Cumulative index

• Abduction See Grounded theory ( M ) ; Language change ( H )

• Abuse See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 )

• Academic concept See Vygotsky ( H )

• Academic language See Applied linguistics ( T ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

• Acceptability See Generative semantics ( T )

• Accessibility See Anaphora ( H )

• Accommodation See Contact ( H ) ; Presupposition ( H )

• Accommodation theory (T); see also Adaptability ( H ) ; Age and language use ( H ) ; Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ) ; Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Social psychology ( T )

• Accounting See Collaboration in dialogues ( H ) ; Social psychology ( T )

• Acoustics See Sound symbolism ( H )

• Action See Action theory ( T ) ; Agency and language ( H ) ; Austin ( H ) ; Bühler ( H ) ; Cognitive psychology ( T ) ; Ethnomethodology ( T ) ; Intentionality ( H ) ; Nexus analysis ( T ) ; Perception and language ( H ) ; Philosophy of action ( T ) ; Speech act theory ( T )

• Action theory (T); see also Agency and language ( H ) ; Grounded theory ( M ) ; Philosophy of action ( T )

• Activation See Relational ritual ( H )

• Activity See Action theory ( T )

• Adaptability (H); see also Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( M ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( M )

• Adjacency pair See Prosody ( H ) ; Sequence ( H )

• Adjective See Experimental pragmatics ( M )

• Adjunct control See Control phenomena ( H )

• Adolescent See Youth language ( H25 )

• Adorno, T. See Critical theory ( T )

• Affect See Appraisal ( H ) ; Complaining ( H25 ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Emotion display ( H ) ; Emotions ( H21 ) ; Emphasis ( H ) ; Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H ) ; Laughter ( H ) ; Overlap ( H ) ; Stance ( H21 ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T ) ; Think-aloud protocols ( M )

• Affiliation/disaffiliation → See Affect

• Affirmation See Negation ( H )

• Affordance See Pragmatics of script ( H22 ) ; Social media research ( T )

• Age and language use (H); see also ‘Other’ representation ( H ) ; Swearing ( H25 ) ; Youth language ( H25 )

• Ageism See Age and language use ( H )

• Agency and language (H); see also Action theory ( T ) ; Case and semantic roles ( H ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Intentionality ( H ) ; Metapragmatics ( T ) ; Motivation and language ( H )

• Agreement See Social media research ( T ) ; Therapeutic conversation ( H )

• Aisatsu  (H)

• Aktionsart See Tense and aspect ( H )

• Alignment See Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 ) ; Pragmatics of script ( H22 ) ; Stance ( H21 )

• Allegory See Conceptual integration ( H )

• Ambiguity See Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ) ; Mental spaces ( H ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 ) ; Polysemy ( H ) ; Sound symbolism ( H ) ; Truthfulness ( H )

• Amerindian languages See Anthropological linguistics ( T ) ; Boas ( H )

• Analysis See Analytical philosophy ( T )

• Analytical philosophy (T); see also Austin ( H ) ; Conversational implicature ( H ) ; Hermeneutics ( M ) ; Philosophy of language ( T ) ; Speech act theory ( T ) ; Truth-conditional semantics ( T ) ; Wittgenstein ( H )

• Anaphora (H); see also Grounding ( H ) ; Indexicals and demonstratives ( H ) ; Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 ) ; Tense and aspect ( H )

• Anderson, Benedict (H21)

• Animal communication See Adaptability ( H ) ; Communication ( H ) ; Primate communication ( H )

• Annotation See Corpus analysis ( M ) ; Corpus pragmatics ( M )

• Antecedent See Anaphora ( H )

• Anthropological linguistics (T); see also Anderson ( H21 ) ; Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ) ; Chronotope ( H25 ) ; Cognitive anthropology ( T ) ; Componential analysis ( T ) ; Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( T ) ; Fieldwork ( M ) ; Gesture research ( T ) ; Gumperz ( H ) ; Hermeneutics ( M ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Language ideologies ( H ) ; Malinowski ( H ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( H ) ; Metapragmatics ( T ) ; Nexus analysis ( T ) ; Phatic communion ( H ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ) ; Pragmatics of script ( H22 ) ; Sapir ( H ) ; Sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Ta’ārof ( H22 ) ; Taxonomy ( M ) ; Transience ( H22 ) ; Truthfulness ( H ) ; Whorf ( H )

• Anti-language See Jargon ( H )

• Apel, K. O. See Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( T )

• Aphasia See Adaptability ( H ) ; Cerebral representation of language; Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Jakobson ( H21 ) ; Neurolinguistics ( T )

• Apology See Corpus pragmatics ( M ) ; Mediated performatives ( H )

• Appeal → See Functions of language

• Applied linguistics (T); see also Forensic linguistics ( T ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H ) ; Sociolinguistics ( T )

• Appraisal (H); see also Emphasis ( H )

• Appreciation See Appraisal ( H ) ; Ọmọlúàbí ( H )

• Appropriateness See Creativity in language use ( H ) ; Workplace interaction ( H25 )

• Approval and disapproval See Ta’ārof ( H22 )

• Arbitrariness See Adaptability ( H ) ; Iconicity ( H ) ; Sound symbolism ( H ) ; Structuralism ( T )

• Archive See Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

• Archiving See Working with language data ( H25 )

• Areal linguistics See Contact linguistics ( T ) ; Language change ( H )

• Argument structure (H23); see also Dependency

• Argumentation See Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ) ; Argumentation theory ( T ) ; Rhetoric ( T )

• Argumentation in discourse and grammar (H); see also Argumentation theory ( T )

• Argumentation theory (T); see also Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ) ; Rhetoric ( T )

• Articulation See Humboldt ( H ) ; Sound symbolism ( H )

• Artificial intelligence (T); see also Cognitive psychology ( T ) ; Cognitive science ( T ) ; Communication ( H ) ; Computational linguistics ( T ) ; Connectionism ( T ) ; Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Frame analysis ( M ) ; Frame semantics ( T ) ; Speech act theory ( T )

• Artificial life See Language acquisition ( H )

• Ascription See Functional discourse grammar ( T )

• Aspect See Event representation ( H22 ) ; Markedness ( H ) ; Tense and aspect ( H )

• Assertion See Austin ( H ) ; Speech act theory ( T )

• Assimilation See Language rights ( H )

• Asymmetric interaction See Applied linguistics ( T ) ; Communicative success vs. failure ( H ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( H ) ; Conversation types ( H ) ; Frame analysis ( M ) ; Mass media ( H ) ; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 )

• Attention and language (H)

• Attitude See Appraisal ( H ) ; Dialectology ( T ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( M ) ; Pluricentric languages ( H23 ) ; Social psychology ( T ) ; Stance ( H21 )

• Attribution theory See Social psychology ( T )

• Audience → See Hearer

• Audience design → See Recipient design

• Audience effect See Primate communication ( H )

• Augmentative See Morphopragmatics ( T )

• Austin, J. L. (H); see also Analytical philosophy ( T ) ; Communicative success vs. failure ( H ) ; Contextualism ( T ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Speech act theory ( T )

• Authenticity (H); see also Identity ( H24 ) ; Reported speech ( H )

• Authier-Revuz, J. See Énonciation ( H )

• Authority (H); see also Evidentiality ( H22 ) ; Honorifics ( H )

