Cumulative index

• Abduction See Grounded theory  (M); Language change  (H)

• Abuse See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  (H24)

• Academic concept See Vygotsky  (H)

• Academic language See Applied linguistics  (MT); Postcolonial pragmatics  (T)

• Acceptability See Generative semantics  (MT)

• Accessibility See Anaphora  (H)

• Accommodation See Contact  (H); Presupposition  (H)

• Accommodation theory (MT); see also Adaptability (H) ; Age and language use (H) ; Bilingualism and multilingualism (H) ; Context and contextualization (H) ; Social psychology (MT)

• Accounting See Collaboration in dialogues  (H); Social psychology  (MT)

• Acoustics See Sound symbolism  (H)

• Action See Action theory  (MT); Agency and language  (H); Austin  (H); Bühler  (H); Cognitive psychology  (MT); Ethnomethodology  (MT); Intentionality  (H); Nexus analysis  (T); Perception and language  (H); Philosophy of action  (MT); Speech act theory  (MT)

• Action theory (MT); see also Agency and language (H) ; Grounded theory (M) ; Philosophy of action (MT)

• Activation See Relational ritual  (H)

• Activity See Action theory  (MT)

• Activity types and pragmatic acts (H26); see also Pragmemes (H22)

• Adaptability (H); see also Activity types and pragmatic acts (H26) ; Evolutionary pragmatics (T) ; Methods in language-attitudes research (M) ; (The) pragmatic perspective (M)

• Adjacency pair See Prosody  (H); Sequence  (H)

• Adjective See Experimental pragmatics  (M)

• Adjunct control See Control phenomena  (H)

• Adolescent See Youth language  (H25)

• Adorno, T. See Critical theory  (MT)

• Affect See Appraisal  (H); Complaining  (H25); Computational pragmatics  (T); Emotion display  (H); Emotions  (H21); Emphasis  (H); Interpreter-mediated interaction  (H); Laughter  (H); Overlap  (H); Stance  (H21); Text and discourse linguistics  (T); Think-aloud protocols  (M)

• Affiliation/disaffiliation → See Affect

• Affirmation See Negation  (H)

• Affordance See Pragmatics of script  (H22); Social media research  (T)

• Age and language use (H); see also ‘Other’ representation (H) ; Swearing (H25) ; Youth language (H25)

• Ageism See Age and language use  (H)

• Agency and language (H); see also Action theory (MT) ; Case and semantic roles (H) ; Computational pragmatics (T) ; Intentionality (H) ; Metapragmatics (MT) ; Motivation and language (H)

• Agreement See Social media research  (T); Therapeutic conversation  (H)

• Aisatsu (H)

• Aktionsart See Tense and aspect  (H)

• Alignment See Nigerian hospital setting discourse  (H24); Pragmatics of script  (H22); Stance  (H21)

• Allegory See Conceptual integration  (H)

• Allopract See Activity types and pragmatic acts  (H26)

• Ambiguity See Indeterminacy and negotiation  (H); Mental spaces  (H); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  (H24); Polysemy  (H); Sound symbolism  (H); Truthfulness  (H)

• Amerindian languages See Anthropological linguistics  (MT); Boas  (H)

• Analysis See Analytical philosophy  (MT)

• Analytical philosophy (MT); see also Austin (H) ; Conversational implicature (H) ; Hermeneutics (M) ; Philosophy of language (MT) ; Speech act theory (MT) ; Truth-conditional semantics (MT) ; Wittgenstein (H)

• Anaphora (H); see also Grounding (H) ; Indexicals and demonstratives (H) ; Lexically triggered veridicality inferences (H22) ; Tense and aspect (H)

• Anderson, Benedict (H21)

• Animal communication See Adaptability  (H); Communication  (H); Primate communication  (H)

• Annotation See Corpus analysis  (MM); Corpus pragmatics  (M)

• Antecedent See Anaphora  (H)

• Anthropological linguistics (MT); see also Anderson (H21) ; Bilingualism and multilingualism (H) ; Chronotope (H25) ; Cognitive anthropology (MT) ; Componential analysis (MT) ; Context and contextualization (H) ; Ethnography of speaking (MT) ; Fieldwork (MM) ; Gesture research (T) ; Gumperz (H) ; Hermeneutics (M) ; Hymes (H26) ; Intercultural communication (H) ; Language ideologies (H) ; Malinowski (H) ; Metalinguistic awareness (H) ; Metapragmatics (MT) ; Nexus analysis (T) ; Phatic communion (H) ; (The) pragmatic perspective (M) ; Pragmatics of script (H22) ; Sapir (H) ; Sociolinguistics (MT) ; Ta’ārof (H22) ; Taxonomy (MM) ; Transience (H22) ; Truthfulness (H) ; Whorf (H)

• Anthropology See Hymes  (H26)

• Anti-language See Jargon  (H)

• Apel, K. O. See Universal and transcendental pragmatics  (MT)

• Aphasia See Adaptability  (H); Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics  (T); Jakobson  (H21); Neurolinguistics  (MT)

• Apology See Corpus pragmatics  (M); Mediated performatives  (H)

• Appeal → See Functions of language

• Applied linguistics (MT); see also Forensic linguistics (T) ; Intercultural communication (H) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization (H) ; Sociolinguistics (MT)

• Appraisal (H); see also Emphasis (H) ; Halliday (H26) ; Heteroglossia (H26)

• Appreciation See Appraisal  (H); Ọmọlúàbí  (H)

• Appropriateness See Creativity in language use  (H); Workplace interaction  (H25)

• Approval and disapproval See Ta’ārof  (H22)

• Arbitrariness See Adaptability  (H); Iconicity  (H); Sound symbolism  (H); Structuralism  (MT)

• Archive See Postcolonial pragmatics  (T)

• Archiving See Working with language data  (M25)

• Areal linguistics See Contact linguistics  (MT); Language change  (H)

• Argument structure (H23); see also Dependency

• Argumentation See Argumentation in discourse and grammar  (H); Argumentation theory  (MT); Rhetoric  (MT)

• Argumentation in discourse and grammar (H); see also Argumentation theory (MT)

• Argumentation theory (MT); see also Argumentation in discourse and grammar (H) ; Rhetoric (MT)

• Articulation See Humboldt  (H); Sound symbolism  (H)

• Artificial intelligence (MT); see also Cognitive psychology (MT) ; Cognitive science (MT) ; Communication (H) ; Computational linguistics (MT) ; Connectionism (MT) ; Context and contextualization (H) ; Frame analysis (M) ; Frame semantics (T) ; Speech act theory (MT)

• Artificial life See Language acquisition  (H)

• Ascription See Functional discourse grammar  (T)

• Aspect See Event representation  (H22); Markedness  (H); Tense and aspect  (H)

• Assertion See Austin  (H); Speech act theory  (MT)

• Assimilation See Language rights  (H)

• Asymmetric interaction See Applied linguistics  (MT); Communicative success vs. failure  (H); Computer-mediated communication  (H); Conversation types  (H); Frame analysis  (M); Mass media  (H); Nigerian hospital setting discourse  (H24)

• Attention and language (H)

• Attitude See Appraisal  (H); Dialectology  (MT); Methods in language-attitudes research  (M); Pluricentric languages  (H23); Social psychology  (MT); Stance  (H21)

• Attribution theory See Social psychology  (MT)

• Audience → See Hearer

• Audience design → See Recipient design

• Audience effect See Primate communication  (H)

• Augmentative See Morphopragmatics  (T)

• Austin, J. L. (H); see also Analytical philosophy (MT) ; Communicative success vs. failure (H) ; Contextualism (T) ; Grice (H) ; Speech act theory (MT)

• Authenticity (H); see also Identity (H24) ; Reported speech (H)

• Authier-Revuz, J. See Énonciation  (H)

• Authority (H); see also Evidentiality (H22) ; Honorifics (H)

• Authorship See Experimental pragmatics  (M); Forensic linguistics  (T)

• Autism See Clinical pragmatics  (T); Conceptual integration  (H)

• Auto-ethnography See Postcolonial pragmatics  (T)

• Automata theory See Computational linguistics  (MT)

• Automated communication See Globalization  (H25)

• Automaticity See Think-aloud protocols  (M)

• Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax (MT); see also Chomskyan linguistics (MT) ; Functionalism vs. formalism (MT) ; Structuralism (MT)

• Autonomy See Legitimation Code Theory  (T25)

• Avoidance See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  (H24); Wakimae  (H26)

• Awareness See Metalinguistic awareness  (H); Orthography and cognition  (H22)

• Axiology See Morris  (H)

• Baby talk → See Motherese

• Back channel cue See Listener response  (H)

• Background information See Cognitive science  (MT); Collaboration in dialogues  (H); Common ground  (H); Communication  (H); Context and contextualization  (H); Text and discourse linguistics  (T)

• Backgrounding See Argument structure  (H23); Grounding  (H)

