()

• Interference See Contact linguistics  (); Language contact  (); Psycholinguistics  ()

• Interjections ()

• Interlanguage pragmatics (); see also Contrastive analysis ( ) ; Conversational implicature ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Politeness ( )

• Internalization See Foucault  ()

• Internet See Computer-mediated communication  (); Social media research  ()

• Interpersonal relation See Intentionality  (); Mianzi / lian  ()

• Interpreter-mediated interaction ()

• Interpretive processes → See Inferencing

• Interpretive semantics (); see also Chomskyan linguistics ( ) ; Conceptual semantics ( ) ; Generative semantics ( )

• Interpretive sociolinguistics See Interactional sociolinguistics  ()

• Interrogative See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  ()

• Interruption See Overlap  ()

• Intersubjectivity See Appraisal  (); Bourdieu  (); Bühler  (); Collaboration in dialogues  (); Communication  (); Language psychology  (); Peirce  ()

• Intertextuality (); see also Bakhtin ( ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( ) ; Polyphony ( )

• Interview (); see also Elicitation ( ) ; Fieldwork ( ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( )

• Intimacy See Laughter  ()

• Intonation See Communicative dynamism  (); Information structure  (); Markedness  (); Prosody  ()

• Intonation unit See Consciousness and language  ()

• Intuition and introspection (); see also Cognitive science ( )

• Involvement → See Affect

• Irony (); see also Experimental pragmatics ( ) ; Frame analysis ( ) ; Humor ( ) ; Polyphony ( )

• Isomorphism See Iconicity  ()

• Isotopy See Humor  ()

• Jakobson, R. (); see also Emotions ( ) ; Participation ( ) ; Phatic communion ( ) ; Prague school ( ) ; Structuralism ( )

• James, W. See Morris  (); Pragmatism  ()

• Jargon (); see also Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( )

• Joke See Humor  (); Irony  ()

• Journalism See Mass media  (); Mediated performatives  ()

• Judgement See Appraisal  ()

• Jury instruction See Forensic linguistics  ()

• Kilivila See Malinowski  ()

• Kinesics See Non-verbal communication  ()

• Knowledge See Artificial intelligence  (); Austin  (); Authority  (); Epistemology of testimony  (); Foucault  ()

• Knowledge representation See Artificial intelligence  (); Cognitive psychology  (); Cognitive science  (); Connectionism  ()

• Koineization See Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics  ()

• Kripke, S. See Reference and descriptions  ()

• Kristeva, J. See Intertextuality  ()

• L2 → See Second language acquisition

• Labov, W. See Correlational sociolinguistics  (); Creole linguistics  (); Sociolinguistics  ()

• Language acquisition (); see also Developmental psychology ( ) ; Discourse analysis ( ) ; Discourse markers ( ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( ) ; Interjections ( ) ; Irony ( ) ; Jakobson ( ) ; Literacy ( ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( ) ; Morphopragmatics ( ) ; Pragmatic particles ( ) ; Psycholinguistics ( ) ; Repair ( ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( ) ; Text structure ( ) ; Vygotsky ( )

• Language acquisition device See Language acquisition  ()

• Language and the law ()

• Language and thought See Boas  (); Consciousness and language  (); Developmental psychology  (); Embodiment  (); Humboldt  (); Perception and language  (); Sapir  (); Vygotsky  (); Whorf  ()

• Language attitudes → See Attitude ; Methods in language-attitudes research  (); Pluricentric languages  ()

• Language change (); see also Borrowing ( ) ; Contact linguistics ( ) ; Correlational sociolinguistics ( ) ; Creativity in language use ( ) ; Creoles and creolization ( ) ; Dialectology ( ) ; Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( ) ; Discourse analysis ( ) ; Genre ( ) ; Historical linguistics ( ) ; Historical politeness ( ) ; Historical pragmatics ( ) ; Implicature and language change ( ) ; Language maintenance and shift ( ) ; Morphopragmatics ( ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( ) ; Polysemy ( ) ; Pragmatic markers ( ) ; de Saussure ( ) ; Structuralism ( ) ; Superdiversity ( ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( ) ; Text structure ( )

• Language choice See Bilingualism and multilingualism  (); Ervin-Tripp, S.  (); Intercultural communication  (); Language policy, language planning and standardization  ()

• Language comprehension See Comprehension vs. production  ()

• Language conflict See Identity  (); Language contact  (); Language dominance and minorization  ()

• Language contact (); see also Borrowing ( ) ; Contact ( ) ; Language change ( ) ; Literacy ( )

• Language death See Language contact  (); Language ecology  (); Language rights  ()

• Language disorders → See Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics  (); Neurolinguistics  ()

• Language dominance and minorization (); see also Language ecology ( ) ; Pluricentric languages ( )

• Language ecology ()

• Language for special purposes (LSP) See Applied linguistics  (); Genre  ()

• Language game See Game-theoretical semantics  (); Wittgenstein  ()

• Language generation and interpretation → See Natural language generation and interpretation

• Language ideologies (); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism ( ) ; Bourdieu ( ) ; Feminism and language ( ) ; Identity ( ) ; Ideology ( ) ; Language dominance and minorization ( ) ; Literacy ( ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( )

• Language impairment → See Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics  (); Neurolinguistics  (); Perception and language  ()

• Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ()

• Language maintenance and shift (); see also Contact ( ) ; Interjections ( ) ; Language ecology ( ) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization ( ) ; Translanguaging pedagogy ( )

• Language pathology → See Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics  (); Language acquisition  (); Perception and language  ()

• Language planning See Language policy, language planning and standardization  ()

• Language policy, language planning and standardization (); see also Applied linguistics ( ) ; Authority ( ) ; Bilingualism and multilingualism ( ) ; Contact linguistics ( ) ; Feminism and language ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Language ideologies ( ) ; Language maintenance and shift ( ) ; Linguistic landscape studies ( ) ; Literacy ( ) ; Sociolinguistics ( )

• Language processing → See Natural language processing

• Language psychology ()

• Language rights ()

• Language shift See Language maintenance and shift  ()

• Language teaching See Applied linguistics  (); Code-switching and translanguaging  (); Error analysis  (); Ideology  (); Interlanguage pragmatics  (); Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms  (); Motivation and language  (); Orthography and cognition  (); Pragmatic particles  (); Register  (); Translanguaging pedagogy  ()

• Language technology See Artificial intelligence  ()

• Language universals See Universals  ()

• Language variation See Dialect  (); Dialectology  (); Variational pragmatics  ()

• Languaging See Code-switching and translanguaging  (); Translanguaging pedagogy  ()

• Langue vs. parole See de Saussure  (); Structuralism  ()

• Lateralization See Neurolinguistics  ()

• Laughable See Laughter  ()

• Laughter (); see also Emotion display ( )

• Learnability See Language acquisition  ()

• Least-effort hypothesis See Semantics vs. pragmatics  ()

• Lect See Dialect  ()

• Leech, G. ()

• Left vs. right hemisphere → See Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics  (); Neurolinguistics  ()

