Cover not available
Part of
Handbook of Pragmatics: 25th Annual Installment
Edited by Frank Brisard, Sigurd D’hondt, Pedro Gras and Mieke Vandenbroucke
[Handbook of Pragmatics 25] 2022
► pp. 199–223

Youth language

 | University of Copenhagen
 | University of Copenhagen
 | University of Copenhagen
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Youth language across traditions
    • 2.1Traditional dialectology and the absence of youth
    • 2.2Variationism and language change
    • 2.3Variationism and social meaning
    • 2.4Complexifying age and the role of young people in dialectology and variationism
    • 2.5Studies of linguistic diversity and sameness among adolescents
  • 3.Digitally mediated language practices and youth
    • 3.1Youth, digital writing and media panics
    • 3.2Online languaging, identity work and global connectivity
    • 3.3The intersections of online and offline language practices
  • 4.Conclusion
  • Note
  • References
Published online: 18 November 2022
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/hop.25.you1
References (118)
References
Agha, Asif. 2007. Language and Social Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Androutsopoulos, Jannis. 2000. “Non-standard spellings in media texts: The case of German fanzines.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 4 (4): 514–533. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2011. “Language change and digital media. A review of conceptions and evidence.” In Standard Languages and Language Standards in a Changing Europe, ed. by Tore Kristiansen, and Nikolas Coupland, 145–159. Oslo: Novus Press.Google Scholar
. 2014. “Mediatization and sociolinguistic change: Key concepts, research traditions, open issues.” In Vol. 36 Mediatization and Sociolinguistic Change, ed. by Jannis Androutsopoulos, 3–48. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Androutsopoulos, Jannis. and Juffermans, Kasper (eds). 2014. “Digital language practices in superdiversity. Introduction.” Discourse, Context & Media 4 (5): 1–6. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Androutsopoulos, Jannis, and Kristin V. Lexander. 2021. “Digital polycentricity and diasporic connectivity: A Norwegian-Senegalese case study.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 25 (5): 720–736. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
. 2001. “Grassroots globalization and the research imagination.” In Globalization, ed. by Arjun Appadurai, 1–21. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bach, Xavier. 2017. “Tracing the origins of verlan in an early nineteenth century text?” Journal of French Language Studies 28 (1): 67–84. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bachmann, Christian, and Luc Basier. 1984. “Le verlan: Argot d’école ou langue des Keums? [Verlan: school slang or language of the Keums?]” Mots 8: 169–187. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Baron, Naomi S. 2008. Always on. Language in an Online and Mobile World. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Barton, David, and Carmen Lee. 2013. Language Online. Investigating Digital Texts and Practices. Abingdon: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle, and Suzanne Evans Wagner (eds). 2017. Panel Studies in Language Variation and Change. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Buckingham, David (ed). 2008. Youth, Identity and Digital Media. Cambridge (MA): MIT press.Google Scholar
Chambers, Jack, and Peter Trudgill. 1998. Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Clark, Lynn S. 2012. The Parent App. Understanding Families in the Digital Age. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cornips, Leonie, Jürgen Jaspers, and Vincent de Rooij. 2015. “The politics of labelling youth vernaculars in the Netherlands and Belgium.” In Language, Youth and Identity in the 21st Century. Linguistic Practices across Urban Spaces, ed. by Jacomine Nortier, and Bente Ailin Svendsen, 45–69. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas. 2001. “Age in social and sociolinguistic theory.” In Sociolinguistics and Social Theory, ed. by Nikolas Coupland, Srikant Sarangi, and Christopher N. Candlin, 185–211. London: Pearson.Google Scholar
. 2009. “Dialects, standards and social change.” In Language Attitudes, Standardization and Language Change, ed. by Marie Maegaard, Frans Gregersen, Pia Quist, and Jens Normann Jørgensen, 27–50. Oslo: Novus.Google Scholar