• Bakhtin, M.M. (H); see also Chronotope (H25) ; Collaboration in dialogues (H) ; Crossing (H26) ; Dialogical analysis (MM) ; Genre (H) ; Heteroglossia (H26) ; Ideology (H) ; Intertextuality (H) ; Polyphony (H) ; Reported speech (H)

• Bally, C. See Énonciation  (H)

• Basilect See Creole linguistics  (MT)

• Bateson, G. (H); see also Communication (H)

• Behaviorism (MT); see also Cognitive psychology (MT) ; Grice (H) ; Morris (H) ; Objectivism vs. subjectivism (MT)

• Benveniste, E. (H); see also Énonciation (H)

• Bernstein, B. See Applied linguistics  (MT); Communicative success vs. failure  (H); Legitimation Code Theory  (T25)

• Bilingual interactive activation (BIA) See The multilingual lexicon  (H)

• Bilingualism and multilingualism (H); see also Accommodation theory (MT) ; Anderson (H21) ; Anthropological linguistics (MT) ; Borrowing (H) ; Code-switching (H) ; Code-switching and translanguaging (H22) ; Contact (H) ; Contact linguistics (MT) ; Developmental psychology (MT) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. (H24) ; Intercultural communication (H) ; Language contact (H) ; Language dominance and minorization (H) ; Language maintenance and shift (H21) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization (H) ; The multilingual lexicon (H) ; Pragmatics of script (H22) ; Social psychology (MT) ; Sociolinguistics (MT) ; Transience (H22) ; Translanguaging pedagogy (T)

• Binding See Anaphora  (H)

• Biodiversity See Language ecology  (H)

• Biology See Morris  (H)

• Biosemiotics See Communication  (H)

• Blended data See Social media research  (T)

• Blog See Social media research  (T)

• Boas, F. (H); see also Anthropological linguistics (MT) ; Culture (H) ; Fieldwork (MM) ; Sapir (H) ; Typology (MT) ; Whorf (H)

• Body See Ta’ārof  (H22); Tactile sign languages  (H21)

• Bootstrapping See Language acquisition  (H)

• Borrowing (H); see also Contact (H) ; Interjections (H) ; Language contact (H)

• Bourdieu, P. (H); see also Anderson (H21) ; Ideology (H) ; Legitimation Code Theory (T25) ; Power and the role of language (H25) ; Social institutions (H)

• Brain See Clinical pragmatics  (T); Developmental dyslexia  (H); Emotions  (H21); Neurolinguistics  (MT); Neuropragmatics  (T)

• Brain imaging → See Cerebral representation of language ; Cognitive science  (MT); Language acquisition  (H); Neurolinguistics  (MT); Neuropragmatics  (T); Perception and language  (H); Psycholinguistics  (MT)

• Bureaucratic language See Applied linguistics  (MT)

• Business communication See Communication  (H)

• Bühler, K. (H); see also Language psychology (T) ; Phatic communion (H)

• Caretaker discourse See Age and language use  (H)

• Carnap, R. See Analytical philosophy  (MT); Intensional logic  (MT)

• Carnival(esque) See Bakhtin  (H); Intertextuality  (H)

• Cartesian philosophy See Chomskyan linguistics  (MT)

• Case and semantic roles (H); see also Agency and language (H) ; Case grammar (MT) ; Cognitive grammar (MT) ; Cognitive linguistics (MT) ; Dependency and valency grammar (MT) ; Functional grammar (MT) ; Role and reference grammar (MT)

• Case grammar (MT); see also Case and semantic roles (H) ; Construction grammar (MT) ; Dependency and valency grammar (MT) ; Frame semantics (T) ; Functional grammar (MT) ; Role and reference grammar (MT)

• Caste and language (H23)

• Catastrophe theory (MT)

• Categorial imperative See Truthfulness  (H)

• Categorization (H); see also Adaptability (H) ; Cognitive grammar (MT) ; Cognitive linguistics (MT) ; Language dominance and minorization (H) ; Membership categorization analysis (T) ; Polysemy (H)

• Causality (H)

• Census See Caste and language  (H23)

• Centering theory See Tense and aspect  (H)

• Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication (H)

• Cerebral representation of language See Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication  (H); Neurolinguistics  (MT)

• Channel (H); see also Computer-mediated communication (H) ; Conversation types (H) ; Literacy (H) ; Mass media (H) ; Non-verbal communication (H) ; Politeness (H) ; Social media research (T) ; Text and discourse linguistics (T)

• Chaos theory See Catastrophe theory  (MT)

• Chat See Computer-mediated communication  (H)

• Child language See Ellipsis  (H); Ervin-Tripp, S.  (H24); Language acquisition  (H)

• ‘CHILDES’ See Language acquisition  (H)

• Choice-making See Adaptability  (H)

• Chomskyan linguistics (MT); see also Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax (MT) ; Interpretive semantics (MT) ; Language acquisition (H) ; Mentalism (MT)

• Chronometric studies See Psycholinguistics  (MT)

• Chronotope (H25); see also Bakhtin (H)

• Chunking See Linear Unit Grammar  (T)

• Cicourel, A. V. See Cognitive sociology  (MT)

• Citation See Working with language data  (M25)

• Class See Social class and language  (H)

• Classification1 See Typology  (MT)

• Classification2 See Taxonomy  (MM)

• Classroom interaction See Applied linguistics  (MT); Communicative success vs. failure  (H); Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms  (H)

• Clause structure See Attention and language  (H); Control phenomena  (H); Role and reference grammar  (MT)

• Clinical pragmatics (T); see also Cerebral representation of language; Nigerian hospital setting discourse (H24) ; Perception and language (H)

• Co-ordination See Cognitive psychology  (MT); Ellipsis  (H)

• Code See Code-switching  (H); Code-switching and translanguaging  (H22); Metalinguistic awareness  (H); Pragmatics of script  (H22); Register  (H); Semiotics  (MT)

• Code-autonomy See Code-switching and translanguaging  (H22)

• Code-switching (H); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism (H) ; Borrowing (H) ; Code-switching and translanguaging (H22) ; Contact linguistics (MT) ; Crossing (H26) ; Heteroglossia (H26) ; Language contact (H) ; Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms (H) ; Language maintenance and shift (H21) ; Pragmatics of script (H22)

• Code-switching and translanguaging (H22); see also Crossing (H26) ; Heteroglossia (H26)

• Codemixing See Code-switching  (H); Crossing  (H26)

• Coding See Bateson  (H); Evidentiality  (H22)

• Cognate See The multilingual lexicon  (H)

• Cognition See Adaptability  (H); Caste and language  (H23); Language acquisition  (H); Orthography and cognition  (H22)

• Cognitive anthropology (MT); see also Anthropological linguistics (MT)

• Cognitive grammar (MT); see also Case and semantic roles (H) ; Cognitive linguistics (MT) ; Metaphor (H)

• Cognitive linguistics (MT); see also Attention and language (H) ; Case and semantic roles (H) ; Cognitive grammar (MT) ; Cognitive science (MT) ; Directive (H26) ; Embodiment (H) ; Emotions (H21) ; Event representation (H22) ; Gesture research (T) ; Hermeneutics (M) ; Humor (H23) ; Language psychology (T) ; Mental spaces (H) ; (The) pragmatic perspective (M)

• Cognitive pragmatics See Clinical pragmatics  (T); Philosophy of mind  (MT)

• Cognitive psychology (MT); see also Artificial intelligence (MT) ; Behaviorism (MT) ; Clinical pragmatics (T) ; Cognitive science (MT) ; Comprehension vs. production (H) ; Connectionism (MT) ; Developmental psychology (MT) ; Experimentation (MM) ; Frame semantics (T) ; Gesture research (T) ; Intentionality (H) ; Perception and language (H) ; Psycholinguistics (MT)

• Cognitive science (MT); see also Artificial intelligence (MT) ; Cognitive linguistics (MT) ; Cognitive psychology (MT) ; Connectionism (MT) ; Context and contextualization (H) ; Experimentation (MM) ; Grice (H) ; Mentalism (MT) ; Perception and language (H) ; Philosophy of mind (MT)

• Cognitive semantics See Cognitive science  (MT); Componential analysis  (MT); Conceptual semantics  (T); Frame semantics  (T); Lexical semantics  (T)

• Cognitive sociology (MT); see also Emphasis (H) ; Ethnomethodology (MT) ; Sociolinguistics (MT) ; Symbolic interactionism (MT) ; Text and discourse linguistics (T)

• Cohesion and coherence (H); see also Communicative success vs. failure (H) ; Computational pragmatics (T) ; Ellipsis (H) ; Frame analysis (M) ; Systemic functional grammar (MT) ; Tense and aspect (H) ; Text and discourse linguistics (T)

• Collaboration in dialogues (H); see also Common ground (H) ; Conversational implicature (H) ; Conversational logic (MT) ; Listener response (H)

• Colligation See Collocation and colligation  (H); Metaphor  (H)