• Authorship See Experimental pragmatics ( M ) ; Forensic linguistics ( T )

• Autism See Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Conceptual integration ( H )

• Auto-ethnography See Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

• Automata theory See Computational linguistics ( T )

• Automated communication See Globalization ( H25 )

• Automaticity See Think-aloud protocols ( M )

• Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax (T); see also Chomskyan linguistics ( T ) ; Functionalism vs. formalism ( T ) ; Structuralism ( T )

• Autonomy See Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

• Avoidance See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 )

• Awareness See Metalinguistic awareness ( H ) ; Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

• Axiology See Morris ( H )

• Baby talk → See Motherese

• Back channel cue See Listener response ( H )

• Background information See Cognitive science ( T ) ; Collaboration in dialogues ( H ) ; Common ground ( H ) ; Communication ( H ) ; Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

• Backgrounding See Argument structure ( H23 ) ; Grounding ( H )

• Bakhtin, M. M. (H); see also Chronotope ( H25 ) ; Collaboration in dialogues ( H ) ; Dialogical analysis ( M ) ; Genre ( H ) ; Ideology ( H ) ; Intertextuality ( H ) ; Polyphony ( H ) ; Reported speech ( H )

• Bally, C. See Énonciation ( H )

• Basilect See Creole linguistics ( T )

• Bateson, G. (H); see also Communication ( H )

• Behaviorism (T); see also Cognitive psychology ( T ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Morris ( H ) ; Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( T )

• Benveniste, E. (H); see also Énonciation ( H )

• Bernstein, B. See Applied linguistics ( T ) ; Communicative success vs. failure ( H ) ; Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

• Bilingual interactive activation (BIA) See The multilingual lexicon ( H )

• Bilingualism and multilingualism (H); see also Accommodation theory ( T ) ; Anderson ( H21 ) ; Anthropological linguistics ( T ) ; Borrowing ( H ) ; Code-switching ( H ) ; Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ) ; Contact ( H ) ; Contact linguistics ( T ) ; Developmental psychology ( T ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24 ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Language contact ( H ) ; Language dominance and minorization ( H ) ; Language maintenance and shift ( H21 ) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H ) ; The multilingual lexicon ( H ) ; Pragmatics of script ( H22 ) ; Social psychology ( T ) ; Sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Transience ( H22 ) ; Translanguaging pedagogy ( T )

• Binding See Anaphora ( H )

• Biodiversity See Language ecology ( H )

• Biology See Morris ( H )

• Biosemiotics See Communication ( H )

• Blended data See Social media research ( T )

• Blog See Social media research ( T )

• Boas, F. (H); see also Anthropological linguistics ( T ) ; Culture ( H ) ; Fieldwork ( M ) ; Sapir ( H ) ; Typology ( T ) ; Whorf ( H )

• Body See Ta’ārof ( H22 ) ; Tactile sign languages ( H21 )

• Bootstrapping See Language acquisition ( H )

• Borrowing (H); see also Contact ( H ) ; Interjections ( H ) ; Language contact ( H )

• Bourdieu, P. (H); see also Anderson ( H21 ) ; Ideology ( H ) ; Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 ) ; Power and the role of language ( H25 ) ; Social institutions ( H )

• Brain See Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Developmental dyslexia ( H ) ; Emotions ( H21 ) ; Neurolinguistics ( T ) ; Neuropragmatics ( T )

• Brain imaging → See Cerebral representation of language; Cognitive science ( T ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Neurolinguistics ( T ) ; Neuropragmatics ( T ) ; Perception and language ( H ) ; Psycholinguistics ( T )

• Bureaucratic language See Applied linguistics ( T )

• Business communication See Communication ( H )

• Bühler, K. (H); see also Language psychology ( T ) ; Phatic communion ( H )

• Caretaker discourse See Age and language use ( H )

• Carnap, R. See Analytical philosophy ( T ) ; Intensional logic ( T )

• Carnival(esque) See Bakhtin ( H ) ; Intertextuality ( H )

• Cartesian philosophy See Chomskyan linguistics ( T )

• Case and semantic roles (H); see also Agency and language ( H ) ; Case grammar ( T ) ; Cognitive grammar ( T ) ; Cognitive linguistics ( T ) ; Dependency and valency grammar ( T ) ; Functional grammar ( T ) ; Role and reference grammar ( T )

• Case grammar (T); see also Case and semantic roles ( H ) ; Construction grammar ( T ) ; Dependency and valency grammar ( T ) ; Frame semantics ( T ) ; Functional grammar ( T ) ; Role and reference grammar ( T )

• Caste and language (H23)

• Catastrophe theory (T)

• Categorial imperative See Truthfulness ( H )

• Categorization (H); see also Adaptability ( H ) ; Cognitive grammar ( T ) ; Cognitive linguistics ( T ) ; Language dominance and minorization ( H ) ; Membership categorization analysis ( T ) ; Polysemy ( H )

• Causality (H)

• Census See Caste and language ( H23 )

• Centering theory See Tense and aspect ( H )

• Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication (H)

• Cerebral representation of language See Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication ( H ) ; Neurolinguistics ( T )

• Channel (H); see also Computer-mediated communication ( H ) ; Conversation types ( H ) ; Literacy ( H ) ; Mass media ( H ) ; Non-verbal communication ( H ) ; Politeness ( H ) ; Social media research ( T ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

• Chaos theory See Catastrophe theory ( T )

• Chat See Computer-mediated communication ( H )

• Child language See Ellipsis ( H ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24 ) ; Language acquisition ( H )

• ‘CHILDES’ See Language acquisition ( H )

• Choice-making See Adaptability ( H )

• Chomskyan linguistics (T); see also Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax ( T ) ; Interpretive semantics ( T ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Mentalism ( T )

• Chronometric studies See Psycholinguistics ( T )

• Chronotope (H25); see also Bakhtin ( H )

• Chunking See Linear Unit Grammar ( T )

• Cicourel, A. V. See Cognitive sociology ( T )

• Citation See Working with language data ( H25 )

• Class See Social class and language ( H )

• Classification1 See Typology ( T )

• Classification2 See Taxonomy ( M )

• Classroom interaction See Applied linguistics ( T ) ; Communicative success vs. failure ( H ) ; Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ( H )

• Clause structure See Attention and language ( H ) ; Control phenomena ( H ) ; Role and reference grammar ( T )

• Clinical pragmatics (T); see also Cerebral representation of language; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 ) ; Perception and language ( H )

• Co-ordination See Cognitive psychology ( T ) ; Ellipsis ( H )

• Code See Code-switching ( H ) ; Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( H ) ; Pragmatics of script ( H22 ) ; Register ( H ) ; Semiotics ( T )

• Code-autonomy See Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 )

• Code-switching (H); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ) ; Borrowing ( H ) ; Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ) ; Contact linguistics ( T ) ; Language contact ( H ) ; Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ( H ) ; Language maintenance and shift ( H21 ) ; Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

• Code-switching and translanguaging (H22)

• Codemixing See Code-switching ( H )

• Coding See Bateson ( H ) ; Evidentiality ( H22 )

• Cognate See The multilingual lexicon ( H )

• Cognition See Adaptability ( H ) ; Caste and language ( H23 ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

• Cognitive anthropology (T); see also Anthropological linguistics ( T )