. 2014. “Sociolinguistic change, vernacularization and broadcast British media.” In Mediatization and Sociolinguistic Change, ed. by Jannis Androutsopoulos, 67–96. Berlin: de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas, and Tore Kristiansen. 2011. “SLICE. Critical perspectives on language (de)standardisation.” In Standard Languages and Language Standards in a Changing Europe, ed. by Tore Kristiansen, and Nikolas Coupland, 11–35. Oslo: Novus Press.Google Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas, and Virpi Ylänne-McEwen. 2008. “The sociolinguistics of ageing.” In Vol. 3 Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society, ed. by Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, and Peter Trudgill, 2334–2340. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Deumert, Ana. 2014. Sociolinguistics and Mobile Communication. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Doran, Meredith C. 2002. A Sociolinguistic Study of Youth Language in the Parisian Suburbs: Verlan and Minority Identity in Contemporary France. Cornell University.Google Scholar
Dovchin, Sender. 2015. “Language, multiple authenticities and social media: The online language practices of university students in Mongolia.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 19 (4): 437–459. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2016. “The translocal English in the linguascape of popular music in Mongolia.” World Englishes 36 (1): 2–19. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2017. “The ordinariness of youth linguascapes in Mongolia.” International Journal of Multilingualism 14 (2): 144–159. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Drager, Katie. 2015. Linguistic Variation, Identity Construction and Cognition. Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Drotner, Kirsten. 1999. “Dangerous media? Panic discourses and dilemmas of modernity.” Paedagogica Historica 35 (3): 593–619. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 1989. Jocks and Burnouts: Social Categories and Identity in the High School. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
. 1997. “Age as a sociolinguistic variable.” In The handbook of sociolinguistics, ed. by Florian Coulmas, 151–167. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
. 2000. Linguistic Variation as Social Practice. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
. 2008. “Variation and the indexical field.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 12 (4): 453–476. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hall-Lew, Lauren, Emma Moore, and Robert J. Podesva. 2021. “Social meaning and linguistic variation: Theoretical foundations. In Social Meaning and Linguistic Variation: Theorizing the Third Wave, ed. by Lauren Hall-Lew, Emma Moore, and Robert J. Podesva, 1–24. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hansen, Marianne H., and Andreas C. Stæhr. 2021. ”Sproglige generationsforskelle på de sociale medier [Linguistic generational differences on social media].” Nydanske Sprogstudier 59: 113–156. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hårstad, Stian. 2021. “Digital skriving under den sosiolingvistiske lupen: Har det skjedd en språklig revolusjon? [Digital writing under the sociolinguistic lens: Has there been a linguistic revolution?]” In Morsmålsfaget som fag og forskningsfelt, ed. by Lennart Jølle, Ann Sylvi Larsen, Hildegunn Otnes, and Leiv Inge Aa, 21–45. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Heller, Monica. 2007. “Bilingualism as ideology and practice.” In Bilingualism: A Social Approach, ed. by Monica Heller, 1–22. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Heyd, Theresa. 2014. “Doing race and ethnicity in a digital community: Lexical labels and narratives of belonging in a Nigerian web forum.” Discourse, Context & Media 4 (5): 38–47. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2018. “Dialectology, philology, and historical linguistics.” In The Handbook of Dialectology, ed. by Charles Boberg, John Nerbonne, and Dominic Watt, 23–38. Oxford: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hollington, Andrea, and Nico Nassenstein. 2018. “African Youth Language Practices and Social Media.” In Jugendsprachen: Aktuelle Perspektiven internationaler Forschung [Youth Languages: Current Perspectives of International Research], ed. by Arne Ziegler, 807–828. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Irvine, Judith T., and Susan Gal. 2000. “Language ideology and linguistic differentiation.” In Regimes of Language, ed. by Paul Kroskrity, 35–83. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Jaspers, Jürgen. 2008. “Problematizing ethnolects: Naming linguistic practices in an Antwerp secondary school.” International Journal of Bilingualism 12: 85–103. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jonsson, Carla, and Anu Muhonen. 2014. “Multilingual repertoires and the relocalization of manga in digital media.” Discourse, Context & Media 4 (5): 87–100. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jonsson, Rickard, Henning Årman, and Tommaso M. Milani. 2019. “Youth language.” In The Routledge Handbook of Linguistic Ethnography, ed. by Karin Tusting, 259–272. Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jørgensen, J. Normann, Martha S. Karrebæk, Lian M. Madsen & Janus S. Møller. 2011. “Polylanguaging in superdiversity.” In Vol. 13 Language and superdiversities, ed. by Jan Blommaert, Ben Rampton, and Massimiliano Spotti, p. 22–37. Routledge.Google Scholar