• Collocation and colligation (H)

• Colonization See Caste and language  (H23); Language dominance and minorization  (H)

• Color terms See Anthropological linguistics  (MT); Lexical semantics  (T); Perception and language  (H)

• Commodification See Ideology  (H)

• Common ground (H); see also Cognitive science (MT) ; Collaboration in dialogues (H) ; Communication (H) ; Context and contextualization (H) ; Lexically triggered veridicality inferences (H22) ; Text and discourse linguistics (T)

• Common sense See Ethnomethodology  (MT)

• Communication (H); see also Common ground (H)

• Communication disorders → See Language disorders

• Communication failure See Applied linguistics  (MT)

• Communicational dialectology See Dialectology  (MT)

• Communicative competence See Ethnography of speaking  (MT); Gumperz  (H); Hymes  (H26); Linguistic explanation  (MM); Motivation  (H)

• Communicative dynamism (H); see also Functional sentence perspective (H) ; Ọmọlúàbí (H) ; Word order (H)

• Communicative effect See Interlanguage pragmatics  (T)

• Communicative style (H); see also Cultural scripts (H) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. (H24) ; Non-verbal communication (H) ; Register (H)

• Communicative success vs. failure (H)

• Community See Pragmatics of script  (H22)

• Community of practice See Social class and language  (H); Workplace interaction  (H25)

• Comparative method See Contrastive analysis  (MM)

• Competence vs. performance → See Cerebral representation of language ; Chomskyan linguistics  (MT)

• Complaining (H25)

• Complement control See Control phenomena  (H)

• Complexity See Workplace interaction  (H25); Youth language  (H25)

• Compliment See Corpus pragmatics  (M)

• Componential analysis (MT); see also Anthropological linguistics (MT) ; Cultural scripts (H) ; Generative semantics (MT) ; Lexical field analysis (MT) ; Lexical semantics (T) ; Structuralism (MT)

• Comprehension vs. production (H); see also Cohesion and coherence (H) ; Communication (H) ; Irony (H) ; Mediated performatives (H) ; Psycholinguistics (MT) ; Speech act theory (MT) ; Text comprehension (H)

• Compression See Conceptual integration  (H)

• Computational linguistics (MT); see also Artificial intelligence (MT) ; Lexical functional grammar (MT) ; Text and discourse linguistics (T)

• Computational pragmatics (T)

• Computer communication See Artificial intelligence  (MT); Computational pragmatics  (T); Computer-mediated communication  (H)

• Computer corpora See Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora  (N)

• Computer modeling See Cognitive science  (MT)

• Computer programming See Artificial intelligence  (MT)

• Computer-mediated communication (H); see also Chronotope (H25) ; Complaining (H25) ; Computational pragmatics (T) ; Literacy (H) ; Social media research (T)

• Conceptual blending See Conceptual integration  (H); Metaphor  (H)

• Conceptual dependency theory See Artificial intelligence  (MT)

• Conceptual integration (H)

• Conceptual metaphor theory See Metaphor  (H)

• Conceptual semantics (T); see also Interpretive semantics (MT)

• Conceptual vs. linguistic representation See Cognitive anthropology  (MT); Cognitive psychology  (MT); Event representation  (H22)

• Conceptualization See Cognitive grammar  (MT); Cognitive linguistics  (MT); Event representation  (H22)

• Condition of satisfaction See Intentionality  (H)

• Conditional See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  (H22)

• Conflict talk See Applied linguistics  (MT)

• Connectionism (MT); see also Artificial intelligence (MT) ; Cognitive psychology (MT) ; Cognitive science (MT) ; Language acquisition (H) ; Psycholinguistics (MT)

• Connectivity See Cohesion and coherence  (H)

• Connotation → See Cerebral representation of language ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  (H24)

• Consciousness and language (H); see also Attention and language (H) ; Folk pragmatics (T) ; Metapragmatics (MT) ; Participation (H) ; Perception and language (H)

• Considerateness → See Tact

• Consistency-checking device See Manipulation  (H)

• Construction grammar (MT); see also Case grammar (MT) ; Emergent grammar (T) ; Frame semantics (T) ; Word order (H)

• Constructional analysis (T); see also Collocation and colligation (H) ; Construction grammar (MT) ; Constructional analysis (T)

• Constructionism See Applied linguistics  (MT); Argumentation theory  (MT); Cognitive anthropology  (MT); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  (MT); Developmental psychology  (MT); Intercultural communication  (H); Narrative  (H); Social institutions  (H)

• Constructivism → See Constructionism

• Contact (H); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism (H) ; Bilingualism and multilingualism (H) ; Contact linguistics (MT) ; Creole linguistics (MT) ; Creoles and creolization (H) ; Crossing (H26) ; Language change (H) ; Language contact (H) ; Language maintenance and shift (H21)

• Contact linguistics (MT); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism (H) ; Contact (H) ; Creole linguistics (MT) ; Creoles and creolization (H) ; Dialectology (MT) ; Intercultural communication (H) ; Interjections (H) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization (H) ; Sociolinguistics (MT) ; Speech community (H) ; Typology (MT) ; Variational pragmatics (T)

• Context and contextualization (H); see also Accommodation theory (MT) ; Activity types and pragmatic acts (H26) ; Aisatsu (H) ; Anthropological linguistics (MT) ; Argument structure (H23) ; Artificial intelligence (MT) ; Bateson (H) ; Cerebral representation of language; Cognitive science (MT) ; Cohesion and coherence (H) ; Common ground (H) ; Communication (H) ; Communicative style (H) ; Computational pragmatics (T) ; Contextualism (T) ; Conversation analysis (MT) ; Conversation types (H) ; Conversational implicature (H) ; Conversational logic (MT) ; Crossing (H26) ; Dialogical analysis (MM) ; Discourse markers (H) ; Ellipsis (H) ; Emphasis (H) ; Énonciation (H) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. (H24) ; Ethnography of speaking (MT) ; Ethnomethodology (MT) ; Evolutionary pragmatics (T) ; Experimental pragmatics (M) ; Firthian linguistics (MT) ; Frame analysis (M) ; Generative semantics (MT) ; Goffman (H) ; Gumperz (H) ; Halliday (H26) ; Hymes (H26) ; Impoliteness (H) ; Indexicals and demonstratives (H) ; Integrational linguistics (T) ; Intensional logic (MT) ; Interactional sociolinguistics (MT) ; Intercultural communication (H) ; Intertextuality (H) ; Language psychology (T) ; Laughter (H) ; Literary pragmatics (MT) ; Metalinguistic awareness (H) ; Model-theoretic semantics (MT) ; Motivation and language (H) ; Narrative (H) ; Notation in formal semantics (MN) ; Politeness (H) ; Polysemy (H) ; Presupposition (H) ; Prosody (H) ; Rhetoric (MT) ; Social media research (T) ; Stance (H21) ; Style and styling (H21) ; Symbolic interactionism (MT) ; Tactile sign languages (H21) ; Text comprehension (H) ; Truthfulness (H) ; Workplace interaction (H25)

• Context change See Context and contextualization  (H)

• Context modelling See Formal pragmatics  (MT)

• Context-of-situation See Context and contextualization  (H); Firthian linguistics  (MT); Malinowski  (H); Register  (H); Systemic functional grammar  (MT)

• Context-sensitive vs. context-free grammar See Computational linguistics  (MT); Functional sentence perspective  (H)

• Context-sensitiveness See Context and contextualization  (H)

• Contextualism (T); see also Context and contextualization (H)

• Contextualization cue See Gumperz  (H); Style and styling  (H21)

• Continuity See Historical politeness  (T)

• Continuity hypothesis See Language acquisition  (H)

• Contrast See Functional discourse grammar  (T)

• Contrastive analysis (MM); see also Developmental psychology (MT) ; Error analysis (MM) ; Historical politeness (T) ; Intercultural communication (H) ; Interlanguage pragmatics (T) ; Language change (H) ; Pragmatic markers (H)

• Contrastive pragmatics (T); see also Contrastive pragmatics (T) ; Ethnography of speaking (MT) ; Intercultural communication (H) ; Interlanguage pragmatics (T) ; Mianzi / lian (H21) ; Translation studies (T) ; Typology (MT) ; Variational pragmatics (T)

• Control See Public discourse  (H); Social institutions  (H)

• Control phenomena (H)

• Conventional implicature See Grice  (H); Implicitness  (H); Truth-conditional pragmatics  (T)

• Conventionalism See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  (H22)

• Conventionality See Adaptability  (H); Conventions of language  (H); Gesture research  (T); Metaphor  (H); Nigerian hospital setting discourse  (H24); Primate communication  (H); Speech act theory  (MT); Wakimae  (H26)

• Conventions of language (H); see also Austin (H) ; Conversational implicature (H) ; Conversational logic (MT) ; Grice (H) ; Speech act

• Convergence See Accommodation theory  (MT); Contact  (H)