• Cognitive grammar (T); see also Case and semantic roles ( H ) ; Cognitive linguistics ( T ) ; Metaphor ( H )

• Cognitive linguistics (T); see also Attention and language ( H ) ; Case and semantic roles ( H ) ; Cognitive grammar ( T ) ; Cognitive science ( T ) ; Embodiment ( H ) ; Emotions ( H21 ) ; Event representation ( H22 ) ; Gesture research ( T ) ; Hermeneutics ( M ) ; Humor ( H23 ) ; Language psychology ( T ) ; Mental spaces ( H ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( M )

• Cognitive pragmatics See Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Philosophy of mind ( T )

• Cognitive psychology (T); see also Artificial intelligence ( T ) ; Behaviorism ( T ) ; Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Cognitive science ( T ) ; Comprehension vs. production ( H ) ; Connectionism ( T ) ; Developmental psychology ( T ) ; Experimentation ( M ) ; Frame semantics ( T ) ; Gesture research ( T ) ; Intentionality ( H ) ; Perception and language ( H ) ; Psycholinguistics ( T )

• Cognitive science (T); see also Artificial intelligence ( T ) ; Cognitive linguistics ( T ) ; Cognitive psychology ( T ) ; Connectionism ( T ) ; Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Experimentation ( M ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Mentalism ( T ) ; Perception and language ( H ) ; Philosophy of mind ( T )

• Cognitive semantics See Cognitive science ( T ) ; Componential analysis ( T ) ; Conceptual semantics ( T ) ; Frame semantics ( T ) ; Lexical semantics ( T )

• Cognitive sociology (T); see also Emphasis ( H ) ; Ethnomethodology ( T ) ; Sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Symbolic interactionism ( T ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

• Cohesion and coherence (H); see also Communicative success vs. failure ( H ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Ellipsis ( H ) ; Frame analysis ( M ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( T ) ; Tense and aspect ( H ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

• Collaboration in dialogues (H); see also Common ground ( H ) ; Conversational implicature ( H ) ; Conversational logic ( T ) ; Listener response ( H )

• Colligation See Collocation and colligation ( H ) ; Metaphor ( H )

• Collocation and colligation (H)

• Colonization See Caste and language ( H23 ) ; Language dominance and minorization ( H )

• Color terms See Anthropological linguistics ( T ) ; Lexical semantics ( T ) ; Perception and language ( H )

• Commodification See Ideology ( H )

• Common ground (H); see also Cognitive science ( T ) ; Collaboration in dialogues ( H ) ; Communication ( H ) ; Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

• Common sense See Ethnomethodology ( T )

• Communication (H); see also Common ground ( H )

• Communication disorders → See Language disorders

• Communication failure See Applied linguistics ( T )

• Communicational dialectology See Dialectology ( T )

• Communicative competence See Ethnography of speaking ( T ) ; Gumperz ( H ) ; Linguistic explanation ( M ) ; Motivation ( H )

• Communicative dynamism (H); see also Functional sentence perspective ( H ) ; Ọmọlúàbí ( H ) ; Word order ( H )

• Communicative effect See Interlanguage pragmatics ( T )

• Communicative style (H); see also Cultural scripts ( H ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24 ) ; Non-verbal communication ( H ) ; Register ( H )

• Communicative success vs. failure (H)

• Community See Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

• Community of practice See Social class and language ( H ) ; Workplace interaction ( H25 )

• Comparative method See Contrastive analysis ( M )

• Competence vs. performance → See Cerebral representation of language; Chomskyan linguistics ( T )

• Complaining (H25)

• Complement control See Control phenomena ( H )

• Complexity See Workplace interaction ( H25 ) ; Youth language ( H25 )

• Compliment See Corpus pragmatics ( M )

• Componential analysis (T); see also Anthropological linguistics ( T ) ; Cultural scripts ( H ) ; Generative semantics ( T ) ; Lexical field analysis ( T ) ; Lexical semantics ( T ) ; Structuralism ( T )

• Comprehension vs. production (H); see also Cohesion and coherence ( H ) ; Communication ( H ) ; Irony ( H ) ; Mediated performatives ( H ) ; Psycholinguistics ( T ) ; Speech act theory ( T ) ; Text comprehension ( H )

• Compression See Conceptual integration ( H )

• Computational linguistics (T); see also Artificial intelligence ( T ) ; Lexical functional grammar ( T ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

• Computational pragmatics (T)

• Computer communication See Artificial intelligence ( T ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( H )

• Computer corpora See Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora ( N )

• Computer modeling See Cognitive science ( T )

• Computer programming See Artificial intelligence ( T )

• Computer-mediated communication (H); see also Chronotope ( H25 ) ; Complaining ( H25 ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Literacy ( H ) ; Social media research ( T )

• Conceptual blending See Conceptual integration ( H ) ; Metaphor ( H )

• Conceptual dependency theory See Artificial intelligence ( T )

• Conceptual integration (H)

• Conceptual metaphor theory See Metaphor ( H )

• Conceptual semantics (T); see also Interpretive semantics ( T )

• Conceptual vs. linguistic representation See Cognitive anthropology ( T ) ; Cognitive psychology ( T ) ; Event representation ( H22 )

• Conceptualization See Cognitive grammar ( T ) ; Cognitive linguistics ( T ) ; Event representation ( H22 )

• Condition of satisfaction See Intentionality ( H )

• Conditional See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

• Conflict talk See Applied linguistics ( T )

• Connectionism (T); see also Artificial intelligence ( T ) ; Cognitive psychology ( T ) ; Cognitive science ( T ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Psycholinguistics ( T )

• Connectivity See Cohesion and coherence ( H )

• Connotation → See Cerebral representation of language; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 )

• Consciousness and language (H); see also Attention and language ( H ) ; Folk pragmatics ( T ) ; Metapragmatics ( T ) ; Participation ( H ) ; Perception and language ( H )

• Considerateness → See Tact

• Consistency-checking device See Manipulation ( H )

• Construction grammar (T); see also Case grammar ( T ) ; Emergent grammar ( T ) ; Frame semantics ( T ) ; Word order ( H )

• Constructional analysis (T); see also Collocation and colligation ( H ) ; Construction grammar ( T ) ; Constructional analysis ( T )

• Constructionism See Applied linguistics ( T ) ; Argumentation theory ( T ) ; Cognitive anthropology ( T ) ; Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( T ) ; Developmental psychology ( T ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Narrative ( H ) ; Social institutions ( H )

• Constructivism → See Constructionism

• Contact (H); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ) ; Contact linguistics ( T ) ; Creole linguistics ( T ) ; Creoles and creolization ( H ) ; Language change ( H ) ; Language contact ( H ) ; Language maintenance and shift ( H21 )

• Contact linguistics (T); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ) ; Contact ( H ) ; Creole linguistics ( T ) ; Creoles and creolization ( H ) ; Dialectology ( T ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Interjections ( H ) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H ) ; Sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Speech community ( H ) ; Typology ( T ) ; Variational pragmatics ( T )