Karrebæk, Martha Sif, and Janus Spindler Møller. 2019. “Languages and regimes of communication: Students’ struggles with norms and identities through chronotopic work.” In Chronotopic Identity Work: Sociolinguistics Analyses of Cultural and Linguistic Phenomena in Time and Space, ed. by Sjaak Kroon, and Jos Swanenberg, 128–152. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kerswill, Paul, and Heike Wiese (eds). 2022. Urban Contact Dialects and Language Change: Insights from the Global North and South. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kretzschmar, William A. 2018. “Linguistic atlases.” In The Handbook of Dialectology, ed. by Charles Boberg, John Nerbonne, and Dominic Watt, 57–72. Oxford: Wiley.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Tore. 2014. “Does mediated language influence immediate Language?” In Vol. 36 Mediatization and Sociolinguistic Change, ed. by Jannis Androutsopoulos, 99–126. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kristjánsdóttir, Bergthora. 2018. Uddannelsespolitik i nationalismens tegn [Educational policy in the light of nationalism]. Aarhus Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1963. “The social motivation of a sound change.” Word 18: 273–309. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1966. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
. 1972a. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
. 1972b. “Rules for ritual insults.” In Language in the Inner City, ed. by William Labov, 297–353. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Leander, Kevin. M. & Kelly K. McKim. 2003. “Tracing the everyday ‘sitings’ of adolescents on the internet: a strategic adaptation of ethnography across online and offline spaces.” Education, Communication and Information 3 (2): p. 211–240. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Leppänen, Sirpa, Elina Westinen, and Samu Kytola (eds). 2017. Social Media Discourse, (Dis)identifications and Diversities. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Livingstone, Sonia, Leslie Haddon, Anke Görzig, and Kjartan Ólafsson, K. 2011. Risks and Safety on the Internet. The Perspective of European Children. London: EU Kids Online, LSE.Google Scholar
Madsen, Lian Malai. 2013. “‘High’ and ‘low’ in urban Danish speech styles.” Language in Society 42: 115–138. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2022. “Media panic, medical discourse and the smart phone.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language, special issue: Spaces of Upset in the Nordic Region: Sociolinguistics Beyond Cohesion and Consensus in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Madsen, Lian Malai, Martha Sif Karrebæk, and Janus Spindler Møller (eds). 2016. Everyday Languaging: Collaborative Research on the Language Use of Children and Youth. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Maegaard, Marie. 2020. “Introduction: Standardization as sociolinguistic change.” In Standardization as Sociolinguistic Change: A Transversal Study of Three Traditional Dialect Areas, ed. by Marie Maegaard, Malene Monka, Kristine Køhler Mortensen, and Andreas Candefors Stæhr, 1–26. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Maegaard, Marie, and Malene Monka. 2020. “Patterns of dialect use: Language standardization at different rates.” In Standardization as Sociolinguistic Change: A Transversal Study of Three Traditional Dialect Areas, ed. by Marie Maegaard, Malene Monka, Kristine Køhler Mortensen, and Andreas Candefors Stæhr, 27–46. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Maegaard, Marie, Malene Monka, Kristine Køhler Mortensen, and Andreas Candefors Stæhr (eds). Standardization as Sociolinguistic Change: A Transversal Study of Three Traditional Dialect Areas. London: Routledge. DOI logo
Makoni, Sinfree, and Alastair Pennycook. 2006. “Disinventing and reconstituting languages.” In Disinventing and Reconstituting Languages, ed. by Sinfree Makoni, and Alastair Pennycook, 1–41. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mendoza-Denton, Norma. 2008. Homegirls: Language and Cultural Practice Among Latina Youth Gangs. Oxford: Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Milroy, Leslie. 1980. Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Møller, Janus Spindler. 2019. “Recognizing languages, practicing languaging.” In Critical Perspectives on Linguistic Fixity and Fluidity: Languagised Lives, ed. by Jürgen Jaspers, and Lian Malai Madsen, 29–52. New York: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Møller, Janus Spindler, and Jens Normann Jørgensen. 2013. “Organizations of language among adolescents in superdiverse Copenhagen.” International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education 6 (1): 23–42.Google Scholar
Moore, Emma. 2003. “Learning style and identity: A sociolinguistic analysis of a Bolton high school.” PhD thesis, Manchester, UK: University of Manchester.