• Legal language See Applied linguistics  (); Authority  (); Forensic linguistics  (); Language and the law  (); Sequence  (); Silence  ()

• Legal settings See Forensic linguistics  ()

• Legitimation See Foucault  ()

• Lesion syndrome See Neurolinguistics  ()

• Lexical bundle/cluster/string See Collocation and colligation  ()

• Lexical decomposition See Componential analysis  ()

• Lexical field analysis (); see also Componential analysis ( ) ; Lexical semantics ( ) ; Structuralism ( )

• Lexical functional grammar (); see also Computational linguistics ( )

• Lexical primitive → See Semantic primitive

• Lexical semantics (); see also Componential analysis ( ) ; Frame semantics ( ) ; Lexical field analysis ( ) ; Markedness ( ) ; Metonymy ( ) ; Polysemy ( ) ; Vygotsky ( )

• Lexicalist hypothesis See Interpretive semantics  ()

• Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ()

• Lexicase See Case grammar  ()

• Lexico-grammar See Metaphor  ()

• Lexicography See Discourse markers  (); Frame semantics  (); Pragmatic particles  ()

• Lexicology See Caste and language  ()

• Lexicometry See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  ()

• Lexicon See Collocation and colligation  (); Comprehension vs. production  (); Default interpretations  (); Discourse representation theory  (); Euphemism  (); Feminism and language  (); Interactional linguistics  (); Language acquisition  (); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  (); The multilingual lexicon  (); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  (); Predicates and predication  (); Word  ()

• Lexicostatistics See Historical linguistics  ()

• Life stories (); see also Conversational storytelling ( ) ; Narrative ( )

• Lifestyle ()

• Linear modification See Communicative dynamism  ()

• Linear Unit Grammar ()

• Linearization See Word order  ()

• Lingua franca See Pragmatics of script  ()

• Linguicide See Language ecology  (); Language rights  ()

• Linguistic action verb → See Metapragmatic term

• Linguistic activism See Feminism and language  ()

• Linguistic atlas See Dialectology  ()

• Linguistic determinism See Manipulation  (); Perception and language  ()

• Linguistic diversity See Language ecology  ()

• Linguistic dominance See Language ecology  (); Language rights  ()

• Linguistic engineering See Artificial intelligence  ()

• Linguistic explanation (); see also Functionalism vs. formalism ( )

• Linguistic genocide → See Linguicide

• Linguistic hierarchy See Language dominance and minorization  ()

• Linguistic human rights See Language dominance and minorization  (); Language ecology  (); Language rights  ()

• Linguistic imperialism See Language ecology  ()

• Linguistic landscape studies ()

• Linguistic relativity (principle) See Anthropological linguistics  (); Boas  (); Cognitive anthropology  (); Culture  (); Lexical semantics  (); Manipulation  (); ‘Other’ representation  (); Perception and language  (); Sapir  (); Speech act theory  (); Taxonomy  (); Whorf  ()

• Linguistic repertoire See Gumperz  ()

• Linguistic turn See Analytical philosophy  ()

• Linking See Conceptual semantics  ()

• Listener response (); see also Conversational storytelling ( )

• Literacy (); see also Anderson ( ) ; Applied linguistics ( ) ; Channel ( ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( ) ; Identity ( ) ; Language acquisition ( ) ; Language ideologies ( ) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization ( ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( ) ; Multilingualism; Orthography and cognition ( ) ; Social media research ( )

• Literary criticism See Figures of speech  ()

• Literary pragmatics (); see also Bakhtin ( ) ; Caste and language ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Creativity in language use ( ) ; Deconstruction ( ) ; Figures of speech ( ) ; Hermeneutics ( ) ; Narrative ( ) ; Rhetoric ( ) ; Structuralism ( ) ; Stylistics ( )

• Localization problem See Neurolinguistics  ()

• Location See Contact linguistics  ()

• Logic See Generative semantics  (); Grice  (); Modality  (); Semiotics  (); Truth-conditional pragmatics  (); Wittgenstein  ()

• Logic-based formalism See Artificial intelligence  ()

• Logical analysis ()

• Logical atomism See Analytical philosophy  ()

• Logical empiricism/Logical positivism See Analytical philosophy  (); Grice  (); Morris  ()

• Logical notation See Notation in formal semantics  ()

• Logical semantics (); see also Deontic logic ( ) ; Discourse representation theory ( ) ; Epistemic logic ( ) ; Formal pragmatics ( ) ; Game-theoretical semantics ( ) ; Intensional logic ( ) ; Modal logic ( ) ; Model-theoretic semantics ( ) ; Montague and categorial grammar ( ) ; Ontology ( ) ; Possible worlds semantics ( ) ; Situation semantics ( ) ; Truth-conditional semantics ( )

• Logical typing of communication See Bateson  (); Communication  ()

• Longitudinal method See Developmental psychology  ()

• Loudness See Prosody  ()

• Lying See Truthfulness  ()

• M-principle See Anaphora  (); Semantics vs. pragmatics  ()

• Machine translation See Translation studies  ()

• Macro-sociolinguistics See Sociolinguistics  ()

• Malinowski, B. K. (); see also Anthropological linguistics ( ) ; Culture ( ) ; Firthian linguistics ( ) ; Participation ( ) ; Phatic communion ( )

• Manipulation (); see also Truthfulness ( )

• Mapping See Cognitive science  ()

• Markedness (); see also Emphasis ( ) ; Language change ( ) ; Negation ( )

• Marrism See Marxist linguistics  ()

• Marx, Karl See Bourdieu  (); Ideology  (); Sociology of language  ()

• Marxist linguistics (); see also Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( )

• Mass media (); see also Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( ) ; Channel ( ) ; Communication ( ) ; Conversation analysis ( ) ; Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( ) ; Discourse analysis ( ) ; Ideology ( ) ; Manipulation ( ) ; Membership categorization analysis ( ) ; Public discourse ( ) ; Silence ( )

• Matched guise See Methods in language-attitudes research  ()

• Materialism See Cognitive science  ()

• Mathematical linguistics See Communication  ()

• Mathesius, V. (); see also Prague school ( )

• Maxims of conversation → See Cooperative principle

• Mead, G. H. See Morris  (); Symbolic interactionism  ()

• Mead, M. See Culture  ()

• Meaning See Analytical philosophy  (); Austin  (); Cohesion and coherence  (); Deixis  (); Emotions  (); Firth  (); Grice  (); Integrational linguistics  (); Linear Unit Grammar  (); Model-theoretic semantics  (); Phatic communion  (); Semiotics  (); Situation semantics  (); Sound symbolism  (); Truth-conditional pragmatics  (); Wittgenstein  ()

• Meaning construction See Cognitive science  (); Cognitive sociology  (); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  (); Grounded theory  ()

• Meaning definition See Predicates and predication  ()

• Meaning postulate See Lexical semantics  ()

• Meaning potential See Social class and language  ()

• Media See Mass media  ()

• Mediated performatives ()

• Medical interaction See Institutional interaction  (); Interpreter-mediated interaction  (); Nigerian hospital setting discourse  (); Therapeutic conversation  ()