• Context and contextualization (H); see also Accommodation theory ( T ) ; Aisatsu ( H ) ; Anthropological linguistics ( T ) ; Argument structure ( H23 ) ; Artificial intelligence ( T ) ; Bateson ( H ) ; Cerebral representation of language; Cognitive science ( T ) ; Cohesion and coherence ( H ) ; Common ground ( H ) ; Communication ( H ) ; Communicative style ( H ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Contextualism ( T ) ; Conversation analysis ( T ) ; Conversation types ( H ) ; Conversational implicature ( H ) ; Conversational logic ( T ) ; Dialogical analysis ( M ) ; Discourse markers ( H ) ; Ellipsis ( H ) ; Emphasis ( H ) ; Énonciation ( H ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24 ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( T ) ; Ethnomethodology ( T ) ; Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ) ; Experimental pragmatics ( M ) ; Firthian linguistics ( T ) ; Frame analysis ( M ) ; Generative semantics ( T ) ; Goffman ( H ) ; Gumperz ( H ) ; Impoliteness ( H ) ; Indexicals and demonstratives ( H ) ; Integrational linguistics ( T ) ; Intensional logic ( T ) ; Interactional sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Intertextuality ( H ) ; Language psychology ( T ) ; Laughter ( H ) ; Literary pragmatics ( T ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( H ) ; Model-theoretic semantics ( T ) ; Motivation and language ( H ) ; Narrative ( H ) ; Notation in formal semantics ( N ) ; Politeness ( H ) ; Polysemy ( H ) ; Presupposition ( H ) ; Prosody ( H ) ; Rhetoric ( T ) ; Social media research ( T ) ; Stance ( H21 ) ; Style and styling ( H21 ) ; Symbolic interactionism ( T ) ; Tactile sign languages ( H21 ) ; Text comprehension ( H ) ; Truthfulness ( H ) ; Workplace interaction ( H25 )

• Context change See Context and contextualization ( H )

• Context modelling See Formal pragmatics ( T )

• Context-of-situation See Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Firthian linguistics ( T ) ; Malinowski ( H ) ; Register ( H ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( T )

• Context-sensitive vs. context-free grammar See Computational linguistics ( T ) ; Functional sentence perspective ( H )

• Context-sensitiveness See Context and contextualization ( H )

• Contextualism (T); see also Context and contextualization ( H )

• Contextualization cue See Gumperz ( H ) ; Style and styling ( H21 )

• Continuity See Historical politeness ( T )

• Continuity hypothesis See Language acquisition ( H )

• Contrast See Functional discourse grammar ( T )

• Contrastive analysis (M); see also Developmental psychology ( T ) ; Error analysis ( M ) ; Historical politeness ( T ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Interlanguage pragmatics ( T ) ; Language change ( H ) ; Pragmatic markers ( H )

• Contrastive pragmatics (T); see also Contrastive pragmatics ( T ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( T ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Interlanguage pragmatics ( T ) ; Mianzi / lian ( H21 ) ; Translation studies ( T ) ; Typology ( T ) ; Variational pragmatics ( T )

• Control See Public discourse ( H ) ; Social institutions ( H )

• Control phenomena (H)

• Conventional implicature See Grice ( H ) ; Implicitness ( H ) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T )

• Conventionalism See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

• Conventionality See Adaptability ( H ) ; Conventions of language ( H ) ; Gesture research ( T ) ; Metaphor ( H ) ; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 ) ; Primate communication ( H ) ; Speech act theory ( T )

• Conventions of language (H); see also Austin ( H ) ; Conversational implicature ( H ) ; Conversational logic ( T ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Speech act

• Convergence See Accommodation theory ( T ) ; Contact ( H )

• Conversation See Collaboration in dialogues ( H ) ; Conversation analysis ( T ) ; Gesture research ( T ) ; Humor ( H23 ) ; Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ) ; Institutional interaction ( H23 ) ; Mass media ( H ) ; Narrative ( H )

• Conversation analysis (T); see also Age and language use ( H ) ; Communication ( H ) ; Communicative success vs. failure ( H ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Conversation types ( H ) ; Conversational storytelling ( H24 ) ; Discourse markers ( H ) ; Embodied interaction ( H23 ) ; Emphasis ( H ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( T ) ; Ethnomethodology ( T ) ; Forensic linguistics ( T ) ; Goffman ( H ) ; Gumperz ( H ) ; Hermeneutics ( M ) ; Humor ( H23 ) ; Institutional interaction ( H23 ) ; Interactional linguistics ( T ) ; Interactional sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Intertextuality ( H ) ; Language psychology ( T ) ; Laughter ( H ) ; Linear Unit Grammar ( T ) ; Listener response ( H ) ; Mass media ( H ) ; Membership categorization analysis ( T ) ; Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora ( N ) ; Overlap ( H ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ) ; Prosody ( H ) ; Repair ( H ) ; Sacks ( H ) ; Sequence ( H ) ; Social psychology ( T ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T ) ; Therapeutic conversation ( H ) ; Transcription systems for spoken discourse ( N ) ; Workplace interaction ( H25 )

• Conversation types (H)

• Conversational implicature (H); see also Analytical philosophy ( T ) ; Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Conversational logic ( T ) ; Ellipsis ( H ) ; Experimental pragmatics ( M ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Implicature and language change ( H ) ; Implicitness ( H ) ; Interlanguage pragmatics ( T ) ; Language and the law ( H ) ; Politeness ( H ) ; Relevance theory ( T ) ; Speech act theory ( T ) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T ) ; Truthfulness ( H )

• Conversational logic (T); see also Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Conversational implicature ( H ) ; Generative semantics ( T ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Philosophy of language ( T ) ; Relevance theory ( T ) ; Speech act theory ( T )

• Conversational move → See Move

• Conversational storytelling (H24); see also Conversation analysis ( T ) ; Life stories ( H ) ; Narrative ( H )

• Conversationalism See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

• Cooperative principle See Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Conversational implicature ( H ) ; Conversational logic ( T ) ; Creativity in language use ( H ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Humor ( H23 ) ; Implicature and language change ( H ) ; Implicitness ( H ) ; Irony ( H ) ; Politeness ( H ) ; Silence ( H ) ; Truthfulness ( H ) ; Universals ( H23 )

• Copenhagen circle See Structuralism ( T )

• Coreference See Anaphora ( H )

• Corpus analysis (M); see also Collocation and colligation ( H ) ; Corpus pragmatics ( M ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Leech ( H ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( T ) ; Pragmatic markers ( H ) ; Psycholinguistics ( T ) ; Statistics ( M ) ; Structuralism ( T ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T ) ; Translation studies ( T ) ; Variational pragmatics ( T )

• Corpus pragmatics (M); see also Corpus analysis ( M )

• Correlational sociolinguistics (T); see also Dialectology ( T ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( M ) ; Pluricentric languages ( H23 ) ; Sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Statistics ( M )

• Coseriu See Structuralism ( T )

• Cosmology See Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

• Courtroom conversation See Forensic linguistics ( T ) ; Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H ) ; Language and the law ( H )

• Creativity in language use (H); see also Authenticity ( H ) ; Bühler ( H ) ; Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ) ; Cognitive science ( T ) ; Euphemism ( H24 ) ; Humboldt ( H ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Think-aloud protocols ( M )

• Creature construction See Grice ( H )

• Creole linguistics (T); see also Contact ( H ) ; Contact linguistics ( T ) ; Creoles and creolization ( H ) ; Historical linguistics ( T ) ; Sociolinguistics ( T )