. 2021. “The social meaning of syntax.” In Social Meaning and Linguistic Variation: Theorizing the Third Wave, ed. by Lauren Hall-Lew, Emma Moore, and Robert J. Podesva, 54–79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Moore, Emma, and Paul Carter. 2015. “Dialect contact and distinctiveness: The social meaning of language variation in an island community.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 19 (1): 3–36. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2017. “‘The land steward wouldn’t have a woman farmer’: The interaction between language, ideology and gender in an island community.” In Language and a Sense of Place, ed. by Chris Montgomery, and Emma Moore, 258–280. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Moore, Emma, and Robert Podesva. 2009. “Style, indexicality, and the social meaning of tag questions.” Language in Society 38 (4): 447–485. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mortensen, Janus, Nikolas Coupland, and Jacob Thøgersen (eds). 2017. Style, Mediation, and Change: Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Talking Media. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mortensen, Kristine Køhler, and Chloe Brotherton. 2020. “Faces in Snapchat. Selfies and social media aesthetics.” In Working Papers in Urban Language and Literacies, paper 266. London: Kings College London.Google Scholar
Mortensen, Janus, Nikolas Coupland & Jacob Thøgersen (eds). 2017. Style, Mediation, and Change: Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Talking Media. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nørreby, Thomas R. (2018). “Language and social status differences in two urban schools.” PhD thesis. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen.
Nørreby, Thomas R., Janus S. Møller. 2015. “Ethnicity and social categorization in on- and offline interaction among Copenhagen adolescents.” Discourse, Context and Media 8: 46–54. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nortier, Jacomine. 2018. “Youth languages.” In Jugendsprachen [Youth Languages], ed. by Arne Ziegler, 3–24. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pennycook, Alastair. 2007. Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
. 2010. Language as a Local Practice. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pérez Aronsson, Fanny. 2021. “Do I look white? Creating community in online safe spaces for racialized youth.” PhD thesis. Stockholm: University of Stockholm.
Pichler, Heike, Suzanne Evans Wagner, and Ashley Hesson. 2018. “Old-age variation and change: Confronting variationist ageism.” Language and Linguistics Compass 12 (6). DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Quist, Pia. 2010. “Untying the language, body and place connection: Linguistic variation and social style in a Copenhagen community of practice.” In Vol. 1 Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation. Theories and Methods, 632–648. Mouton de Gruyter, Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft.Google Scholar
Rampton, Ben. 1995. Crossing: Language and Ethnicity among Adolescents. London: Longman.Google Scholar
. 2011. “From ‘multiethnic adolescent heteroglossia’ to ‘contemporary urban vernaculars’.” Language & Communication 31: 276–294. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rampton, Ben, Janet Maybin, and Celia Roberts. 2014. “Methodological foundations in linguistic ethnography.” Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies No. 102: 1–24.Google Scholar
Rathje, Marianne. 2018. “Genre- og kontekstanalyse: Verbale kortformer i unges digitale tekster og skoletekster [Genre and context analysis: Verbal short forms in young people’s digital texts and school texts].” In Sociale medier og sprog. Analytiske tilgange [Social media and language. Analytical approaches], ed. by Andreas Stæhr, and Kristine Køhler Mortensen, 93–120. København: Samfundslitteratur.Google Scholar
Rose, Mary A. 2006. “Language, place and identity in later life. Unpublished PhD thesis, Stanford University, USA.