• Medical language See Applied linguistics  (); Authority  ()

• Medium See Channel  (); Computer-mediated communication  (); Mass media  (); Mediated performatives  (); Multimodality  (); Social media research  ()

• Medvedev, P. N. See Bakhtin  ()

• Membership categorization See Age and language use  (); Conversational storytelling  (); Membership categorization analysis  (); Sacks  ()

• Membership categorization analysis ()

• Memory See Attention and language  (); Consciousness and language  (); Perception and language  ()

• Mental map See Methods in language-attitudes research  ()

• Mental spaces (); see also Conceptual integration ( )

• Mental states See Experimental pragmatics  (); Language psychology  ()

• Mentalism (); see also Chomskyan linguistics ( ) ; Cognitive science ( ) ; Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( ) ; Philosophy of mind ( )

• Mesolect See Creole linguistics  ()

• Metacommunication See Bateson  (); Gesture research  ()

• Metalanguage See Corpus pragmatics  (); Feminism and language  (); Feminism and language  (); Impoliteness  (); Methods in language-attitudes research  (); Reported speech  ()

• Metalinguistic awareness (); see also Adaptability ( ) ; Collaboration in dialogues ( ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( ) ; Consciousness and language ( ) ; Evolutionary pragmatics ( ) ; Folk pragmatics ( ) ; Language acquisition ( ) ; Language ideologies ( ) ; Literacy ( ) ; Metapragmatics ( )

• Metalinguistic negation See Negation  ()

• Metalinguistics See Bakhtin  ()

• Metaphor (); see also Cerebral representation of language; Cognitive linguistics ( ) ; Embodiment ( ) ; Emphasis ( ) ; Euphemism ( ) ; Experimental pragmatics ( ) ; Figures of speech ( ) ; Gesture research ( ) ; Iconicity ( ) ; Implicature and language change ( ) ; Language change ( ) ; Metonymy ( ) ; Polysemy ( ) ; Silence ( ) ; Truthfulness ( )

• Metaphysics See Grice  ()

• Metapragmatic term See Metapragmatics  ()

• Metapragmatics (); see also Agency and language ( ) ; Aisatsu ( ) ; Anthropological linguistics ( ) ; Cerebral representation of language; Folk pragmatics ( ) ; Humor ( ) ; Interactional sociolinguistics ( ) ; Language ideologies ( ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( )

• Methods in language-attitudes research ()

• Metonymy (); see also Euphemism ( ) ; Figures of speech ( ) ; Implicature and language change ( ) ; Lexical semantics ( ) ; Metaphor ( ) ; Polysemy ( ) ; Speech act

• Metrolingualism See Transience  ()

• Mianzi / lian ()

• Micro-sociolinguistics See Sociolinguistics  ()

• Micro-sociology See Social psychology  ()

• Mind-body problem See Philosophy of mind  ()

• Minority See Language dominance and minorization  (); Language ecology  (); Language rights  (); Linguistic landscape studies  (); ‘Other’ representation  ()

• Misunderstanding See Communicative success vs. failure  (); Truthfulness  ()

• Mitigation See Laughter  ()

• Mixed languages See Language contact  ()

• Mixed methods See Social media research  ()

• Mobility See Transience  ()

• Modal logic (); see also Deontic logic ( ) ; Epistemic logic ( ) ; Logical semantics ( )

• Modal particle See Pragmatic particles  ()

• Modality (); see also Appraisal ( ) ; Authority ( ) ; Énonciation ( ) ; Event representation ( ) ; Evidentiality ( ) ; Implicature and language change ( ) ; Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( ) ; Modal logic ( ) ; Signed language pragmatics ( )

• Mode See Firth  (); Multimodality  (); Social semiotics  ()

• Model-theoretic semantics (); see also Game-theoretical semantics ( ) ; Logical semantics ( ) ; Montague and categorial grammar ( ) ; Notation in formal semantics ( ) ; Possible worlds semantics ( ) ; Situation semantics ( )

• Modeling See Regression analysis  ()

• Modularity → See Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics  (); Cognitive psychology  (); Cognitive science  (); Conceptual semantics  (); Irony  (); Language acquisition  (); Psycholinguistics  ()

• Monolingualism See Language dominance and minorization  ()

• Monologizing See Interpreter-mediated interaction  ()

• Monologue See Think-aloud protocols  ()

• Monosemy See Polysemy  ()

• Montague and categorial grammar (); see also Discourse representation theory ( ) ; Formal pragmatics ( ) ; Intensional logic ( ) ; Logical semantics ( ) ; Model-theoretic semantics ( )

• Moore, G. E. See Analytical philosophy  ()

• Morpheme See Orthography and cognition  ()

• Morphology See Deixis  (); Discourse markers  (); Euphemism  (); Jakobson  (); Language change  (); Morphopragmatics  (); Word  ()

• Morphopragmatics ()

• Morris, C. ()

• Motherese See Register  ()

• Motivation ()

• Motivation and language ()

• Move See Predicates and predication  (); Therapeutic conversation  ()

• MTA See Tense and aspect  ()

• Multi-party talk See Collaboration in dialogues  (); Conversation types  ()

• Multiculturalism See Culture  ()

• Multifunctionality See Pragmatic markers  ()

• Multilingual lexicon (The) ()

• Multilingualism See Bilingualism and multilingualism  (); Code-switching  (); Code-switching and translanguaging  (); Creativity in language use  (); Language contact  (); Language ecology  (); Linguistic landscape studies  (); Literacy  (); The multilingual lexicon  (); Translanguaging pedagogy  ()

• Multimodality (); see also Computational pragmatics ( ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( ) ; Embodied interaction ( ) ; Embodiment ( ) ; Emphasis ( ) ; Genre ( ) ; Historical politeness ( ) ; Metaphor ( ) ; Social semiotics ( ) ; Translation studies ( )

• Multiscriptality See Pragmatics of script  ()

• Multisensoriality See Embodied interaction  ()

• Mutual knowledge See Common ground  ()

• Name See Linguistic landscape studies  (); Reference and descriptions  (); Socio-onomastics  ()

• Narrative (); see also Appraisal ( ) ; Collaboration in dialogues ( ) ; Conversational storytelling ( ) ; Discourse analysis ( ) ; Emotion display ( ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( ) ; Grounded theory ( ) ; Grounding ( ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( ) ; Reported speech ( ) ; Sequence ( ) ; Text type ( )

• Narratology See Discourse analysis  (); Semiotics  (); Text and discourse linguistics  ()

• Nationalism See Anderson  (); Identity  (); Language dominance and minorization  ()

• Native-nonnative interaction See Discourse markers  (); Intercultural communication  ()

• Nativism See Authenticity  (); Language acquisition  ()

• Natural history of discourse See Metalinguistic awareness  ()

• Natural language generation and interpretation → See Natural language processing

• Natural language processing See Artificial intelligence  (); Borrowing  (); Cognitive psychology  (); Computational linguistics  (); Connectionism  (); The multilingual lexicon  (); Psycholinguistics  ()