• Creoles and creolization (H); see also Contact ( H ) ; Contact linguistics ( T ) ; Creole linguistics ( T ) ; Historical linguistics ( T ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Language contact ( H ) ; Sociolinguistics ( T )

• Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (T); see also Emphasis ( H ) ; General semantics ( T ) ; Ideology ( H ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Intertextuality ( H ) ; Language ideologies ( H ) ; Manipulation ( H ) ; Marxist linguistics ( T ) ; Mass media ( H ) ; Nexus analysis ( T ) ; Polyphony ( H ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( T ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T ) ; Text linguistics ( T ) ; Truthfulness ( H )

• Critical theory (T); see also Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( T )

• Cross-cultural communication See Intercultural communication ( H )

• Cross-cultural pragmatics See Listener response ( H ) ; Overlap ( H ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

• Cross-cultural psychology See Cognitive anthropology ( T ) ; Developmental psychology ( T )

• Cross-sectional method See Developmental psychology ( T )

• Crying See Emotion display ( H )

• Culioli, A. See Énonciation ( H )

• Cultural anthropology See Anthropological linguistics ( T ) ; Cognitive anthropology ( T )

• Cultural model See Cognitive science ( T )

• Cultural scripts (H); see also Communicative style ( H ) ; Componential analysis ( T ) ; Culture ( H )

• Cultural studies See Ethnography of speaking ( T ) ; Literary pragmatics ( T ) ; Translation studies ( T )

• Culture (H); see also Anthropological linguistics ( T ) ; Behaviorism ( T ) ; Boas ( H ) ; Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Contrastive analysis ( M ) ; Cultural scripts ( H ) ; Default interpretations ( H ) ; Ethnography ( M ) ; Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ) ; Fieldwork ( M ) ; Gumperz ( H ) ; Humboldt ( H ) ; Ideology ( H ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Interjections ( H ) ; Mentalism ( T ) ; Mianzi / lian ( H21 ) ; Morphopragmatics ( T ) ; Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( T ) ; Ọmọlúàbí ( H ) ; Politeness ( H ) ; Repair ( H ) ; Sapir ( H ) ; Semiotics ( T ) ; Sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Style and styling ( H21 ) ; Whorf ( H )

• Curse See Impoliteness ( H )

• Cynicism See Irony ( H )

• Data collection/coding/analysis See Working with language data ( H25 )

• Davidson, D. See Analytical philosophy ( T )

• Deception See Truthfulness ( H )

• Decolonizing See Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

• Deconstruction (M); see also Literary pragmatics ( T )

• Deduction See Grounded theory ( M )

• Default interpretations (H)

• Default semantics See Default interpretations ( H )

• Deference See Ọmọlúàbí ( H ) ; Ta’ārof ( H22 )

• Definite articles See Definiteness ( H )

• Definite description See Game-theoretical semantics ( T ) ; Reference and descriptions ( H )

• Definiteness (H)

• Degree See Communicative dynamism ( H )

• Deixis (H); see also Bühler ( H ) ; Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Énonciation ( H ) ; Honorifics ( H ) ; Mental spaces ( H ) ; Non-verbal communication ( H ) ; Peirce ( H ) ; Politeness ( H ) ; Universals ( H23 )

• Deletion See Ellipsis ( H )

• Dementia See Clinical pragmatics ( T )

• Demonstrative See Indexicals and demonstratives ( H )

• Denotation → See Cerebral representation of language; Polysemy ( H )

• Deontic logic (T); see also Epistemic logic ( T ) ; Logical semantics ( T ) ; Modal logic ( T ) ; Modality ( H )

• Dependency See Argument structure ( H23 ) ; Dependency and valency grammar ( T ) ; Frame semantics ( T ) ; Polysemy ( H ) ; Predicates and predication ( H ) ; Role and reference grammar ( T )

• Dependency and valency grammar (T); see also Case and semantic roles ( H ) ; Case grammar ( T ) ; Role and reference grammar ( T )

• Depiction See Gesture research ( T )

• Derogatory language See Feminism and language ( H24 ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 )

• Derrida, J. See Deconstruction ( M )

• Detention hearing → See Police interrogation

• Deutero-learning See Bateson ( H )

• Developmental dyslexia (H); see also Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Developmental psychology ( T ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Literacy ( H ) ; Pragmatic acquisition ( H ) ; Psycholinguistics ( T )

• Developmental pragmatics See Developmental psychology ( T ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24 ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Second language acquisition

• Developmental psychology (T); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ) ; Cognitive psychology ( T ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24 ) ; Psycholinguistics ( T ) ; Vygotsky ( H )

• Dewey, J. See Morris ( H ) ; Pragmatism ( T )

• Diachrony See Language change ( H )

• Diacritic See Phonetic notation systems ( N )

• Dialect (H); see also Anderson ( H21 ) ; Argument structure ( H23 ) ; Dialectology ( T ) ; Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T ) ; Folk pragmatics ( T ) ; Integrational linguistics ( T )

• Dialect formation See Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T )

• Dialect geography See Dialectology ( T )

• Dialect leveling/loss See Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T )

• Dialectology (T); see also Contact linguistics ( T ) ; Correlational sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Dialect ( H ) ; Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T ) ; Historical linguistics ( T ) ; Reconstruction ( M ) ; Sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Youth language ( H25 )

• Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics (T)

• Dialog modeling See Artificial intelligence ( T ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T )

• Dialog system See Artificial intelligence ( T ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T )

• Dialogical analysis (M); see also Collaboration in dialogues ( H ) ; Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Foucault ( H ) ; Humboldt ( H ) ; Interactional linguistics ( T ) ; Peirce ( H )

• Dialogism See Appraisal ( H ) ; Intertextuality ( H ) ; Stance ( H21 )

• Dialogue See Bakhtin ( H ) ; Collaboration in dialogues ( H ) ; Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H ) ; Polyphony ( H )

• Diaphor See Metaphor ( H )

• Digital world See Chronotope ( H25 ) ; Complaining ( H25 ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( H ) ; Youth language ( H25 )

• Digitization See Working with language data ( H25 )

• Diglossia See Language contact ( H )

• Dik, S. See Functional grammar ( T )

• Diminutive See Morphopragmatics ( T )

• Direct vs. indirect speech See Reported speech ( H )

• Directive See Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24 )

• Discourse See Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ) ; Bakhtin ( H ) ; Cognitive sociology ( T ) ; Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( T ) ; Discourse markers ( H ) ; Ethnography ( M ) ; Foucault ( H ) ; Grounding ( H ) ; Intertextuality ( H ) ; Language psychology ( T ) ; Mental spaces ( H ) ; Narrative ( H ) ; Neuropragmatics ( T ) ; Nexus analysis ( T ) ; Polyphony ( H ) ; Public discourse ( H ) ; Social institutions ( H ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( T ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T ) ; Text structure ( H )

• Discourse act See Functional discourse grammar ( T )

• Discourse analysis See Channel ( H ) ; Cognitive sociology ( T ) ; Common ground ( H ) ; Conversation analysis ( T ) ; Corpus analysis ( M ) ; Creole linguistics ( T ) ; Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( T ) ; Geneva school ( T ) ; Grounding ( H ) ; Historical pragmatics ( T ) ; Ideology ( H ) ; Mass media ( H ) ; Multimodality ( H ) ; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 ) ; Prague school ( T ) ; Rhetoric ( T ) ; Social psychology ( T ) ; Structuralism ( T ) ; Stylistics ( T ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T ) ; Text linguistics ( T ) ; Truthfulness ( H )

