The present study is concerned with global foreign accent (FA) in heritage speakers (HS). Specifically, we investigate whether (i) HS acquire a native accent in both languages and (ii) whether age of onset (AoO) is relevant. FA was examined in 21 adult HS of Turkish in Germany (AoO in German 0–9 years). FA was assessed for both languages with 15 monolingual raters judging speech samples of 10 seconds. Speakers were divided into two groups: Simultaneous bilinguals (2L1ers) with AoO in German before age 3 vs. early second language learners (eL2ers) with AoO in German after age 4. Our analysis revealed that most speakers had a native accent in one language and a foreign accent in the other, independently of AoO.
2009Age of onset and nativelikeness in L2: Listener perception versus linguistic scrutiny. Language Learning 59: 249-306.
Backus, S.A. & Boeschoten, H
1998Language change in immigrant Turkish. In Multiculturism in a Multicultural Context [Studies in Multilingualism 10], G. Extra & J. Maartens (eds), 221-238. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press.
Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF)
. Migrationsbericht des BAMF 2011 <[URL] (6 September 2013).
Chilla, S. & Babur, E
2010Specific Language Impairment in Turkish-German successive bilingual children. Aspects of assessment and outcome. In Communication Disorders in Turkish in Monolingual and Multilingual Settings, S. Topbaş & M. Yavaş (eds), 352-368. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Clements, G.N. & Sezer, E
1982Vowel and consonant disharmony in Turkish. In The Structure of Phonological Representations, Part 2, H. van der Hulst & N. Smith (eds), 213-255. Dordrecht: Foris.
Daller, H. & Grotjahn, R
1999The language proficiency of Turkish returnees from Germany: An empirical investigation of academic and everyday language proficiency. Language, Culture and Curriculum 12(2): 156-171.
Daller, H., van Hout, R. & Treffers-Daller, J
2003Lexical richness in the spontaneous speech of bilinguals. Applied Linguistics 24(2): 197-222.
Darcy, I. & Krüger, F
2012Vowel perception and production in Turkish children acquiring L2 German. Journal of Phonetics 40: 568–58.
De Leeuw, E., Schmid, M. & Mennen, I
2010Perception of foreign accent in native speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13(1): 33-40.
Demir, N. & Yilmaz, E
2011Turkçe ses bilgisi. Eskisehir: Anadolo.
Derwing, T.M., & Munro, M.J
2009Comprehensibility as a factor in listener interaction preferences Implications for the workplace. The Canadian Modern Language Review/La Revue Canadienne des Langues Vivantes 66(2): 181–202.
Erguvanlı, E
1984The Function of Word Order in Turkish Grammar. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.
Fabiano-Smith, L. & Goldstein, B.A
2010Phonological acquisition in bilingual Spanish–English speaking children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 53:160-178.
Flege, J.E., Munro, M.J., & MacKay, I.R.A
1995Factors affecting strength of perceived foreign accent in a second language. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 97: 3125-3134.
Flege, J., Yeni-Komshian, G. & Liu, S
1999Age constraints on second language learning. Journal of Memory and Language 41: 78-104.
2010.English speech acquisition in 3- to 5-year-old children learning Russian and English. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 41: 429-444.
Hall, T.A
2000Phonologie. Eine Einführung. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Herkenrath, A. & Karakoç, B
2002Zum Erwerb von Verfahren der Subordination bei türkisch-deutsch bilingualen Kindern – Transkripte und quantitative Aspekte. Arbeiten zur Mehrsprachigkeit 37, SFB 538 Mehrsprachigkeit, Hamburg.
Hess-Gabriel, B
1979Zur Didaktik des Deutschunterrichts für Kinder türkischer Muttersprache: Eine kontrastivlinguistische Studie, German edn. Tübingen: Narr.
Hosodam M. & Stone-Romero, E
2008The effects of foreign accent on employment-related decisions. Journal of Managerial Psychology 25(2): 113-132.
Jesney, K
2004The use of global foreign accent rating in studies of L2 acquisition. Annotated bibliography, Language Research Centre University of Calgary.
Kohler, K
1999German. In Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 86-89. Cambridge: CUP.
Kornfilt, J
1997Turkish. London: Routledge.
Kupisch, T., Barton, D., Klaschik, E., Lein, T, Stangen, I. & J. van de Weijer
2014Foreign accent in adult simultaneous bilinguals. Heritage Language Journal 11(2): 123-150.
Lenneberg, E.H
1967Biological Foundations of Language. New York NY: Wiley.
Lewis, G
2001Turkish Grammar. Oxford: OUP.
Long, M.H
1990Maturational constraints on language development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 12: 251-285.