• Natural logic See Argumentation theory  ()

• Natural semantic metalanguage See Componential analysis  ()

• Naturalness See Authenticity  (); Language change  ()

• Nature vs. nurture See Cognitive science  ()

• Negation (); see also Indeterminacy and negotiation ( ) ; Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( ) ; Modality ( ) ; Polyphony ( ) ; Truthfulness ( )

• Negotiation See Adaptability  (); Applied linguistics  (); Indeterminacy and negotiation  (); Prosody  (); Truthfulness  ()

• Neo-Gricean pragmatics See Anaphora  (); Grice  (); Implicature and language change  (); Semantics vs. pragmatics  ()

• Neo-Kaplanean semantics See Semantics vs. pragmatics  ()

• Neogrammarians See Historical linguistics  (); Lexical field analysis  (); Prague school  (); Reconstruction  (); de Saussure  ()

• Neoliberalism See Ideology  ()

• Network (social) See Computer-mediated communication  (); Language change  (); Social media research  ()

• Neuroimaging → See Brain imaging

• Neurolinguistic programming See General semantics  ()

• Neurolinguistics (); see also Adaptability ( ) ; Bilingualism and multilingualism ( ) ; Cerebral representation of language; Clinical pragmatics ( ) ; Emotions ( ) ; Language acquisition ( ) ; Perception and language ( )

• Neurophysiology See Connectionism  (); Irony  (); Neurolinguistics  (); Neuropragmatics  ()

• Neuropragmatics (); see also Clinical pragmatics ( )

• Neuropsychology See Cognitive science  (); Perception and language  ()

• New Left See Bourdieu  ()

• New rhetoric See Argumentation theory  (); Genre  (); Rhetoric  ()

• News interview See Mass media  ()

• Newspaper See Mass media  ()

• Nexus analysis (); see also Bourdieu ( )

• Nigerian hospital setting discourse (); see also Clinical pragmatics ( ) ; Institutional interaction ( ) ; Social institutions ( ) ; Therapeutic conversation ( )

• Nominalization See Predicates and predication  ()

• Non-literal meaning See Neuropragmatics  ()

• Non-modular grammar See Construction grammar  ()

• Non-seriousness See Laughter  ()

• Non-verbal communication (); see also Channel ( ) ; Cultural scripts ( ) ; Frame analysis ( ) ; Gesture research ( )

• Normality See Ethnomethodology  ()

• Norms See Creativity in language use  (); Ethnomethodology  (); Methods in language-attitudes research  ()

• Notation in formal semantics ()

• Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora (); see also Transcription systems for spoken discourse ( )

• Noun phrase See Situation semantics  ()

• Novelty See Creativity in language use  ()

• Object language See Metalinguistic awareness  ()

• Objectivism vs. subjectivism (); see also Behaviorism ( ) ; Epistemology ( ) ; Foucault ( ) ; Mentalism ( )

• Obscenity, slurs, and taboo (); see also Euphemism ( )

• Observation See Cognitive science  (); Culture  (); Fieldwork  (); Regression analysis  ()

• Ọmọlúàbí ()

• Online Communication See Computer-mediated communication  ()

• Onomastics See Socio-onomastics  ()

• Ontology (); see also Epistemology ( ) ; Logical semantics ( )

• Opacity See Mental spaces  ()

• Operationism See Behaviorism  ()

• Optimality theory See Default interpretations  ()

• Orality See Channel  ()

• Orders of discourse See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  (); Ideology  ()

• Ordinary language philosophy See Analytical philosophy  (); Conversational logic  (); Grice  (); Indeterminacy and negotiation  (); Metalinguistic awareness  (); Metapragmatics  (); (The) pragmatic perspective  (); Pragmatism  (); Speech act theory  (); Wittgenstein  ()

• Organizational setting See Social institutions  ()

• Organon model See Bühler  ()

• Orientalism See Postcolonial pragmatics  ()

• Origins of language See Cognitive anthropology  (); Evolutionary pragmatics  (); Humboldt  ()

• Orthography See Developmental dyslexia  (); Orthography and cognition  (); Pragmatics of script  ()

• Orthography and cognition (); see also Pragmatics of script ( )

• ‘Other’ representation (); see also Age and language use ( )

• Other(ing) See Authority  (); Mianzi / lian  (); ‘Other’ representation  ()

• Other-repair See Repair  ()

• Othering See ‘Other’ representation  ()

• Overhearer → See Audience

• Overlap ()

• Paralanguage → See Cerebral representation of language ; Non-verbal communication  ()

• Paraphrase semantics See Componential analysis  ()

• Parole → See Langue vs. parole

• Parsing See Computational linguistics  ()

• Participant observation → See Observation

• Participation (); see also Frame analysis ( ) ; Goffman ( )

• Participation framework See Participation  ()

• Pêcheux, M. See Marxist linguistics  ()

• Peirce, C. S. (); see also Iconicity ( ) ; Morris ( ) ; Pragmatism ( ) ; Semiotics ( ) ; Sign ( )

• Pejorative See Morphopragmatics  (); ‘Other’ representation  ()

• Perception and language (); see also Austin ( ) ; Embodiment ( ) ; Iconicity ( ) ; Language acquisition ( )

• Perceptron See Connectionism  (); Psycholinguistics  ()

• Performance See Computer-mediated communication  ()

• Performativity See Austin  (); Benveniste  (); Mediated performatives  (); Metalinguistic awareness  (); Speech act theory  ()

• Perlocution See Intentionality  (); Speech act theory  ()

• Persian See Ta’ārof  ()

• Persistence See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  ()

• Personality See Sapir  ()

• Perspectives on language and cognition ()

• Persuasion See Manipulation  ()

• Phatic communion (); see also Anthropological linguistics ( ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( ) ; Evolutionary pragmatics ( ) ; Firthian linguistics ( ) ; Malinowski ( ) ; Participation ( )

• Phenomenology (); see also Austin ( ) ; Embodiment ( ) ; Ethnomethodology ( ) ; Semiotics ( )

• Philosophy of action (); see also Action theory ( ) ; Austin ( )

• Philosophy of language (); see also Analytical philosophy ( ) ; Austin ( ) ; Conversational logic ( ) ; Emotions ( ) ; Humboldt ( ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( ) ; Speech act theory ( ) ; Wittgenstein ( )

• Philosophy of mind (); see also Cognitive science ( ) ; Grice ( ) ; Mentalism ( )

• Phoneme See Orthography and cognition  ()

• Phonetic notation systems ()

• Phonetics See Boas  (); Discourse markers  (); de Saussure  ()

• Phonology See Developmental dyslexia  (); Euphemism  (); Jakobson  (); Structuralism  ()

• Phrase-structure grammar See Chomskyan linguistics  (); Computational linguistics  ()

• Physical symbol system See Artificial intelligence  (); Cognitive psychology  (); Cognitive science  ()

• Picture-theory of meaning See Wittgenstein  ()