• Discourse attuning See Accommodation theory ( T )

• Discourse completion test See Intercultural communication ( H )

• Discourse focus See Anaphora ( H )

• Discourse genre See Genre ( H )

• Discourse linking See Discourse representation theory ( T )

• Discourse markers (H); see also Historical pragmatics ( T ) ; Interjections ( H ) ; Polyphony ( H ) ; Pragmatic markers ( H ) ; Pragmatic particles ( H )

• Discourse mode See Register ( H )

• Discourse representation theory (T); see also Default interpretations ( H ) ; Game-theoretical semantics ( T ) ; Logical semantics ( T ) ; Montague and categorial grammar ( T ) ; Situation semantics ( T ) ; Tense and aspect ( H )

• Discourse sociolinguistics See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( T )

• Discourse topic See Consciousness and language ( H )

• Discursive ethics See Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( T )

• Discursive formation See Foucault ( H )

• Discursive order See Foucault ( H )

• Discursive psychology See Authority ( H ) ; Language psychology ( T ) ; Motivation ( H )

• Discursive relation See Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

• Dismissal See Impoliteness ( H )

• Displacement See Adaptability ( H )

• Distinctive feature See Jakobson ( H21 )

• Divergence See Accommodation theory ( T )

• Diversity See Anderson ( H21 ) ; Language maintenance and shift ( H21 ) ; Superdiversity ( H21 )

• Doctor‒patient interaction → See Medical interaction

• Document design See Applied linguistics ( T )

• Donnellan, K. See Reference and descriptions ( H )

• Double bind See Bateson ( H )

• Double object construction See Argument structure ( H23 )

• Drift See Language change ( H )

• Ducrot, O. See Argumentation theory ( T ) ; Énonciation ( H ) ; Polyphony ( H )

• Dummett, M. See Analytical philosophy ( T )

• Durkheim, Emile See Sociology of language ( T )

• Dyadic interaction See Conversation types ( H ) ; Statistics ( M )

• Dynamic semantic functions See Communicative dynamism ( H )

• Dynamic semantics See Presupposition ( H )

• Dyslexia See Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

• Dysphasia See Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication ( H )

• Dysphemism See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 )

• E-mail communication See Computer-mediated communication ( H )

• Ebonics See ‘Other’ representation ( H )

• Education See Applied linguistics ( T ) ; Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ) ; Ideology ( H ) ; Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ( H ) ; Language rights ( H ) ; Linguistic landscape studies ( T ) ; Literacy ( H ) ; Translanguaging pedagogy ( T )

• Effectiveness See Communicative success vs. failure ( H ) ; Swearing ( H25 )

• Egocentric speech See Vygotsky ( H )

• Elicitation (M); see also Fieldwork ( M ) ; Interview ( M ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( M )

• Ellipsis (H); see also Argument structure ( H23 )

• Emancipation See Feminism and language ( H24 ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

• Emancipatory pragmatics See Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

• Embedding See Frame analysis ( M )

• Embodied interaction (H23)

• Embodiment (H); see also Embodied interaction ( H23 ) ; Gesture research ( T ) ; Humor ( H23 ) ; Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

• Emergence See Adaptability ( H )

• Emergent grammar (T)

• Emotion display (H); see also Laughter ( H ) ; Silence ( H )

• Emotions (H21); see also Appraisal ( H ) ; Emotion display ( H ) ; Impoliteness ( H ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 ) ; Swearing ( H25 )

• Emphasis (H)

• Encoding See Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

• Endangered languages See Language ecology ( H )

• Engagement See Appraisal ( H ) ; Evidentiality ( H22 ) ; Nexus analysis ( T )

• Engels, Friedrich See Ideology ( H )

• English (as a global language) See Linguistic landscape studies ( T ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

• Énonciation  (H); see also Benveniste ( H )

• Entailment See Implicitness ( H ) ; Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

• Entrenchment See Conceptual integration ( H )

• Enunciation See Benveniste ( H ) ; Polyphony ( H )

• Environment See Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Gesture research ( T ) ; Tactile sign languages ( H21 )

• Epiphor See Metaphor ( H )

• Epistemic authority See Conversational storytelling ( H24 ) ; Evidentiality ( H22 )

• Epistemic dynamics See Epistemic logic ( T )

• Epistemic logic (T); see also Deontic logic ( T ) ; Logical semantics ( T ) ; Modal logic ( T ) ; Modality ( H ) ; Possible worlds semantics ( T )

• Epistemic relation See Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

• Epistemology (T); see also Austin ( H ) ; Foucault ( H ) ; Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( T ) ; Ontology ( T ) ; Perception and language ( H )

• Epistemology of testimony (T)

• Erklären vs. Verstehen See Grounded theory ( M )

• Error analysis (M); see also Contrastive analysis ( M )

• Ervin-Tripp, S. (H24); see also Developmental psychology ( T ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Sociolinguistics ( T )

• Ethnicity See Culture ( H ) ; Humor ( H23 ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Language dominance and minorization ( H ) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H )

• Ethnographic semantics See Anthropological linguistics ( T ) ; Taxonomy ( M )

• Ethnography (M); see also Anderson ( H21 ) ; Anthropological linguistics ( T ) ; Bourdieu ( H ) ; Developmental psychology ( T ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( T ) ; Fieldwork ( M ) ; Linguistic landscape studies ( T ) ; Social media research ( T )

• Ethnography of communication See Ethnography of speaking ( T )

• Ethnography of speaking (T); see also Anthropological linguistics ( T ) ; Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Conversation analysis ( T ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24 ) ; Gumperz ( H ) ; Interactional sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Nexus analysis ( T ) ; Phatic communion ( H ) ; Style and styling ( H21 )

• Ethnomethodology (T); see also Cognitive sociology ( T ) ; Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Conversation analysis ( T ) ; Humor ( H23 ) ; Interactional sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Language psychology ( T ) ; Membership categorization analysis ( T ) ; Phenomenology ( T ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ) ; Sacks ( H ) ; Social psychology ( T ) ; Symbolic interactionism ( T )

• Ethnoscience See Anthropological linguistics ( T )

• Ethogenics See Social psychology ( T )

• Euphemism (H24); see also Morphopragmatics ( T ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 )

• Evaluation See Appraisal ( H ) ; Chronotope ( H25 ) ; Emphasis ( H ) ; Stance ( H21 )

• Evaluation task See Methods in language-attitudes research ( M )

• Event representation (H22)

• Event types See Event representation ( H22 )

• Event-related potential See Cognitive science ( T ) ; Language acquisition ( H )

• Evidence See Evidentiality ( H22 )

• Evidentiality (H22); see also Appraisal ( H ) ; Authority ( H ) ; Modality ( H ) ; Stance ( H21 )

• Evolution (theory) See Adaptability ( H ) ; Evolutionary pragmatics ( T )

• Evolutionary pragmatics (T)

• Executive function See Clinical pragmatics ( T )

• Exemplar model See Psycholinguistics ( T )

• Expectation See Frame analysis ( M ) ; Mediated performatives ( H )

• Experimental pragmatics (M); see also Experimentation ( M )