Meisel, J.M
2007Mehrsprachigkeit in der frühen Kindheit: Zur Rolle des Alters bei Erwerbsbeginn. In Mehrsprachigkeit bei Kindern und Erwachsenen: Erwerb, Formen, Förderung, T. Anstatt (ed.), 93-113.Tübingen: Attempto.
Meisel, J.M
2009Second language acquisition in early childhood. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 28(1): 5-34.
Meisel, J.M
2011First and Second Language Acquisition: Parallels and Differences. Cambridge: CUP.
Moyer, A
1999Ultimate attainment in L2 phonology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 2: 81-108.
Nimz, K
2011Vowel perception and production of late Turkish learners of German. In Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, W.-S. Lee & E. Zee (eds), 1494-1497. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong.
Piske, T., MacKay, I.R.A. & Flege, J.E
2001Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2: A review. Journal of Phonetics 29: 191-215.
Queen, R
2012Turkish-German bilinguals and their intonation: Triangulating evidence about contact-induced language change. Language 88(4): 791-816.
Rödin, M. & Özcan, G
2011Is It How You Look or Speak That Matters? – An Experimental Study Exploring the Mechanisms of Ethnic Discrimination. [URL] (16 August 2014).
2007Bilingualer Spracherwerb und Zweitspracherwerb. In Schnittstellen der germanistischen Linguistik, M. Steinbach (ed.), 103-135. Stuttgart: Metzler.
Schönenberger, M
2011Are difficulties with the prosodic representation the origin of prolonged article omission? In
Proceedings of the 11th Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Conference (GASLA 2011), J. Herschensohn & D. Tanner (eds), 135-142. Somerville MA: Cascadilla Press.
Schönenberger, M., Sterner, F. & Ruberg, T
2011.The realization of indirect objects and dative case in German. In
Proceedings of the 11th Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Conference (GASLA 2011), J. Herschensohn & D. Tanner (eds), 143-151. Somerville MA: Cascadilla Press.
Schwartz, B.D
2004Why child L2 acquisition? In Proceedings of GALA 2003, Vol. 1, J. van Kampen & S. Baauw (eds), 47-66. Utrecht: Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics (LOT).
Sezer, E
1986An autosegmental analysis of compensatory vowel lengthening in Turkish. In Studies in Compensatory Lengthening. Publications in Language Sciences 23, Wetzels, L. & Sezer, E. (eds.), 227-250. Dordrecht: Foris.
Song, H.S. & Schwartz, B
2009Testing the fundamental difference hypothesis: L2 adult, L2 child, and L1 child comparisons in the acquisition of Korean wh-constructions with negative polarity items. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 31(2): 323-361.
Thompson, I
1991Foreign accents revisited: The English pronunciation of Russian immigrants. Language Learning 41: 177-204.
Treffers-Daller, J., Özsoy, A. & van Hout, R
2007(In)complete acquisition of Turkish among Turkish-German bilinguals in Germany and Turkey: An analysis of complex embeddings in narratives. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 10(3): 248-276.
Wenzel, V
2000„Ich sag allebei”: Strategien beim frühkindlichen Erwerb einer verwandten Zweitsprache. International Review of Applied Linguistics (IRAL) 38: 247-259.
Zimmer, K. & Orgun, O
1999Turkish. In Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 154-156, Cambridge: CUP.
Cited by
Cited by 8 other publications
Gabriel, Christoph, Marion Krause & Tetyana Dittmers
2018. VOT production in multilingual learners of French as a foreign language: Cross-linguistic influence from the heritage languages Russian and Turkish. Revue française de linguistique appliquée Vol. XXIII:1 ► pp. 59 ff.
2021. Phonological Production in Young Speakers of Cantonese as a Heritage Language. Language and Speech 64:1 ► pp. 73 ff.
Karayayla, Tuğba & Monika S. Schmid
2019. First Language Attrition as a Function of Age at Onset of Bilingualism: First Language Attainment of Turkish–English Bilinguals in the United Kingdom. Language Learning 69:1 ► pp. 106 ff.
2020. Italian-German bilinguals: The effects of heritage language use on accent in early-acquired languages. International Journal of Bilingualism 24:2 ► pp. 289 ff.
Lloyd-Smith, Anika, Henrik Gyllstad, Tanja Kupisch & Stefano Quaglia
2021. Heritage language proficiency does not predict syntactic CLI into L3 English. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 24:3 ► pp. 435 ff.
Mayr, Robert & Aysha Siddika
2018. Inter-generational transmission in a minority language setting: Stop consonant production by Bangladeshi heritage children and adults. International Journal of Bilingualism 22:3 ► pp. 255 ff.
Schmid, Monika S. & Tuğba Karayayla
2020. The Roles of Age, Attitude, and Use in First Language Development and Attrition of Turkish–English Bilinguals. Language Learning 70:S1 ► pp. 54 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 20 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.