• Pidgins and pidginization See Contact  (); Contact linguistics  (); Creole linguistics  (); Creoles and creolization  (); Intercultural communication  ()

• Pitch See Prosody  ()

• Plagiarism → See Authorship

• Planning See Computational pragmatics  ()

• Pluricentric languages ()

• Poetic language See Figures of speech  (); Grounding  ()

• Poetics See Bakhtin  ()

• Point of view See Grounding  ()

• Polarity See Negation  ()

• Police interrogation See Applied linguistics  (); Forensic linguistics  (); Interpreter-mediated interaction  ()

• Politeness (); see also Aisatsu ( ) ; Conversational implicature ( ) ; Conversational logic ( ) ; Goffman ( ) ; Historical politeness ( ) ; Historical pragmatics ( ) ; Honorifics ( ) ; Implicitness ( ) ; Impoliteness ( ) ; Interlanguage pragmatics ( ) ; Leech ( ) ; Mianzi / lian ( ) ; Morphopragmatics ( ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( ) ; Silence ( ) ; Social media research ( ) ; Ta’ārof ( ) ; Terms of address ( ) ; Truthfulness ( ) ; Universals ( )

• Political correctness See Euphemism  (); ‘Other’ representation  ()

• Political language See Authority  ()

• Political linguistics See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  ()

• Polylanguaging See Transience  ()

• Polyphony (); see also Appraisal ( ) ; Bakhtin ( ) ; Collaboration in dialogues ( ) ; Dialogical analysis ( )

• Polysemy (); see also Implicature and language change ( ) ; Indeterminacy and negotiation ( )

• Polysystemic analysis See Firth  ()

• Positioning See Evidentiality  (); Social media research  (); Stance  ()

• Positivism See Sociology of language  ()

• Possible worlds semantics (); see also Epistemic logic ( ) ; Logical semantics ( ) ; Model-theoretic semantics ( ) ; Truth-conditional semantics ( )

• Postcolonial pragmatics (); see also Caste and language ( ) ; Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( ) ; Hegemony ( ) ; Ideology ( )

• Postcolonial studies See Caste and language  (); Postcolonial pragmatics  ()

• Postcolonialism →

• Postmodernism See Postcolonial pragmatics  ()

• Poststructuralism See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  (); Deconstruction  ()

• Posture See Non-verbal communication  (); Ta’ārof  ()

• Power See Authority  (); Cognitive sociology  (); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  (); Foucault  (); Gumperz  (); Honorifics  (); Ideology  (); Manipulation  (); Metalinguistic awareness  (); Nigerian hospital setting discourse  (); Politeness  (); Postcolonial pragmatics  (); Silence  (); Social institutions  ()

• Practice (theory) See Agency and language  (); Nexus analysis  (); Social class and language  ()

• Pragma-dialectics See Argumentation theory  ()

• Pragmalinguistics See Leech  ()

• Pragmastylistics See Stylistics  ()

• Pragmatic acquisition (); see also Cognitive psychology ( ) ; Developmental dyslexia ( ) ; Developmental psychology ( ) ; Experimental pragmatics ( ) ; Experimentation ( ) ; Language acquisition ( ) ; Psycholinguistics ( )

• Pragmatic enrichment See Truth-conditional pragmatics  ()

• Pragmatic explanation See Linguistic explanation  ()

• Pragmatic function See Functional grammar  ()

• Pragmatic impairment See Clinical pragmatics  ()

• Pragmatic intrusion See Semantics vs. pragmatics  ()

• Pragmatic markers (); see also Discourse markers ( ) ; Pragmatic particles ( )

• Pragmatic norm See Interlanguage pragmatics  ()

• Pragmatic particles (); see also Discourse markers ( ) ; Interjections ( )

• Pragmatic perspective (The) ()

• Pragmatic scale → See Scalarity

• Pragmatic transfer See Interlanguage pragmatics  ()

• Pragmaticalization See Pragmatic markers  ()

• Pragmaticism See Evolutionary pragmatics  (); Morris  (); Objectivism vs. subjectivism  (); Pragmatism  ()

• Pragmatics → See Cognitive pragmatics ; Corpus pragmatics  (); Experimental pragmatics  (); Folk pragmatics  (); Formal pragmatics  (); Historical pragmatics  (); Interlanguage pragmatics  (); Literary pragmatics  (); Metapragmatics  (); Neo-Gricean pragmatics ; Neuropragmatics  (); Postcolonial pragmatics  (); (The) pragmatic perspective  (); Pragmatics of script  (); Semantics vs. pragmatics  (); Truth-conditional pragmatics  (); Variational pragmatics  ()

• Pragmatics of script ()

• Pragmatism (); see also Morris ( ) ; Peirce ( ) ; Semiotics ( )

• Pragmemes ()

• Prague school (); see also Communicative dynamism ( ) ; Discourse analysis ( ) ; Functional grammar ( ) ; Functional sentence perspective ( ) ; Markedness ( ) ; Mathesius ( ) ; Structuralism ( ) ; Text linguistics ( ) ; Word order ( )

• Precisification principle See Indeterminacy and negotiation  ()

• Predicate logic See Artificial intelligence  (); Notation in formal semantics  ()

• Predicates and predication (); see also Event representation ( ) ; Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( )

• Preference organization See Repair  (); Sequence  ()

• Prejudice See ‘Other’ representation  ()

• Prestige See Language dominance and minorization  ()

• Presumptive meaning See Default interpretations  ()

• Presupposition (); see also Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Discourse representation theory ( ) ; Formal pragmatics ( ) ; Implicitness ( ) ; Mental spaces ( ) ; Truthfulness ( )

• Primate communication ()

• Priming See Psycholinguistics  ()

• Print See Channel  ()

• Private language See Wittgenstein  ()

• Probabilistic technique See Statistics  ()

• Problematization See Foucault  ()

• Problematology See Argumentation theory  (); Rhetoric  ()

• Procedural semantics See Cognitive psychology  ()

• Processing See Comprehension vs. production  (); Inferencing ; Information processing ; Production ; Text comprehension  ()

• Production See Conceptual semantics  (); Psycholinguistics  ()

• Productivity See Creativity in language use  ()

• Projection problem See Presupposition  ()

• Pronoun See Anaphora  (); Creole linguistics  (); Humboldt  (); Negation  (); Ta’ārof  ()

• Proper name → See Name

• Property theory See Intensional logic  ()

• Propositional attitude See Discourse representation theory  (); Intensional logic  ()

• Propositional semantics See Evolutionary pragmatics  ()

• Prosody (); see also Cerebral representation of language; Emphasis ( ) ; Firth ( ) ; Gumperz ( ) ; Information structure ( ) ; Interactional linguistics ( ) ; Language acquisition ( )

• Proto-grammar See Iconicity  ()

• Prototype (theory) See Categorization  (); Cognitive linguistics  (); Dependency and valency grammar  (); Language acquisition  (); Lexical semantics  (); Polysemy  (); Taxonomy  ()

• Proxemics See Non-verbal communication  ()

• Psychiatry See Bateson  (); Therapeutic conversation  ()