Sankoff, Gillian. 2018. “Language change across the lifespan.” Annual Review of Linguistics 4 (1): 297–316. Available at SSRN: [URL]. DOI logo
Scheuer, Jann, Anne Larsen, Marie Maegaard, Malene Monka, and Kristine Køhler Mortensen. 2020. “Language ideologies as a key to understanding language standardization.” In Standardization as Sociolinguistic Change. A Transversal Study of Three Dialect Areas, ed. by Marie Maegaard, Malene Monka, Kristine Køhler Mortensen, and Andreas Stæhr, 190–218. Routledge studies in language change series. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schilling-Estes, Natalie, and Walt Wolfram. 1999. “Alternative models of dialect death: Dissipation vs. concentration.” Language 75 (3): 486–521. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schrock, Andrew & Danah Boyd. 2011. “Problematic youth interaction online. Solicitation, harassment, and cyberbullying.” In Computer-Mediated Communication in Personal Relationships, ed. by Kevin B. Wright, and Lynne M. Webb, 368–398. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Sebba, M. 2003. “Spelling rebellion.” In Discourse constructions of youth identities, ed. by Jannis K. Androutsopoulos, and Alexandra Georgakopoulou, 151–172. John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shortis, Tim. 2009. “Revoicing Txt. spelling, vernacular orthography and ‘unregimented writing’.” In Connected Minds, Emerging Cultures. Cybercultures in Online Learning, ed. by Steve Wheeler, 225–246. Charlotte, North Carolina: Information Age Publishing.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael. 2003. “Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life.” Language & Communication 23 (3/4): 193–229. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Slater, Don. 2002. “Social relationships and identity online and offline.” In Handbook of New Media, Social Shaping and Consequences of ICTs, ed. by Leah A. Lievrouw, and Sonia Livingstone, 533–546. London: Sage Publications. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Smith, Jennifer, and Mercedes Durham. 2012. “Bidialectism or dialect death? Explaining generational change in the Shetland Island.” American Speech 87 (1): 57–88. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Stæhr, Andreas C. 2014. Social Media and Everyday Language Use among Copenhagen Youth. København: Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet.Google Scholar
2015. “Reflexivity in Facebook interaction: Enregisterment across written and spoken language practices.” Discourse, Context and Media 8: 30–45. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2016. “Normativity as a social resource in social media practices.” In Everyday Languaging: Collaborative Research on the Language Use of Children and Youth, ed. by Lian Malai Madsen, Martha Sif Karrebæk, and Janus Spindler Møller, 71–94. Trends in Applied Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.Google Scholar
(Forthcoming). “Digital language practices and youth in the family.” In The Routledge Handbook on Language & Youth Culture, ed. by Bente A. Svendsen & Rickard Jonsson, Abingdon: Routledge.
Stæhr, Andreas Candefors, and Anne Larsen. 2020. “Bornholm: The terminal stage of dedialectalization.” In Standardization as Sociolinguistic Change. A Transversal Study of Three Dialect Areas, ed. by Marie Maegaard, Malene Monka, Kristine Køhler Mortensen, and Andreas Stæhr, 114–144. Routledge studies in language change series. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stæhr, Andreas C., Malene Monka, Pia Quist, and Anne Larsen. 2020. “Dialect in the media – mediatization and processes of standardization.” In Standardization as Sociolinguistic Change: A Transversal Study of Three Traditional Dialect Areas, ed. by Marie Maegaard, Malene Monka, Kristine K. Mortensen, and Andreas C. Stæhr, 168–189. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stæhr, Andreas C., and Thomas R. Nørreby. 2021. “The metapragmatics of mode choice.” Polymedia in Interaction, Pragmatics and Society 12 (5): 756–781. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sultana, Shaila, Sender Dovchin, and Alastair Pennycook. 2013. “Styling the periphery: Linguistic and cultural takeup in Bangladesh and Mongolia.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 17 (5): 687–710. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Svendsen, Bente A. 2021. Flerspråklighet – Til begeistring og besvær [Multilingualism – For Excitement and Trouble]. Oslo: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
Thurlow, Crispin. 2006. From Statistical Panic to Moral Panic. Journal of computer mediated communication 11(3). 667–701. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2007. “Fabricating youth: New-media discourse and the technologization of young people.” In Language in the Media: Representations, Identities, Ideologies, ed. by Sally Johnson, and Astrid Ensslin, 213–233. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Thurlow, Crispin, and Kristine Mroczek (eds). 2011. Digital Discourse. Language in the New Media. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1974. The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tusting, Karin (ed). 2019. The Routledge Handbook of Linguistic Ethnography. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Van Keymeulen. 2018. “The dialect dictionary.” In The Handbook of Dialectology, ed. by Charles Boberg, John Nerbonne, and Dominic Watt, 39–56. Oxford: Wiley.Google Scholar
Varis, Pia, and Xuan Wang. 2011. “Superdiversity on the internet. A case from China.” In Vol. 13 Language and Superdiversities, ed. by Jan Blommaert, Ben Rampton, and Massimiliano Spotti, 71–83. Routledge.Google Scholar
Weber, Sandra, and Claudia Mitchell. 2008. “Imagining, keyboarding, and posting identities. Young people and new media Technologies.” In Youth, Identity, and Digital Media, ed. by David Buckingham, 25–47. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt. 1969. A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
. 2006. “Variation and Language: Overview.” In Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, 333–341. DOI logoGoogle Scholar