• Conversation See Collaboration in dialogues  (H); Conversation analysis  (MT); Gesture research  (T); Humor  (H23); Indeterminacy and negotiation  (H); Institutional interaction  (H23); Mass media  (H); Narrative  (H)

• Conversation analysis (MT); see also Age and language use (H) ; Communication (H) ; Communicative success vs. failure (H) ; Computational pragmatics (T) ; Context and contextualization (H) ; Conversation types (H) ; Conversational storytelling (H24) ; Discourse markers (H) ; Embodied interaction (H23) ; Emphasis (H) ; Ethnography of speaking (MT) ; Ethnomethodology (MT) ; Forensic linguistics (T) ; Goffman (H) ; Gumperz (H) ; Hermeneutics (M) ; Humor (H23) ; Institutional interaction (H23) ; Interactional linguistics (T) ; Interactional sociolinguistics (MT) ; Intertextuality (H) ; Language psychology (T) ; Laughter (H) ; Linear Unit Grammar (T) ; Listener response (H) ; Mass media (H) ; Membership categorization analysis (T) ; Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora (N) ; Overlap (H) ; (The) pragmatic perspective (M) ; Prosody (H) ; Repair (H) ; Sacks (H) ; Sequence (H) ; Social psychology (MT) ; Text and discourse linguistics (T) ; Therapeutic conversation (H) ; Transcription systems for spoken discourse (MN) ; Workplace interaction (H25)

• Conversation types (H)

• Conversational implicature (H); see also Analytical philosophy (MT) ; Clinical pragmatics (T) ; Context and contextualization (H) ; Conversational logic (MT) ; Ellipsis (H) ; Experimental pragmatics (M) ; Grice (H) ; Implicature and language change (H) ; Implicitness (H) ; Interlanguage pragmatics (T) ; Language and the law (H) ; Politeness (H) ; Relevance theory (MT) ; Speech act theory (MT) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics (T) ; Truthfulness (H)

• Conversational logic (MT); see also Context and contextualization (H) ; Conversational implicature (H) ; Generative semantics (MT) ; Grice (H) ; Philosophy of language (MT) ; Relevance theory (MT) ; Speech act theory (MT)

• Conversational move → See Move

• Conversational storytelling (H24); see also Conversation analysis (MT) ; Life stories (H) ; Narrative (H)

• Conversationalism See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  (H22)

• Cooperative principle See Computational pragmatics  (T); Conversational implicature  (H); Conversational logic  (MT); Creativity in language use  (H); Grice  (H); Humor  (H23); Implicature and language change  (H); Implicitness  (H); Irony  (H); Politeness  (H); Silence  (H); Truthfulness  (H); Universals  (H23)

• Copenhagen circle See Structuralism  (MT)

• Coreference See Anaphora  (H)

• Corpus analysis (MM); see also Collocation and colligation (H) ; Corpus pragmatics (M) ; Language acquisition (H) ; Leech (H) ; Postcolonial pragmatics (T) ; Pragmatic markers (H) ; Psycholinguistics (MT) ; Statistics (MM) ; Structuralism (MT) ; Text and discourse linguistics (T) ; Translation studies (T) ; Variational pragmatics (T)

• Corpus pragmatics (M); see also Corpus analysis (MM)

• Correlational sociolinguistics (T); see also Dialectology (MT) ; Methods in language-attitudes research (M) ; Pluricentric languages (H23) ; Sociolinguistics (MT) ; Statistics (MM)

• Coseriu See Structuralism  (MT)

• Cosmology See Legitimation Code Theory  (T25)

• Courtroom conversation See Forensic linguistics  (T); Interpreter-mediated interaction  (H); Language and the law  (H)

• Creativity in language use (H); see also Authenticity (H) ; Bühler (H) ; Code-switching and translanguaging (H22) ; Cognitive science (MT) ; Euphemism (H24) ; Humboldt (H) ; Language acquisition (H) ; Think-aloud protocols (M)

• Creature construction See Grice  (H)

• Creole linguistics (MT); see also Contact (H) ; Contact linguistics (MT) ; Creoles and creolization (H) ; Historical linguistics (MT) ; Sociolinguistics (MT)

• Creoles and creolization (H); see also Contact (H) ; Contact linguistics (MT) ; Creole linguistics (MT) ; Historical linguistics (MT) ; Intercultural communication (H) ; Language contact (H) ; Sociolinguistics (MT)

• Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (MT); see also Emphasis (H) ; General semantics (MT) ; Ideology (H) ; Intercultural communication (H) ; Intertextuality (H) ; Language ideologies (H) ; Manipulation (H) ; Marxist linguistics (MT) ; Mass media (H) ; Nexus analysis (T) ; Polyphony (H) ; Postcolonial pragmatics (T) ; Text and discourse linguistics (T) ; Text linguistics (MT) ; Truthfulness (H)

• Critical theory (MT); see also Intercultural communication (H) ; Universal and transcendental pragmatics (MT)

• Cross-cultural communication See Intercultural communication  (H)

• Cross-cultural pragmatics See Directive  (H26); Listener response  (H); Overlap  (H); Text and discourse linguistics  (T); Wakimae  (H26)

• Cross-cultural psychology See Cognitive anthropology  (MT); Developmental psychology  (MT)

• Cross-sectional method See Developmental psychology  (MT)

• Crossing (H26); see also Code-switching and translanguaging (H22) ; Heteroglossia (H26) ; Style and styling (H21)

• Crying See Emotion display  (H)

• Culioli, A. See Énonciation  (H)

• Cultural anthropology See Anthropological linguistics  (MT); Cognitive anthropology  (MT)

• Cultural model See Cognitive science  (MT)

• Cultural scripts (H); see also Communicative style (H) ; Componential analysis (MT) ; Culture (H)

• Cultural studies See Ethnography of speaking  (MT); Literary pragmatics  (MT); Translation studies  (T)

• Culture (H); see also Anthropological linguistics (MT) ; Behaviorism (MT) ; Boas (H) ; Context and contextualization (H) ; Contrastive analysis (MM) ; Cultural scripts (H) ; Default interpretations (H) ; Ethnography (MM) ; Evolutionary pragmatics (T) ; Fieldwork (MM) ; Gumperz (H) ; Humboldt (H) ; Ideology (H) ; Intercultural communication (H) ; Interjections (H) ; Mentalism (MT) ; Mianzi / lian (H21) ; Morphopragmatics (T) ; Objectivism vs. subjectivism (MT) ; Ọmọlúàbí (H) ; Politeness (H) ; Repair (H) ; Sapir (H) ; Semiotics (MT) ; Sociolinguistics (MT) ; Style and styling (H21) ; Whorf (H)

• Curse See Impoliteness  (H)

• Cynicism See Irony  (H)

• Data collection/coding/analysis See Working with language data  (M25)

• Davidson, D. See Analytical philosophy  (MT)

• Deception See Truthfulness  (H)

• Decolonizing See Postcolonial pragmatics  (T)

• Deconstruction (MM); see also Literary pragmatics (MT)

• Deduction See Grounded theory  (M)

• Default interpretations (H)

• Default semantics See Default interpretations  (H)

• Deference See Ọmọlúàbí  (H); Ta’ārof  (H22)

• Definite articles See Definiteness  (H)

• Definite description See Game-theoretical semantics  (MT); Reference and descriptions  (H)

• Definiteness (H)

• Degree See Communicative dynamism  (H)

• Deixis (H); see also Bühler (H) ; Context and contextualization (H) ; Énonciation (H) ; Honorifics (H) ; Mental spaces (H) ; Non-verbal communication (H) ; Peirce (H) ; Politeness (H) ; Universals (H23)

• Deletion See Ellipsis  (H)

• Dementia See Clinical pragmatics  (T)

• Demonstrative See Indexicals and demonstratives  (H)

• Denotation → See Cerebral representation of language ; Polysemy  (H)

• Deontic logic (MT); see also Epistemic logic (MT) ; Logical semantics (MT) ; Modal logic (MT) ; Modality (H)

• Dependency See Argument structure  (H23); Dependency and valency grammar  (MT); Frame semantics  (T); Polysemy  (H); Predicates and predication  (H); Role and reference grammar  (MT)

• Dependency and valency grammar (MT); see also Case and semantic roles (H) ; Case grammar (MT) ; Role and reference grammar (MT)

• Depiction See Gesture research  (T)

• Derogatory language See Feminism and language  (H24); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  (H24)

• Derrida, J. See Deconstruction  (MM)

• Detention hearing → See Police interrogation

• Deutero-learning See Bateson  (H)

• Developmental dyslexia (H); see also Clinical pragmatics (T) ; Developmental psychology (MT) ; Language acquisition (H) ; Literacy (H) ; Pragmatic acquisition (H) ; Psycholinguistics (MT)

• Developmental pragmatics See Developmental psychology  (MT); Ervin-Tripp, S.  (H24); Language acquisition  (H); Second language acquisition