• Experimentation (M); see also Cognitive psychology ( T ) ; Cognitive science ( T ) ; Ethnomethodology ( T ) ; Experimental pragmatics ( M ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( M ) ; Orthography and cognition ( H22 ) ; Psycholinguistics ( T ) ; Sound symbolism ( H ) ; Statistics ( M ) ; Think-aloud protocols ( M ) ; Variational pragmatics ( T )

• Expertise See Cognitive sociology ( T ) ; Forensic linguistics ( T )

• Explaining vs. understanding → See Erklären vs. Verstehen

• Explanation See Linguistic explanation ( M )

• Explicature See Implicitness ( H ) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T )

• Expression → See Functions of language

• Extension → See Intension vs. extension

• Face See Goffman ( H ) ; Impoliteness ( H ) ; Mianzi / lian ( H21 ) ; Politeness ( H ) ; Silence ( H ) ; Ta’ārof ( H22 )

• Face-to-face interaction See Accommodation theory ( T ) ; Cognitive sociology ( T ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( H ) ; Conversation analysis ( T ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Prosody ( H )

• Facebook See Social media research ( T )

• Factivity See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

• False friends See The multilingual lexicon ( H )

• Familiarity See Information structure ( H )

• Feedback See Adaptability ( H ) ; Tactile sign languages ( H21 )

• Feeling(s) See Appraisal ( H )

• Felicity condition See Speech act theory ( T )

• Feminism and language (H24)

• Ferguson, C. See Register ( H )

• Field See Register ( H )

• Fieldwork (M); see also Anthropological linguistics ( T ) ; Boas ( H ) ; Elicitation ( M ) ; Ethnography ( M ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( T ) ; Interview ( M ) ; Malinowski ( H )

• Figure vs. ground See Grounding ( H )

• Figures of speech (H); see also Cultural scripts ( H ) ; Emphasis ( H )

• File change semantics See Computational linguistics ( T ) ; Discourse representation theory ( T )

• Fillmore, C. J. See Case grammar ( T ) ; Frame semantics ( T )

• Firth, J. R. (H); see also Firthian linguistics ( T ) ; Register ( H ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( T )

• Firthian linguistics (T); see also Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Firth ( H ) ; Phatic communion ( H ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( T )

• Flexibility See Primate communication ( H )

• Focalisation See Tense and aspect ( H )

• Focalizer See Functional sentence perspective ( H )

• Focus → See Topic vs. focus

• Focus domain See Argument structure ( H23 )

• Focus structure See Role and reference grammar ( T )

• Folk classification See Anthropological linguistics ( T ) ; Cognitive anthropology ( T ) ; Language ideologies ( H ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( H ) ; Taxonomy ( M )

• Folk linguistics See Socio-onomastics ( T )

• Folk pragmatics (T); see also Methods in language-attitudes research ( M )

• Folk psychology See Philosophy of mind ( T )

• Footing See Frame analysis ( M ) ; Goffman ( H ) ; Participation ( H )

• Foregrounding See Grounding ( H )

• Foreigner talk See Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Register ( H )

• Forensic linguistics (T); see also Applied linguistics ( T )

• Form vs. function See Corpus pragmatics ( M ) ; Sapir ( H )

• Form-function mapping → See Form vs. function

• Formal dialectics See Argumentation theory ( T )

• Formal linguistics See Linguistic explanation ( M )

• Formal pragmatics (T); see also Analytical philosophy ( T ) ; Logical semantics ( T ) ; Montague and categorial grammar ( T )

• Formality See Conversation types ( H ) ; Register ( H )

• Formulaic language → See Routine formula

• Formulation See Rhetoric ( T )

• Foucault, M. (H); see also Critical theory ( T ) ; Ideology ( H ) ; Jargon ( H ) ; Power and the role of language ( H25 )

• Frame (analysis) (M); see also Artificial intelligence ( T ) ; Bateson ( H ) ; Cognitive science ( T ) ; Emphasis ( H ) ; Frame semantics ( T ) ; Gesture research ( T ) ; Goffman ( H ) ; Humor ( H23 ) ; Mental spaces ( H ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( H ) ; Non-verbal communication ( H ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( M )

• Frame semantics (T); see also Collocation and colligation ( H ) ; Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Dependency and valency grammar ( T ) ; Event representation ( H22 ) ; Lexical field analysis ( T ) ; Lexical semantics ( T )

• Frankfurt school → See Adorno; Habermas

• Frege, G. See Analytical philosophy ( T ) ; Intensional logic ( T ) ; Reference and descriptions ( H ) ; Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T ) ; Speech act theory ( T )

• Fremdverstehen See Grounded theory ( M )

• Frequency See Markedness ( H ) ; Statistics ( M ) ; Swearing ( H25 )

• Functional discourse grammar (T)

• Functional explanation See Linguistic explanation ( M )

• Functional grammar (T); see also Case and semantic roles ( H ) ; Case grammar ( T ) ; Mathesius ( H ) ; Prague school ( T ) ; Predicates and predication ( H ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( T ) ; Word order ( H )

• Functional sentence perspective (H); see also Communicative dynamism ( H ) ; Mathesius ( H ) ; Prague school ( T ) ; Word order ( H )

• Functionalism vs. formalism (T); see also Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax ( T ) ; Cognitive science ( T ) ; Communicative dynamism ( H ) ; Emergent grammar ( T ) ; Linguistic explanation ( M ) ; Mathesius ( H ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ) ; Translation studies ( T )

• Functions of language See Bühler ( H ) ; Emotion display ( H ) ; Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ) ; Functional discourse grammar ( T ) ; Functionalism vs. formalism ( T ) ; Historical politeness ( T ) ; Impoliteness ( H ) ; Jakobson ( H21 ) ; Participation ( H ) ; Prague school ( T ) ; Relational ritual ( H ) ; Silence ( H ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( T )

• Fund See Predicates and predication ( H )

• Fuzziness → See Vagueness

• Fuzzy set theory See Categorization ( H ) ; Lexical semantics ( T )

• Game-theoretical semantics (T); see also Discourse representation theory ( T ) ; Logical semantics ( T ) ; Model-theoretic semantics ( T )

• Gapping See Ellipsis ( H )

• Garfinkel, H. See Ethnomethodology ( T )

• GDPR See Working with language data ( H25 )

• Gender (H); see also Authority ( H ) ; Caste and language ( H23 ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( H ) ; Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( T ) ; Feminism and language ( H24 ) ; Humor ( H23 ) ; Identity ( H24 ) ; Interjections ( H ) ; Laughter ( H ) ; Listener response ( H ) ; Overlap ( H ) ; Silence ( H ) ; Swearing ( H25 ) ; Workplace interaction ( H25 )

• General rhetoric See Rhetoric ( T )

• General semantics (T); see also Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( T )

• Generalized catastrophe See Catastrophe theory ( T )

• Generalized phrase structure grammar See Computational linguistics ( T ) ; Construction grammar ( T ) ; Interpretive semantics ( T )

• Generative semantics (T); see also Componential analysis ( T ) ; Conceptual semantics ( T ) ; Conversational logic ( T ) ; Interpretive semantics ( T ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( M )