• Psycholinguistics (); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism ( ) ; Borrowing ( ) ; Bühler ( ) ; Cognitive psychology ( ) ; Comprehension vs. production ( ) ; Connectionism ( ) ; Developmental psychology ( ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( ) ; Experimental pragmatics ( ) ; Experimentation ( ) ; Gesture research ( ) ; Language psychology ( ) ; The multilingual lexicon ( ) ; Non-verbal communication ( ) ; Perception and language ( ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( ) ; Text comprehension ( ) ; Translation studies ( ) ; Vygotsky ( )

• Psychological anthropology See Cognitive anthropology  ()

• Psychosemantics See Philosophy of mind  ()

• Psychotherapy → See Psychiatry

• Public discourse (); see also Goffman ( ) ; Mediated performatives ( ) ; Social institutions ( )

• Putnam, H. See Analytical philosophy  ()

• Q-principle See Anaphora  (); Semantics vs. pragmatics  ()

• Qualitative methods See Grounded theory  ()

• Quantifier See Model-theoretic semantics  (); Notation in formal semantics  ()

• Quantitative method See Regression analysis  (); Statistics  ()

• Question answering See Computational pragmatics  (); Tactile sign languages  ()

• Question word See Repair  ()

• Questionnaire See Interview  ()

• Quine, W.v.O. See Reported speech  ()

• Quotation See Analytical philosophy  (); Evidentiality  ()

• Race See Caste and language  ()

• Racism See Ideology  (); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  (); ‘Other’ representation  ()

• Radical argumentativism See Argumentation theory  ()

• Radical pragmatics See Grice  ()

• Radio See Mass media  ()

• Ranking task See Methods in language-attitudes research  ()

• Rationality See Default interpretations  (); Emotions  (); Ethnomethodology  (); Foucault  (); Grice  (); Ideology  ()

• Reading analysis See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  (); Text comprehension  ()

• Recall See Collaboration in dialogues  ()

• Reception theory See Literary pragmatics  ()

• Recipient design See Collaboration in dialogues  (); Communicative style  ()

• Reconstruction (); see also Dialectology ( ) ; Historical linguistics ( ) ; Language change ( )

• Recoverability See Ellipsis  ()

• Reference See Anaphora  (); Definiteness  (); Experimental pragmatics  (); Functional discourse grammar  (); Functional grammar  (); Information structure  (); Mental spaces  (); Metalinguistic awareness  (); Model-theoretic semantics  (); Polysemy  (); Pragmemes  (); Predicates and predication  (); Reference and descriptions  (); Tagmemics  (); Universals  ()

• Reference and descriptions ()

• Referential choice See Definiteness  ()

• Referring → See Reference ; Reference and descriptions  ()

• Reflection See Communicative success vs. failure  (); Humboldt  ()

• Reflexive See Anaphora  ()

• Reflexivity See Adaptability  (); Ethnomethodology  (); Foucault  (); Metalinguistic awareness  (); ‘Other’ representation  (); Style and styling  ()

• Reflexology See Behaviorism  ()

• Refusal See Ta’ārof  ()

• Register (); see also Applied linguistics ( ) ; Channel ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Correlational sociolinguistics ( ) ; Error analysis ( ) ; Firthian linguistics ( ) ; Frame analysis ( ) ; Gumperz ( ) ; Honorifics ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Regression analysis ( ) ; Rhetoric ( ) ; Sociolinguistics ( ) ; Stylistics ( ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( )

• Regression analysis (); see also Statistics ( )

• Regularity See Relational ritual  ()

• Reinforcement See Emphasis  ()

• Relational grammar See Lexical functional grammar  ()

• Relational ritual ()

• Relevance See Computational pragmatics  (); Conversation analysis  (); Conversational logic  (); Irony  (); Relevance theory  ()

• Relevance theory (); see also Anaphora ( ) ; Clinical pragmatics ( ) ; Communication ( ) ; Conversational implicature ( ) ; Conversational logic ( ) ; Emotions ( ) ; Experimental pragmatics ( ) ; Humor ( ) ; Manipulation ( ) ; Semantics vs. pragmatics ( ) ; Tense and aspect ( ) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics ( ) ; Truth-conditional semantics ( ) ; Truthfulness ( )

• Religion See Authority  (); Caste and language  ()

• Repair (); see also Communicative success vs. failure ( ) ; Conversation analysis ( ) ; Conversational storytelling ( ) ; Prosody ( ) ; Sequence ( )

• Repertoire → See Linguistic repertoire

• Repetition See Emergent grammar  ()

• Reported speech (); see also Énonciation ( ) ; Evidentiality ( ) ; Intertextuality ( )

• Representation See Adaptability  (); Conceptual semantics  (); Event representation  (); Evolutionary pragmatics  (); Foucault  (); Iconicity  (); Indeterminacy and negotiation  (); Intentionality  (); Metalinguistic awareness  (); ‘Other’ representation  (); Psycholinguistics  (); Social psychology  (); Truthfulness  (); Wittgenstein  ()

• Resistance See Therapeutic conversation  ()

• Resource See Multimodality  ()

• Respect → See Deference

• Response See Conversational storytelling  (); Listener response  (); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  (); Ọmọlúàbí  ()

• Response cry See Emotion display  (); Goffman  ()

• Responsibility See Austin  (); Membership categorization analysis  ()

• Responsiveness See Social media research  ()

• Rheme → See Theme vs. rheme

• Rhetoric (); see also Argumentation theory ( ) ; Discourse analysis ( ) ; Figures of speech ( ) ; Functional discourse grammar ( ) ; Genre ( ) ; Gesture research ( ) ; Literary pragmatics ( ) ; Manipulation ( ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( ) ; Narrative ( ) ; Social psychology ( ) ; Stylistics ( )

• Rhetorical relations See Discourse representation theory  ()

• Rhetorical structure theory See Artificial intelligence  (); Computational pragmatics  (); Discourse analysis  ()

• Ritual See Goffman  (); Relational ritual  ()

• Role and reference grammar (); see also Case and semantic roles ( ) ; Case grammar ( ) ; Dependency and valency grammar ( )

• Role vs. value See Mental spaces  ()

• Rossi-Landi, F. See Morris  ()

• Routine (formula) See Aisatsu  (); Impoliteness  (); Ọmọlúàbí  (); Relational ritual  ()

• Routinization See Emergent grammar  (); Nigerian hospital setting discourse  ()

• Rule See Ethnomethodology  (); Psycholinguistics  (); Speech act theory  (); Wittgenstein  ()

• Rule-based formalism See Artificial intelligence  ()

• Russell, B. See Analytical philosophy  (); Definiteness  (); Reference and descriptions  ()

• Russian formalism See Deconstruction  (); Discourse analysis  (); Literary pragmatics  (); Prague school  (); Semiotics  (); Stylistics  ()

• Sacks, H. (); see also Conversation analysis ( )

• Sales encounter See Institutional interaction  ()

• Salience See Anaphora  (); Emphasis  (); Experimental pragmatics  (); Grounding  (); Irony  (); Word order  ()