• Developmental psychology (MT); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism (H) ; Cognitive psychology (MT) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. (H24) ; Psycholinguistics (MT) ; Vygotsky (H)

• Dewey, J. See Morris  (H); Pragmatism  (MT)

• Diachrony See Language change  (H)

• Diacritic See Phonetic notation systems  (N)

• Dialect (H); see also Anderson (H21) ; Argument structure (H23) ; Dialectology (MT) ; Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics (T) ; Folk pragmatics (T) ; Heteroglossia (H26) ; Integrational linguistics (T)

• Dialect formation See Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics  (T)

• Dialect geography See Dialectology  (MT)

• Dialect leveling/loss See Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics  (T)

• Dialectology (MT); see also Contact linguistics (MT) ; Correlational sociolinguistics (T) ; Dialect (H) ; Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics (T) ; Historical linguistics (MT) ; Reconstruction (MM) ; Sociolinguistics (MT) ; Youth language (H25)

• Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics (T)

• Dialog modeling See Artificial intelligence  (MT); Computational pragmatics  (T)

• Dialog system See Artificial intelligence  (MT); Computational pragmatics  (T)

• Dialogical analysis (MM); see also Collaboration in dialogues (H) ; Context and contextualization (H) ; Foucault (H) ; Humboldt (H) ; Interactional linguistics (T) ; Peirce (H)

• Dialogism See Appraisal  (H); Heteroglossia  (H26); Intertextuality  (H); Stance  (H21)

• Dialogue See Bakhtin  (H); Collaboration in dialogues  (H); Interpreter-mediated interaction  (H); Polyphony  (H)

• Diaphor See Metaphor  (H)

• Digital world See Chronotope  (H25); Complaining  (H25); Computer-mediated communication  (H); Youth language  (H25)

• Digitization See Working with language data  (M25)

• Diglossia See Language contact  (H)

• Dik, S. See Functional grammar  (MT)

• Diminutive See Morphopragmatics  (T)

• Direct vs. indirect speech See Reported speech  (H)

• Directive (H26); see also Ervin-Tripp, S. (H24) ; Speech act; Speech act theory (MT)

• Discourse See Argumentation in discourse and grammar  (H); Bakhtin  (H); Cognitive sociology  (MT); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  (MT); Discourse markers  (H); Ethnography  (MM); Foucault  (H); Grounding  (H); Intertextuality  (H); Language psychology  (T); Mental spaces  (H); Narrative  (H); Neuropragmatics  (T); Nexus analysis  (T); Polyphony  (H); Public discourse  (H); Social institutions  (H); Systemic functional grammar  (MT); Text and discourse linguistics  (T); Text structure  (H)

• Discourse act See Functional discourse grammar  (T)

• Discourse analysis See Channel  (H); Cognitive sociology  (MT); Common ground  (H); Conversation analysis  (MT); Corpus analysis  (MM); Creole linguistics  (MT); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  (MT); Geneva school  (MT); Grounding  (H); Historical pragmatics  (T); Ideology  (H); Mass media  (H); Multimodality  (H); Nigerian hospital setting discourse  (H24); Prague school  (MT); Rhetoric  (MT); Social psychology  (MT); Structuralism  (MT); Stylistics  (MT); Text and discourse linguistics  (T); Text linguistics  (MT); Truthfulness  (H)

• Discourse attuning See Accommodation theory  (MT)

• Discourse completion test See Intercultural communication  (H)

• Discourse focus See Anaphora  (H)

• Discourse genre See Genre  (H)

• Discourse linking See Discourse representation theory  (MT)

• Discourse markers (H); see also Historical pragmatics (T) ; Interjections (H) ; Polyphony (H) ; Pragmatic markers (H) ; Pragmatic particles (H)

• Discourse mode See Register  (H)

• Discourse representation theory (MT); see also Default interpretations (H) ; Game-theoretical semantics (MT) ; Logical semantics (MT) ; Montague and categorial grammar (MT) ; Situation semantics (MT) ; Tense and aspect (H)

• Discourse sociolinguistics See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  (MT)

• Discourse topic See Consciousness and language  (H)

• Discursive ethics See Universal and transcendental pragmatics  (MT)

• Discursive formation See Foucault  (H)

• Discursive order See Foucault  (H)

• Discursive psychology See Authority  (H); Language psychology  (T); Motivation  (H)

• Discursive relation See Legitimation Code Theory  (T25)

• Dismissal See Impoliteness  (H)

• Displacement See Adaptability  (H)

• Distinctive feature See Jakobson  (H21)

• Divergence See Accommodation theory  (MT)

• Diversity See Anderson  (H21); Language maintenance and shift  (H21); Superdiversity  (H21)

• Doctor‒patient interaction → See Medical interaction

• Document design See Applied linguistics  (MT)

• Donnellan, K. See Reference and descriptions  (H)

• Double bind See Bateson  (H)

• Double object construction See Argument structure  (H23)

• Drift See Language change  (H)

• Ducrot, O. See Argumentation theory  (MT); Énonciation  (H); Polyphony  (H)

• Dummett, M. See Analytical philosophy  (MT)

• Durkheim, Emile See Sociology of language  (T)

• Dyadic interaction See Conversation types  (H); Statistics  (MM)

• Dynamic semantic functions See Communicative dynamism  (H)

• Dynamic semantics See Presupposition  (H)

• Dyslexia See Orthography and cognition  (H22)

• Dysphasia See Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication  (H)

• Dysphemism See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  (H24)

• E-mail communication See Computer-mediated communication  (H)

• Ebonics See ‘Other’ representation  (H)

• Education See Applied linguistics  (MT); Code-switching and translanguaging  (H22); Ideology  (H); Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms  (H); Language rights  (H); Linguistic landscape studies  (T); Literacy  (H); Translanguaging pedagogy  (T)

• Effectiveness See Communicative success vs. failure  (H); Swearing  (H25)

• Egocentric speech See Vygotsky  (H)

• Elicitation (MM); see also Fieldwork (MM) ; Interview (MM) ; Methods in language-attitudes research (M)

• Ellipsis (H); see also Argument structure (H23)

• Emancipation See Feminism and language  (H24); Postcolonial pragmatics  (T)

• Emancipatory pragmatics See Postcolonial pragmatics  (T)

• Embedding See Frame analysis  (M)

• Embodied interaction (H23)

• Embodiment (H); see also Embodied interaction (H23) ; Gesture research (T) ; Humor (H23) ; Pragmatics of script (H22)

• Emergence See Adaptability  (H)

• Emergent grammar (T)

• Emotion display (H); see also Laughter (H) ; Silence (H)

• Emotions (H21); see also Appraisal (H) ; Emotion display (H) ; Impoliteness (H) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo (H24) ; Swearing (H25)

• Emphasis (H)

• Encoding See Orthography and cognition  (H22)

• Endangered languages See Language ecology  (H)

• Engagement See Appraisal  (H); Evidentiality  (H22); Nexus analysis  (T)

• Engels, Friedrich See Ideology  (H)

• English (as a global language) See Linguistic landscape studies  (T); Postcolonial pragmatics  (T)

• Énonciation (H); see also Benveniste (H)

• Enregisterment See Crossing  (H26)

• Entailment See Implicitness  (H); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  (H22)

• Entrenchment See Conceptual integration  (H)

• Enunciation See Benveniste  (H); Polyphony  (H)

• Environment See Context and contextualization  (H); Gesture research  (T); Tactile sign languages  (H21)

• Epiphor See Metaphor  (H)

• Epistemic authority See Conversational storytelling  (H24); Evidentiality  (H22)

• Epistemic dynamics See Epistemic logic  (MT)

• Epistemic logic (MT); see also Deontic logic (MT) ; Logical semantics (MT) ; Modal logic (MT) ; Modality (H) ; Possible worlds semantics (MT)

• Epistemic relation See Legitimation Code Theory  (T25)

• Epistemology (MT); see also Austin (H) ; Foucault (H) ; Objectivism vs. subjectivism (MT) ; Ontology (MT) ; Perception and language (H)

• Epistemology of testimony (T)

• Erklären vs. Verstehen See Grounded theory  (M)

• Error analysis (MM); see also Contrastive analysis (MM)

• Ervin-Tripp, S. (H24); see also Developmental psychology (MT) ; Language acquisition (H) ; Sociolinguistics (MT)

• Ethnicity See Crossing  (H26); Culture  (H); Humor  (H23); Intercultural communication  (H); Language dominance and minorization  (H); Language policy, language planning and standardization  (H)

• Ethnographic semantics See Anthropological linguistics  (MT); Taxonomy  (MM)

• Ethnography (MM); see also Anderson (H21) ; Anthropological linguistics (MT) ; Bourdieu (H) ; Developmental psychology (MT) ; Ethnography of speaking (MT) ; Fieldwork (MM) ; Hymes (H26) ; Linguistic landscape studies (T) ; Social media research (T)