• Generative(-transformational) linguistics See Attention and language ( H ) ; Chomskyan linguistics ( T ) ; Cognitive linguistics ( T ) ; Computational linguistics ( T ) ; Creativity in language use ( H ) ; Historical linguistics ( T ) ; Interpretive semantics ( T ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Language change ( H ) ; Lexical semantics ( T )

• Genetic linguistics See Historical linguistics ( T ) ; Language change ( H ) ; Reconstruction ( M )

• Geneva school (T); see also Structuralism ( T ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

• Genre (H); see also Bakhtin ( H ) ; Channel ( H ) ; Conversation types ( H ) ; Conversational logic ( T ) ; Narrative ( H ) ; Tense and aspect ( H ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T ) ; Text type ( H )

• Geographical origin See Laughter ( H )

• Geolinguistics See Contact linguistics ( T ) ; Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T ) ; Linguistic landscape studies ( T )

• Gestalt psychology See Behaviorism ( T ) ; Cognitive psychology ( T ) ; Metaphor ( H )

• Gesticulation See Gesture research ( T )

• Gesture See Communication ( H ) ; Gesture research ( T ) ; Non-verbal communication ( H ) ; Primate communication ( H ) ; Prosody ( H )

• Gesture research (T); see also Non-verbal communication ( H )

• Given vs. new See Argument structure ( H23 ) ; Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Definiteness ( H ) ; Functional sentence perspective ( H ) ; Information structure ( H ) ; Word order ( H )

• Globalization (H25); see also Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ) ; Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T ) ; Language dominance and minorization ( H ) ; Power and the role of language ( H25 ) ; Translanguaging pedagogy ( T ) ; Youth language ( H25 )

• Glossematics See Semiotics ( T ) ; Structuralism ( T )

• Glottochronology See Historical linguistics ( T )

• Goffman, E. (H); see also Conversation analysis ( T ) ; Frame analysis ( M ) ; Participation ( H ) ; Politeness ( H ) ; Public discourse ( H ) ; Reported speech ( H ) ; Symbolic interactionism ( T )

• Government and binding theory See Chomskyan linguistics ( T ) ; Construction grammar ( T ) ; Interpretive semantics ( T )

• Gradience See Categorization ( H )

• Grammar See Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ) ; Leech ( H ) ; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 )

• Grammatical constraints See Code-switching ( H )

• Grammatical metaphor See Metaphor ( H )

• Grammatical relations See Agency and language ( H ) ; Polysemy ( H ) ; Role and reference grammar ( T )

• Grammatical status See Grammaticalization and pragmatics ( T )

• Grammaticalization See Constructional analysis ( T ) ; Emergent grammar ( T ) ; Implicature and language change ( H ) ; Language change ( H ) ; Metaphor ( H ) ; Modality ( H ) ; Negation ( H ) ; Pragmatic markers ( H ) ; Predicates and predication ( H )

• Grammaticalization and pragmatics (T)

• Grammatization See Emergent grammar ( T )

• Gramsci, A. See Hegemony ( H23 ) ; Marxist linguistics ( T )

• Greeting See Ọmọlúàbí ( H ) ; Ta’ārof ( H22 )

• Grice, H. P. (H); see also Analytical philosophy ( T ) ; Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Conversational implicature ( H ) ; Conversational logic ( T ) ; Default interpretations ( H ) ; Humor ( H23 ) ; Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T ) ; Silence ( H ) ; Speech act theory ( T ) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T ) ; Truthfulness ( H ) ; Universals ( H23 )

• Grounded theory (M)

• Grounding (H); see also Anaphora ( H ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

• Guillaume, G. See Énonciation ( H )

• Gumperz, J. J. (H); see also Anthropological linguistics ( T ) ; Communicative success vs. failure ( H ) ; Culture ( H ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( T ) ; Interactional sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Prosody ( H ) ; Register ( H )

• Habermas, J. See Critical theory ( T ) ; Ideology ( H ) ; Public discourse ( H ) ; Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( T )

• Habitus See Anderson ( H21 ) ; Bourdieu ( H ) ; Communication ( H ) ; Lifestyle ( H )

• Half-truth See Truthfulness ( H )

• Halliday, M. A. K. See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( T ) ; Firthian linguistics ( T ) ; Genre ( H ) ; Jargon ( H ) ; Phatic communion ( H ) ; Register ( H ) ; Social semiotics ( T ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( T )

• Harold Garfinkel and pragmatics (H); see also Conversation analysis ( T ) ; Ethnomethodology ( T ) ; Metapragmatics ( T ) ; Sacks ( H )

• Head-driven phrase structure grammar See Computational linguistics ( T ) ; Construction grammar ( T ) ; Formal pragmatics ( T ) ; Interpretive semantics ( T )

• Hearer See Appraisal ( H ) ; Mass media ( H )

• Hegemony (H23); see also Ideology ( H ) ; Intertextuality ( H ) ; Language ecology ( H ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( H ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

• Hemisphere dominance See Neurolinguistics ( T )

• Heritage language See Language maintenance and shift ( H21 )

• Hermeneutics (M); see also Analytical philosophy ( T ) ; Anthropological linguistics ( T ) ; Cognitive linguistics ( T ) ; Cohesion and coherence ( H ) ; Conversation analysis ( T ) ; Language psychology ( T ) ; Literary pragmatics ( T ) ; Structuralism ( T ) ; Truthfulness ( H ) ; Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( T )

• Heterogeneity See Language dominance and minorization ( H )

• Heteroglossia See Appraisal ( H ) ; Bakhtin ( H ) ; Ideology ( H ) ; Intertextuality ( H )

• Heterosemy See Polysemy ( H )

• Hierarchy See Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 ) ; Power and the role of language ( H25 )

• Historical linguistics (T); see also Borrowing ( H ) ; Creole linguistics ( T ) ; Creoles and creolization ( H ) ; Dialectology ( T ) ; Historical pragmatics ( T ) ; Language change ( H ) ; Reconstruction ( M ) ; de Saussure ( H ) ; Typology ( T )

• Historical politeness (T)

• Historical pragmatics (T); see also Historical linguistics ( T ) ; Interjections ( H ) ; Mass media ( H ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

• Historical sociolinguistics (T); see also Correlational sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T ) ; Historical linguistics ( T ) ; Historical pragmatics ( T ) ; Interactional sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Language change ( H ) ; Sociolinguistics ( T )

• History See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( T ) ; Dialectology ( T ) ; Hegemony ( H23 )

• Homogeneity See Anderson ( H21 ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( H )

• Homogenisation See ‘Other’ representation ( H )

• Homonymy See Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 ) ; Polysemy ( H )

• Honorifics (H); see also Politeness ( H ) ; Terms of address ( H ) ; Universals ( H23 )

• Humboldt, W. von (H)

• Humor (H23); see also Computer-mediated communication ( H ) ; Emotion display ( H ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24 ) ; Irony ( H ) ; Laughter ( H ) ; ‘Other’ representation ( H ) ; Truthfulness ( H )

• Hybridity See Genre ( H ) ; Intensional logic ( T ) ; Intertextuality ( H ) ; ‘Other’ representation ( H ) ; Presupposition ( H )

• Hymes, D. See Anthropological linguistics ( T ) ; Culture ( H ) ; Ethnography of speaking ( T )

• Hyperlink See Social media research ( T )

• Hyponymy See Polysemy ( H )