• Sampling → See Data collection

• Sapir, E. (); see also Anthropological linguistics ( ) ; Boas ( ) ; Culture ( ) ; Whorf ( )

• Sapir-Whorf hypothesis → See Linguistic relativity principle

• Sarcasm See Irony  ()

• Saturation See Truth-conditional pragmatics  ()

• Saussure, F. de (); see also Geneva school ( ) ; Participation ( ) ; Sign ( ) ; Structuralism ( )

• Scalarity See Conceptual integration  (); Experimental pragmatics  (); Implicitness  (); Negation  ()

• Scale and category grammar See Systemic functional grammar  ()

• Scaling See Pragmatics of script  ()

• Scenario See Frame semantics  (); Lexical semantics  ()

• Scene See Frame semantics  (); Lexical semantics  ()

• Scene-and-frame semantics See Frame semantics  ()

• Schema See Cognitive science  (); Frame analysis  ()

• Schizophrenia See Clinical pragmatics  ()

• Schooling See Aisatsu  (); Language acquisition  ()

• Scientific language See Analytical philosophy  (); Applied linguistics  (); Text comprehension  ()

• Script1 See Orthography and cognition  (); Pragmatics of script  ()

• Script2 See Cognitive science  (); Frame analysis  (); Frame semantics  (); Humor  ()

• Searle, J. R. See Analytical philosophy  (); Contextualism  (); Intentionality  (); Reference and descriptions  (); Speech act theory  ()

• Second language acquisition See Applied linguistics  (); Contact linguistics  (); Conversational storytelling  (); Ervin-Tripp, S.  (); Intercultural communication  (); Interlanguage pragmatics  (); Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms  (); Motivation  (); The multilingual lexicon  (); Silence  (); Text comprehension  ()

• Selection restrictions See Predicates and predication  ()

• Self See Authenticity  (); Authority  (); Goffman  (); Laughter  (); Life stories  (); Mianzi / lian  ()

• Self-repair See Repair  ()

• Self-report See Methods in language-attitudes research  ()

• Semantic differential See Social psychology  ()

• Semantic field analysis See Lexical field analysis  ()

• Semantic minimalism See Contextualism  ()

• Semantic network See Artificial intelligence  ()

• Semantic primitive See Componential analysis  (); Cultural scripts  ()

• Semantic structure See Role and reference grammar  ()

• Semantics vs. pragmatics (); see also Anaphora ( ) ; Cerebral representation of language; Discourse representation theory ( ) ; Emotions ( ) ; Generative semantics ( ) ; Grice ( ) ; Implicitness ( ) ; Indeterminacy and negotiation ( ) ; Leech ( ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( ) ; Metaphor ( ) ; Montague and categorial grammar ( ) ; Reference and descriptions ( ) ; Semiotics ( ) ; Structuralism ( ) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics ( )

• Semiology See Integrational linguistics  (); de Saussure  (); Semiotics  ()

• Semiophysics See Catastrophe theory  ()

• Semiotic resource See Social semiotics  ()

• Semiotics (); see also Bakhtin ( ) ; Benveniste ( ) ; Iconicity ( ) ; Morris ( ) ; Peirce ( ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( ) ; Pragmatism ( ) ; Sign ( ) ; Social semiotics ( ) ; Speech community ( )

• Sense See Analytical philosophy  (); Polysemy  ()

• Sensorimotor dysfunction See Clinical pragmatics  ()

• Sensuous theory →

• Sentence fragment See Ellipsis  ()

• Sentence grammar → See Cerebral representation of language

• Sentence linearity See Communicative dynamism  ()

• Sentence processing See The multilingual lexicon  ()

• Sentence type See Markedness  ()

• Sequence (); see also Conversation analysis ( ) ; Embodied interaction ( ) ; Grounding ( ) ; Language and the law ( ) ; Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora ( ) ; Prosody ( ) ; Relational ritual ( ) ; Repair ( ) ; Stance ( ) ; Therapeutic conversation ( )

• Sequencing See Sequence  ()

• Sequentiality See Iconicity  ()

• Sexism See Feminism and language  (); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  ()

• Sexual orientation See Silence  ()

• Shared knowledge See Common ground  ()

• Shibboleth See Anderson  ()

• Sign (); see also Evolutionary pragmatics ( ) ; Iconicity ( ) ; Integrational linguistics ( ) ; Morris ( ) ; de Saussure ( ) ; Semiotics ( ) ; Signed language pragmatics ( ) ; Social semiotics ( ) ; Speech community ( )

• Sign language(s) See Language ecology  (); Non-verbal communication  (); Tactile sign languages  ()

• Signed language pragmatics ()

• Silence ()

• Silencing See ‘Other’ representation  (); Silence  ()

• Simile See Metaphor  ()

• Simmel, Georg See Sociology of language  ()

• Sincerity See Authenticity  (); Truthfulness  ()

• Singular term See Indexicals and demonstratives  ()

• Situated action theory See Cognitive science  ()

• Situation semantics (); see also Communication ( ) ; Discourse representation theory ( ) ; Logical semantics ( ) ; Model-theoretic semantics ( )

• Slang See Jargon  ()

• Sluicing See Ellipsis  ()

• Slur See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  ()

• Smith, Adam See Sociology of language  ()

• Social anthropology See Anthropological linguistics  (); Cognitive anthropology  ()

• Social class and language (); see also Caste and language ( )

• Social cognition See Bühler  (); Language psychology  (); Social psychology  (); Style and styling  ()

• Social difference/inequality → See Power

• Social distancing See ‘Other’ representation  ()

• Social dynamics See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  ()

• Social institutions (); see also Applied linguistics ( ) ; Authority ( ) ; Cognitive sociology ( ) ; Communication ( ) ; Conversation types ( ) ; Forensic linguistics ( ) ; Frame analysis ( ) ; Institutional interaction ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( ) ; Narrative ( ) ; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( ) ; Politeness ( ) ; Public discourse ( ) ; Therapeutic conversation ( )

• Social media research ()

• Social organization See Aisatsu  (); Authority  (); Cognitive sociology  ()

• Social psychology (); see also Accommodation theory ( ) ; Bilingualism and multilingualism ( ) ; Conversation analysis ( ) ; Ethnomethodology ( ) ; Language psychology ( ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( ) ; Motivation ( ) ; Nexus analysis ( ) ; Overlap ( ) ; Symbolic interactionism ( ) ; Terms of address ( )

• Social relationship → See Social organization

• Social science See Grounded theory  ()

• Social semiotics (); see also Appraisal ( ) ; Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( ) ; Critical theory ( ) ; Linguistic landscape studies ( ) ; Literary pragmatics ( ) ; Multimodality ( ) ; Semiotics ( ) ; Sign ( )

• Socialization See Aisatsu  (); Developmental psychology  (); Vygotsky  ()

• Socio-onomastics ()

• Sociolect See Dialect  ()