• Ethnography of communication See Ethnography of speaking  (MT); Hymes  (H26)

• Ethnography of speaking (MT); see also Anthropological linguistics (MT) ; Context and contextualization (H) ; Conversation analysis (MT) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. (H24) ; Gumperz (H) ; Hymes (H26) ; Interactional sociolinguistics (MT) ; Intercultural communication (H) ; Nexus analysis (T) ; Phatic communion (H) ; Style and styling (H21)

• Ethnomethodology (MT); see also Cognitive sociology (MT) ; Context and contextualization (H) ; Conversation analysis (MT) ; Humor (H23) ; Interactional sociolinguistics (MT) ; Language psychology (T) ; Membership categorization analysis (T) ; Phenomenology (MT) ; (The) pragmatic perspective (M) ; Sacks (H) ; Social psychology (MT) ; Symbolic interactionism (MT)

• Ethnopoetics See Hymes  (H26)

• Ethnoscience See Anthropological linguistics  (MT)

• Ethogenics See Social psychology  (MT)

• Euphemism (H24); see also Morphopragmatics (T) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo (H24)

• Evaluation See Appraisal  (H); Chronotope  (H25); Emphasis  (H); Stance  (H21)

• Evaluation task See Methods in language-attitudes research  (M)

• Event representation (H22)

• Event types See Event representation  (H22)

• Event-related potential See Cognitive science  (MT); Language acquisition  (H)

• Evidence See Evidentiality  (H22)

• Evidentiality (H22); see also Appraisal (H) ; Authority (H) ; Modality (H) ; Stance (H21)

• Evolution (theory) See Adaptability  (H); Evolutionary pragmatics  (T)

• Evolutionary pragmatics (T)

• Executive function See Clinical pragmatics  (T)

• Exemplar model See Psycholinguistics  (MT)

• Expectation See Frame analysis  (M); Mediated performatives  (H)

• Experimental pragmatics (M); see also Experimentation (MM)

• Experimentation (MM); see also Cognitive psychology (MT) ; Cognitive science (MT) ; Ethnomethodology (MT) ; Experimental pragmatics (M) ; Methods in language-attitudes research (M) ; Orthography and cognition (H22) ; Psycholinguistics (MT) ; Sound symbolism (H) ; Statistics (MM) ; Think-aloud protocols (M) ; Variational pragmatics (T)

• Expertise See Cognitive sociology  (MT); Forensic linguistics  (T)

• Explaining vs. understanding → See Erklären vs. Verstehen

• Explanation See Linguistic explanation  (MM)

• Explicature See Implicitness  (H); Truth-conditional pragmatics  (T)

• Expression → See Functions of language

• Extension → See Intension vs. extension

• Face See Directive  (H26); Goffman  (H); Impoliteness  (H); Mianzi / lian  (H21); Politeness  (H); Silence  (H); Ta’ārof  (H22); Wakimae  (H26)

• Face-to-face interaction See Accommodation theory  (MT); Cognitive sociology  (MT); Computer-mediated communication  (H); Conversation analysis  (MT); Intercultural communication  (H); Prosody  (H)

• Facebook See Social media research  (T)

• Factivity See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  (H22)

• False friends See The multilingual lexicon  (H)

• Familiarity See Information structure  (H)

• Feedback See Adaptability  (H); Tactile sign languages  (H21)

• Feeling(s) See Appraisal  (H)

• Felicity condition See Speech act theory  (MT)

• Feminism and language (H24)

• Ferguson, C. See Register  (H)

• Field See Register  (H)

• Fieldwork (MM); see also Anthropological linguistics (MT) ; Boas (H) ; Elicitation (MM) ; Ethnography (MM) ; Ethnography of speaking (MT) ; Interview (MM) ; Malinowski (H)

• Figure vs. ground See Grounding  (H)

• Figures of speech (H); see also Cultural scripts (H) ; Emphasis (H)

• File change semantics See Computational linguistics  (MT); Discourse representation theory  (MT)

• Fillmore, C. J. See Case grammar  (MT); Frame semantics  (T)

• Firth, J. R. (H); see also Firthian linguistics (MT) ; Halliday (H26) ; Register (H) ; Systemic functional grammar (MT)

• Firthian linguistics (MT); see also Context and contextualization (H) ; Firth (H) ; Phatic communion (H) ; Systemic functional grammar (MT)

• Flexibility See Primate communication  (H)

• Focalisation See Tense and aspect  (H)

• Focalizer See Functional sentence perspective  (H)

• Focus → See Topic vs. focus

• Focus domain See Argument structure  (H23)

• Focus structure See Role and reference grammar  (MT)

• Folk classification See Anthropological linguistics  (MT); Cognitive anthropology  (MT); Language ideologies  (H); Metalinguistic awareness  (H); Taxonomy  (MM)

• Folk linguistics See Socio-onomastics  (T)

• Folk pragmatics (T); see also Methods in language-attitudes research (M)

• Folk psychology See Philosophy of mind  (MT)

• Footing See Frame analysis  (M); Goffman  (H); Participation  (H)

• Foregrounding See Grounding  (H)

• Foreigner talk See Intercultural communication  (H); Register  (H)

• Forensic linguistics (T); see also Applied linguistics (MT)

• Form vs. function See Corpus pragmatics  (M); Sapir  (H)

• Form-function mapping → See Form vs. function

• Formal dialectics See Argumentation theory  (MT)

• Formal linguistics See Linguistic explanation  (MM)

• Formal pragmatics (MT); see also Analytical philosophy (MT) ; Logical semantics (MT) ; Montague and categorial grammar (MT)

• Formality See Conversation types  (H); Register  (H)

• Formulaic language → See Routine formula

• Formulation See Rhetoric  (MT)

• Foucault, M. (H); see also Critical theory (MT) ; Ideology (H) ; Jargon (H) ; Power and the role of language (H25)

• Frame (analysis) (M); see also Artificial intelligence (MT) ; Bateson (H) ; Cognitive science (MT) ; Emphasis (H) ; Frame semantics (T) ; Gesture research (T) ; Goffman (H) ; Humor (H23) ; Mental spaces (H) ; Metalinguistic awareness (H) ; Non-verbal communication (H) ; (The) pragmatic perspective (M)

• Frame semantics (T); see also Collocation and colligation (H) ; Context and contextualization (H) ; Dependency and valency grammar (MT) ; Event representation (H22) ; Lexical field analysis (MT) ; Lexical semantics (T)

• Frankfurt school → See Adorno ; Habermas

• Frege, G. See Analytical philosophy  (MT); Intensional logic  (MT); Reference and descriptions  (H); Semantics vs. pragmatics  (T); Speech act theory  (MT)

• Fremdverstehen See Grounded theory  (M)

• Frequency See Markedness  (H); Statistics  (MM); Swearing  (H25)

• Functional discourse grammar (T)

• Functional explanation See Linguistic explanation  (MM)

• Functional grammar (MT); see also Case and semantic roles (H) ; Case grammar (MT) ; Mathesius (H) ; Prague school (MT) ; Predicates and predication (H) ; Systemic functional grammar (MT) ; Word order (H)

• Functional sentence perspective (H); see also Communicative dynamism (H) ; Mathesius (H) ; Prague school (MT) ; Word order (H)

• Functionalism vs. formalism (MT); see also Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax (MT) ; Cognitive science (MT) ; Communicative dynamism (H) ; Emergent grammar (T) ; Linguistic explanation (MM) ; Mathesius (H) ; (The) pragmatic perspective (M) ; Translation studies (T)

• Functions of language See Bühler  (H); Emotion display  (H); Evolutionary pragmatics  (T); Functional discourse grammar  (T); Functionalism vs. formalism  (MT); Historical politeness  (T); Impoliteness  (H); Jakobson  (H21); Participation  (H); Prague school  (MT); Relational ritual  (H); Silence  (H); Systemic functional grammar  (MT)

• Fund See Predicates and predication  (H)

• Fuzziness → See Vagueness

• Fuzzy set theory See Categorization  (H); Lexical semantics  (T)

• Game-theoretical semantics (MT); see also Discourse representation theory (MT) ; Logical semantics (MT) ; Model-theoretic semantics (MT)

• Gapping See Ellipsis  (H)

• Garfinkel, H. See Ethnomethodology  (MT)

• GDPR See Working with language data  (M25)

• Gender (H); see also Authority (H) ; Caste and language (H23) ; Computer-mediated communication (H) ; Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (MT) ; Feminism and language (H24) ; Humor (H23) ; Identity (H24) ; Interjections (H) ; Laughter (H) ; Listener response (H) ; Overlap (H) ; Silence (H) ; Swearing (H25) ; Workplace interaction (H25)

• General rhetoric See Rhetoric  (MT)

• General semantics (MT); see also Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (MT)

• Generalized catastrophe See Catastrophe theory  (MT)

• Generalized phrase structure grammar See Computational linguistics  (MT); Construction grammar  (MT); Interpretive semantics  (MT)

• Generative semantics (MT); see also Componential analysis (MT) ; Conceptual semantics (T) ; Conversational logic (MT) ; Interpretive semantics (MT) ; (The) pragmatic perspective (M)

• Generative(-transformational) linguistics See Attention and language  (H); Chomskyan linguistics  (MT); Cognitive linguistics  (MT); Computational linguistics  (MT); Creativity in language use  (H); Historical linguistics  (MT); Interpretive semantics  (MT); Language acquisition  (H); Language change  (H); Lexical semantics  (T)

• Genetic linguistics See Historical linguistics  (MT); Language change  (H); Reconstruction  (MM)

• Geneva school (MT); see also Structuralism (MT) ; Text and discourse linguistics (T)

• Genre (H); see also Bakhtin (H) ; Channel (H) ; Conversation types (H) ; Conversational logic (MT) ; Narrative (H) ; Tense and aspect (H) ; Text and discourse linguistics (T) ; Text type (H)

• Geographical origin See Laughter  (H)

• Geolinguistics See Contact linguistics  (MT); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics  (T); Linguistic landscape studies  (T)

• Gestalt psychology See Behaviorism  (MT); Cognitive psychology  (MT); Metaphor  (H)

• Gesticulation See Gesture research  (T)

• Gesture See Communication  (H); Gesture research  (T); Non-verbal communication  (H); Primate communication  (H); Prosody  (H)

• Gesture research (T); see also Non-verbal communication (H)

• Given vs. new See Argument structure  (H23); Argumentation in discourse and grammar  (H); Computational pragmatics  (T); Definiteness  (H); Functional sentence perspective  (H); Information structure  (H); Word order  (H)

• Globalization (H25); see also Code-switching and translanguaging (H22) ; Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics (T) ; Language dominance and minorization (H) ; Power and the role of language (H25) ; Translanguaging pedagogy (T) ; Youth language (H25)

• Glossematics See Semiotics  (MT); Structuralism  (MT)

• Glottochronology See Historical linguistics  (MT)

• Goffman, E. (H); see also Conversation analysis (MT) ; Frame analysis (M) ; Participation (H) ; Politeness (H) ; Public discourse (H) ; Reported speech (H) ; Symbolic interactionism (MT)

• Government and binding theory See Chomskyan linguistics  (MT); Construction grammar  (MT); Interpretive semantics  (MT)

• Gradience See Categorization  (H)

• Grammar See Argumentation in discourse and grammar  (H); Leech  (H); Nigerian hospital setting discourse  (H24)

• Grammatical constraints See Code-switching  (H)

• Grammatical metaphor See Metaphor  (H)

• Grammatical relations See Agency and language  (H); Polysemy  (H); Role and reference grammar  (MT)

• Grammatical status See Grammaticalization and pragmatics  (T)

• Grammaticalization See Constructional analysis  (T); Emergent grammar  (T); Implicature and language change  (H); Language change  (H); Metaphor  (H); Modality  (H); Negation  (H); Pragmatic markers  (H); Predicates and predication  (H)

• Grammaticalization and pragmatics (T)

• Grammatization See Emergent grammar  (T)

• Gramsci, A. See Hegemony  (H23); Marxist linguistics  (MT)

• Greeting See Ọmọlúàbí  (H); Ta’ārof  (H22)

• Grice, H. P. (H); see also Analytical philosophy (MT) ; Clinical pragmatics (T) ; Conversational implicature (H) ; Conversational logic (MT) ; Default interpretations (H) ; Humor (H23) ; Semantics vs. pragmatics (T) ; Silence (H) ; Speech act theory (MT) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics (T) ; Truthfulness (H) ; Universals (H23)

• Grounded theory (M)

• Grounding (H); see also Anaphora (H) ; Computational pragmatics (T) ; Text and discourse linguistics (T)

• Guillaume, G. See Énonciation  (H)

• Gumperz, J. J. (H); see also Anthropological linguistics (MT) ; Communicative success vs. failure (H) ; Culture (H) ; Ethnography of speaking (MT) ; Interactional sociolinguistics (MT) ; Intercultural communication (H) ; Prosody (H) ; Register (H)

• Habermas, J. See Critical theory  (MT); Ideology  (H); Public discourse  (H); Universal and transcendental pragmatics  (MT)

• Habitus See Anderson  (H21); Bourdieu  (H); Communication  (H); Lifestyle  (H)

• Half-truth See Truthfulness  (H)

• Halliday, M. A. K. (H26); see also Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (MT) ; Firthian linguistics (MT) ; Genre (H) ; Jargon (H) ; Phatic communion (H) ; Register (H) ; Social semiotics (T) ; Systemic functional grammar (MT)

• Harold Garfinkel and pragmatics (H); see also Conversation analysis (MT) ; Ethnomethodology (MT) ; Metapragmatics (MT) ; Sacks (H)

• Head-driven phrase structure grammar See Computational linguistics  (MT); Construction grammar  (MT); Formal pragmatics  (MT); Interpretive semantics  (MT)

• Hearer See Appraisal  (H); Mass media  (H)

• Hegemony (H23); see also Ideology (H) ; Intertextuality (H) ; Language ecology (H) ; Metalinguistic awareness (H) ; Postcolonial pragmatics (T)

• Hemisphere dominance See Neurolinguistics  (MT)

• Heritage language See Language maintenance and shift  (H21)

• Hermeneutics (M); see also Analytical philosophy (MT) ; Anthropological linguistics (MT) ; Cognitive linguistics (MT) ; Cohesion and coherence (H) ; Conversation analysis (MT) ; Language psychology (T) ; Literary pragmatics (MT) ; Structuralism (MT) ; Truthfulness (H) ; Universal and transcendental pragmatics (MT)

• Heterogeneity See Language dominance and minorization  (H)

• Heteroglossia (H26); see also Appraisal (H) ; Bakhtin (H) ; Dialogism; Ideology (H) ; Intertextuality (H) ; Polyphony (H)

• Heterosemy See Polysemy  (H)

• Hierarchy See Nigerian hospital setting discourse  (H24); Power and the role of language  (H25)

• Historical linguistics (MT); see also Borrowing (H) ; Creole linguistics (MT) ; Creoles and creolization (H) ; Dialectology (MT) ; Historical pragmatics (T) ; Language change (H) ; Reconstruction (MM) ; de Saussure (H) ; Typology (MT)

• Historical politeness (T)

• Historical pragmatics (T); see also Historical linguistics (MT) ; Interjections (H) ; Mass media (H) ; Text and discourse linguistics (T)

• Historical sociolinguistics (T); see also Correlational sociolinguistics (T) ; Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics (T) ; Historical linguistics (MT) ; Historical pragmatics (T) ; Interactional sociolinguistics (MT) ; Language change (H) ; Sociolinguistics (MT)

• History See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis  (MT); Dialectology  (MT); Hegemony  (H23)

• Homogeneity See Anderson  (H21); Metalinguistic awareness  (H)

• Homogenisation See ‘Other’ representation  (H)

• Homonymy See Indeterminacy and negotiation  (H); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  (H24); Polysemy  (H)

• Honorifics (H); see also Politeness (H) ; Terms of address (H) ; Universals (H23) ; Wakimae (H26)

• Humboldt, W. von (H)

• Humor (H23); see also Computer-mediated communication (H) ; Emotion display (H) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. (H24) ; Irony (H) ; Laughter (H) ; ‘Other’ representation (H) ; Truthfulness (H)

• Hybridity See Genre  (H); Intensional logic  (MT); Intertextuality  (H); ‘Other’ representation  (H); Presupposition  (H)

• Hymes, D. (H26); see also Anthropological linguistics (MT) ; Culture (H) ; Ethnography of speaking (MT)

• Hyperlink See Social media research  (T)

• Hyponymy See Polysemy  (H)

• I-principle See Anaphora  (H); Semantics vs. pragmatics  (T)

• Iconicity (H); see also Jakobson (H21) ; Language change (H) ; Sound symbolism (H)

• Identifiability See Definiteness  (H)

• Identity (H24); see also Age and language use (H) ; Anderson (H21) ; Chronotope (H25) ; Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics (T) ; Feminism and language (H24) ; Gumperz (H) ; Ideology (H) ; Language maintenance and shift (H21) ; Laughter (H) ; Life stories (H) ; Membership categorization analysis (T) ; Motivation and language (H) ; Pluricentric languages (H23) ; Postcolonial pragmatics (T) ; Pragmatics of script (H22) ; Social class and language (H) ; Social media research (T) ; Superdiversity (H21) ; Swearing (H25) ; Teasing (H25) ; Translanguaging pedagogy (T) ; Variational pragmatics (T) ; Youth language (H25)

• Ideology (H); see also Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (MT) ; Culture (H) ; Hegemony (H23) ; Honorifics (H) ; Manipulation (H) ; Marxist linguistics (MT) ; Mass media (H) ; Nigerian hospital setting discourse (H24) ; Postcolonial pragmatics (T) ; Public discourse (H) ; Social psychology (MT) ; Social semiotics (T) ; Workplace interaction (H25)