• Sociolinguistics (); see also Anthropological linguistics ( ) ; Applied linguistics ( ) ; Bilingualism and multilingualism ( ) ; Code-switching ( ) ; Code-switching and translanguaging ( ) ; Cognitive sociology ( ) ; Contact linguistics ( ) ; Correlational sociolinguistics ( ) ; Creole linguistics ( ) ; Creoles and creolization ( ) ; Dialectology ( ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( ) ; Gumperz ( ) ; Interactional sociolinguistics ( ) ; Language contact ( ) ; Language dominance and minorization ( ) ; Language maintenance and shift ( ) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization ( ) ; Lifestyle ( ) ; Linguistic landscape studies ( ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( ) ; Pragmatic markers ( ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( ) ; Social class and language ( ) ; Social media research ( ) ; Speech community ( ) ; Superdiversity ( ) ; Transience ( ) ; Translanguaging pedagogy ( )

• Sociology See Bourdieu  (); Cognitive sociology  (); Goffman  (); Gumperz  (); Sociology of language  ()

• Sociology of language (); see also Dialectology ( ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( ) ; Sociolinguistics ( )

• Sociopragmatics See Leech  ()

• Sociosemiotics See Social semiotics  ()

• Sonority See Language change  ()

• Sound symbolism (); see also Iconicity ( )

• Speaker vs. listener See Comprehension vs. production  (); Dialogical analysis  (); Manipulation  (); Participation  (); Terms of address  (); Truthfulness  ()

• Speaker’s meaning See Evidentiality  (); Speech act theory  ()

• Speaking vs. writing See Applied linguistics  (); Channel  (); Communicative style  (); Computer-mediated communication  (); Discourse analysis  (); Integrational linguistics  (); Language acquisition  (); Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora  (); Pragmatics of script  (); Register  (); de Saussure  (); Text and discourse linguistics  ()

• Speech accommodation See Accommodation theory  (); Social psychology  ()

• Speech act See Adaptability  (); Argumentation theory  (); Austin  (); Cerebral representation of language ; Conventions of language  (); Formal pragmatics  (); Grice  (); Historical pragmatics  (); Intercultural communication  (); Interlanguage pragmatics  (); Mediated performatives  (); Metonymy  (); Modality  (); Morphopragmatics  (); Neuropragmatics  (); Non-verbal communication  (); Politeness  (); Pragmatic particles  (); Speech act theory  (); Truth-conditional pragmatics  (); Universals  ()

• Speech act classification See Speech act theory  ()

• Speech act theory (); see also Analytical philosophy ( ) ; Artificial intelligence ( ) ; Austin ( ) ; Benveniste ( ) ; Clinical pragmatics ( ) ; Conversational implicature ( ) ; Conversational logic ( ) ; Indeterminacy and negotiation ( ) ; Intentionality ( ) ; Language and the law ( ) ; Philosophy of language ( ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( ) ; Truthfulness ( )

• Speech circuit See Participation  ()

• Speech community (); see also Anderson ( ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( ) ; Gumperz ( ) ; Superdiversity ( )

• Speech event See Pragmatic particles  ()

• Speech genre See Bakhtin  (); Metalinguistic awareness  ()

• Spelling See Language acquisition  (); Orthography and cognition  (); Pragmatics of script  (); Psycholinguistics  (); Social media research  ()

• Spoken discourse → See Speaking vs. writing

• Spoken language corpora See Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora  ()

• Sprachbund (‘linguistic area’) See Contact linguistics  (); Language change  (); Language contact  (); Sociolinguistics  ()

• Stance (); see also Appraisal ( ) ; Emotion display ( ) ; Evidentiality ( )

• Standard language See Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics  ()

• Standardization See Anderson  (); Authority  (); Integrational linguistics  (); Language dominance and minorization  (); Language policy, language planning and standardization  (); Literacy  ()

• State of Affairs See Predicates and predication  ()

• State-space search See Artificial intelligence  ()

• Statistics (); see also Computational linguistics ( ) ; Corpus analysis ( ) ; Correlational sociolinguistics ( ) ; Experimentation ( ) ; Regression analysis ( )

• Stereotype See ‘Other’ representation  ()

• Stigmatization See Caste and language  ()

• Story(-telling) See Conversational storytelling  (); Narrative  ()

• Strategy See Impoliteness  (); Nigerian hospital setting discourse  (); Ta’ārof  ()

• Strawson, P. F. See Analytical philosophy  (); Definiteness  (); Reference and descriptions  ()

• Stress See Information structure  (); Prosody  ()

• Stripping See Ellipsis  ()

• Structuralism (); see also Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax ( ) ; Benveniste ( ) ; Bourdieu ( ) ; Componential analysis ( ) ; Corpus analysis ( ) ; Discourse analysis ( ) ; Geneva school ( ) ; Hermeneutics ( ) ; Language change ( ) ; Lexical field analysis ( ) ; Lexical semantics ( ) ; Prague school ( ) ; de Saussure ( ) ; Semiotics ( ) ; Sign ( )

• Style See Communicative style  (); Creole linguistics  (); Ellipsis  (); Ervin-Tripp, S.  (); Figures of speech  (); Register  ()

• Style and styling ()

• Stylistic stratification See Social class and language  ()

• Stylistics (); see also Communicative style ( ) ; Discourse analysis ( ) ; Emphasis ( ) ; Figures of speech ( ) ; Literary pragmatics ( ) ; Mathesius ( ) ; Rhetoric ( ) ; Text linguistics ( )

• Subject See Communicative dynamism  ()

• Subjectivity See Benveniste  (); Énonciation  (); Foucault  (); Implicature and language change  (); Signed language pragmatics  ()

• Substitution See Anaphora  ()

• Superdiversity (); see also Code-switching and translanguaging ( ) ; Transience ( ) ; Translanguaging pedagogy ( )

• Syllable structure See Prosody  ()

• Symbol See Jakobson  ()

• Symbolic behavior See Evolutionary pragmatics  (); Ta’ārof  ()

• Symbolic capital See Bourdieu  (); Social institutions  ()

• Symbolic interactionism (); see also Bourdieu ( ) ; Cognitive sociology ( ) ; Context and contextualization ( ) ; Ethnomethodology ( ) ; Goffman ( ) ; Social psychology ( )

• Symbolic vs. subsymbolic architecture See Cognitive science  ()

• Symbolism See Morris  ()

• Symbolization See Bühler  (); Cognitive grammar  ()

• Symmetry See Language change  ()

• Synchrony See Iconicity  (); Non-verbal communication  (); Structuralism  ()

• Synergetics See Catastrophe theory  ()

• Synesthesia See Metaphor  ()

• Syntax See Anaphora  (); Comprehension vs. production  (); Discourse markers  (); Ellipsis  (); Ervin-Tripp, S.  (); Grice  (); Interactional linguistics  (); Language acquisition  (); Language change  (); Polysemy  ()

• Systemic functional grammar (); see also Appraisal ( ) ; Emphasis ( ) ; Firth ( ) ; Firthian linguistics ( ) ; Functional grammar ( ) ; Genre ( ) ; Metaphor ( ) ; Multimodality ( )