• Idiolect See Forensic linguistics  (T); Integrational linguistics  (T)

• Idéologues See Humboldt  (H)

• Illiteracy See Literacy  (H)

• Illocution See Directive  (H26); Functional discourse grammar  (T); Functional discourse grammar  (T); Functional grammar  (MT); Indeterminacy and negotiation  (H); Intentionality  (H); Modality  (H); Non-verbal communication  (H); Speech act theory  (MT)

• Illocutionary force See Speech act theory  (MT)

• Illocutionary force-indicating device See Corpus pragmatics  (M); Speech act theory  (MT)

• Imagined community See Anderson  (H21)

• Immersion See Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms  (H)

• Implication See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  (H22)

• Implicature → See Conventional implicature ; Conversational implicature  (H); Implicature and language change  (H)

• Implicature and language change (H); see also Conventional implicature; Conversational implicature (H)

• Implicitness (H); see also Argument structure (H23) ; Cerebral representation of language; Discourse markers (H) ; Emphasis (H) ; Lexically triggered veridicality inferences (H22) ; Methods in language-attitudes research (M) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics (T)

• Impliciture See Implicitness  (H)

• Impoliteness (H); see also Euphemism (H24) ; Historical politeness (T) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo (H24) ; Politeness (H) ; Swearing (H25) ; Teasing (H25) ; Wakimae (H26)

• Incongruity resolution See Humor  (H23)

• Indeterminacy and negotiation (H); see also Ellipsis (H) ; Integrational linguistics (T) ; Truthfulness (H)

• Indexicalism See Contextualism  (T)

• Indexicality See Ethnomethodology  (MT); Gesture research  (T); Jakobson  (H21); Language change  (H); Language psychology  (T); Metalinguistic awareness  (H); Prosody  (H); Stance  (H21); Truth-conditional semantics  (MT)

• Indexicals and demonstratives (H); see also Anaphora (H) ; Context and contextualization (H)

• Indifference See Postcolonial pragmatics  (T)

• Indirect speech act See Activity types and pragmatic acts  (H26)

• Indirectness See Complaining  (H25); Conversational logic  (MT); Discourse representation theory  (MT); Leech  (H)

• Individualism See Sociology of language  (T)

• Individuality See Intentionality  (H)

• Induction See Grounded theory  (M)

• Industrialization See Sociology of language  (T); Workplace interaction  (H25)

• Inequality See Power and the role of language  (H25)

• (In)felicity See Communicative success vs. failure  (H)

• Inferencing → See Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics  (T); Cognitive psychology  (MT); Cognitive sociology  (MT); Computational pragmatics  (T); Conceptual semantics  (T); Default interpretations  (H); Discourse representation theory  (MT); Ellipsis  (H); Emphasis  (H); Evidentiality  (H22); Experimental pragmatics  (M); Figures of speech  (H); Grice  (H); Gumperz  (H); Implicature and language change  (H); Irony  (H); Language psychology  (T); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  (H22); Prosody  (H); Speech act theory  (MT)

• Informal logic See Argumentation theory  (MT)

• Information processing See Attention and language  (H); Cognitive psychology  (MT); Cognitive science  (MT); Comprehension vs. production  (H); Evidentiality  (H22); Text comprehension  (H)

• Information source See Evidentiality  (H22)

• Information structure (H); see also Argument structure (H23) ; Argumentation in discourse and grammar (H) ; Computational pragmatics (T) ; Discourse markers (H) ; Emphasis (H) ; Narrative (H) ; Signed language pragmatics (T) ; Tense and aspect (H) ; Text and discourse linguistics (T) ; Text structure (H) ; Word order (H)

• Informativeness See Definiteness  (H); Humor  (H23); Information structure  (H); Presupposition  (H)

• Informing See Mediated performatives  (H)

• Innateness See Language acquisition  (H)

• Inner speech See Vygotsky  (H)

• Instagram See Social media research  (T)

• Institutional interaction (H23); see also Social institutions (H)

• Institutional role See Laughter  (H)

• Institutional setting See Complaining  (H25); Nigerian hospital setting discourse  (H24); Social institutions  (H)

• Instructional science See Applied linguistics  (MT)

• Instrumentality See Evolutionary pragmatics  (T)

• Insult See Impoliteness  (H); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo  (H24)

• Integration See Language rights  (H)

• Integrational linguistics (T); see also Pragmatics of script (H22)

• Integrity See Truthfulness  (H)

• Intension vs. extension See Intensional logic  (MT); Notation in formal semantics  (MN)

• Intensional logic (MT); see also Logical semantics (MT)

• Intensional semantics See Analytical philosophy  (MT)

• Intention See Artificial intelligence  (MT); Computational pragmatics  (T); Directive  (H26); Grice  (H); Intentionality  (H); Irony  (H); Mediated performatives  (H); Neuropragmatics  (T); Philosophy of action  (MT); Philosophy of mind  (MT); Primate communication  (H); Speech act theory  (MT); Truthfulness  (H)

• Intentionality (H); see also Agency and language (H) ; Communication (H) ; Impoliteness (H) ; Philosophy of mind (MT)

• Interaction-organization theory See Metaphor  (H)

• Interactional analysis See Multimodality  (H)

• Interactional linguistics (T); see also Emergent grammar (T) ; Linear Unit Grammar (T)

• Interactional relation See Legitimation Code Theory  (T25)

• Interactional sense-making → See Meaning construction

• Interactional sociolinguistics (MT); see also Code-switching (H) ; Communicative style (H) ; Context and contextualization (H) ; Conversation analysis (MT) ; Ethnography of speaking (MT) ; Ethnomethodology (MT) ; Gumperz (H) ; Intercultural communication (H) ; Metapragmatics (MT) ; Mianzi / lian (H21) ; Nexus analysis (T) ; (The) pragmatic perspective (M) ; Sociolinguistics (MT) ; Workplace interaction (H25)

• Interactive failure → See Communication failure

• Interactive-activation model See Psycholinguistics  (MT)

• Interactivity See Computer-mediated communication  (H); Conversational storytelling  (H24); Deixis  (H); Functional discourse grammar  (T); Psycholinguistics  (MT); Reported speech  (H)

• Intercultural communication (H); see also Aisatsu (H) ; Anthropological linguistics (MT) ; Applied linguistics (MT) ; Bilingualism and multilingualism (H) ; Code-switching (H) ; Communication (H) ; Communicative success vs. failure (H) ; Contact linguistics (MT) ; Context and contextualization (H) ; Contrastive analysis (MM) ; Creoles and creolization (H) ; Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (MT) ; Critical theory (MT) ; Crossing (H26) ; Culture (H) ; Ethnography of speaking (MT) ; Gumperz (H) ; Interactional sociolinguistics (MT) ; Interlanguage pragmatics (T) ; Language and the law (H) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization (H) ; Non-verbal communication (H) ; Text and discourse linguistics (T) ; Truthfulness (H)

• Intercultural politeness research →

• Interference See Contact linguistics  (MT); Language contact  (H); Psycholinguistics  (MT)

• Interjections (H)

• Interlanguage pragmatics (T); see also Contrastive analysis (MM) ; Conversational implicature (H) ; Intercultural communication (H) ; Politeness (H)

• Internalization See Foucault  (H)

• Internet See Chronotope  (H25); Computer-mediated communication  (H); Social media research  (T)

• Interpersonal relation See Complaining  (H25); Intentionality  (H); Mianzi / lian  (H21); Swearing  (H25)

• Interpreter-mediated interaction (H)

• Interpretive processes → See Inferencing

• Interpretive semantics (MT); see also Chomskyan linguistics (MT) ; Conceptual semantics (T) ; Generative semantics (MT)

• Interpretive sociolinguistics See Interactional sociolinguistics  (MT)

• Interrogative See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences  (H22)

• Interruption See Overlap  (H)

• Intersubjectivity See Appraisal  (H); Bourdieu  (H); Bühler  (H); Collaboration in dialogues  (H); Communication  (H); Language psychology  (T); Peirce  (H)

• Intertextuality (H); see also Bakhtin (H) ; Computer-mediated communication (H) ; Heteroglossia (H26) ; Polyphony (H)

• Interview (MM); see also Elicitation (MM) ; Fieldwork (MM) ; Methods in language-attitudes research (M)

• Intimacy See Laughter  (H)

• Intonation See Communicative dynamism  (H); Information structure  (H); Markedness  (H); Prosody  (H)

• Intonation unit See Consciousness and language  (H)

• Intuition and introspection (MM); see also Cognitive science (MT)

• Involvement → See Affect

• Irony (H); see also Experimental pragmatics (M) ; Frame analysis (M) ; Humor (H23) ; Polyphony (H)

• Isomorphism See Iconicity  (H)

• Isotopy See Humor  (H23)