Cover not available
Part of
Responses to Language Varieties: Variability, processes and outcomes
Edited by Alexei Prikhodkine and Dennis R. Preston
[IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society 39] 2015
► pp. 1–36

Does language regard vary?

| Oklahoma State University & Michigan State University (Emeritus)

This paper outlines a cognitive map for variation in language attitudes, metalinguistic beliefs about language, and language ideological frameworks — grouped together as “language regard.” After establishing input, processing, and response models, it goes on to examine experimental findings that show variability in regard that are consistent with this map and to outline the importance of that variability to more general concerns of sociolinguistics, touching in particular on its explanatory position in studies of variation and change.

Published online: 16 December 2015
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.39.01pre
References
Albarracín, Dolores, Johnson, Blair T. & Zanna, Mark P
(eds) 2005 The Handbook of Attitudes. Malwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Bassili, John N. & Brown Rick D
2005 Implicit and explicit attitudes: Research, challenges, and theory. In Albarracín, et al. (eds), 543-74.Google Scholar
Daan, Jo
1970[1999]. Dialekten. In Van Randstad tot Landrand [Bijdragen en Mededelingen der Dialecten Commissie van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam XXXVII]. Amsterdam: N.V. Noord, Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij. (Translated as ‘Dialects,’ in Preston (ed.), 1999a: 9-30).Google Scholar
Devine, Patricia G
1989 Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56: 5–18. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dovidio, John F., Kawakami, Kerry, Johnson, Craig, Johnson, Brenda & Howard, Adaiah
1997 The nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33: 510–540. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Evans, Betsy E., Ito, Rika, Jones, Jamila & Preston, Dennis R
2006 How to get to be one kind of Midwesterner: Accommodation to the Northern Cities Chain Shift. In Language Variation and Change in the American Midland [Varieties of English around the World G36], Thomas Murray & Beth Lee Simon (eds), 179-197. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fazio, Russel H., Jackson, Joni R., Dunton, Bridget C. & Williams, Carol J
1995 Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bonafide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69: 1013–1027. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fine, Elizabeth
1983 In defense of literary dialect: A response to Dennis Preston. Journal of American Folklore 96: 323-330. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fowler, Carol A
1986 An event approach to the study of speech perception from a direct-realist perspective. Journal of Phonetics 14:3–28.Google Scholar
Grootaers, Willem A
1959 Origin and nature of the subjective boundaries of dialects. Orbis 8: 355-84.Google Scholar
Hockett, Charles F
1958 A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York NY: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hymes, Dell
1972 Models of the interaction of language and social life. In Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication, John J. Gumperz & Dell Hymes (eds), 35-71. New York NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Irvine, Judith
1989 When talk isn't cheap: Language and political economy. American Ethnologist 16(2): 248-267. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2001 “Style” as distinctiveness: The culture and ideology of linguistic differentiation. In Style and Sociolinguistic Variation, Penelope Eckert & John R. Rickford (eds), 21-43. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Kruglanski, Arie W. & Stroebe, Wolfgang
2005 The influence of beliefs and goals on attitudes. In Albarracín, et al. (eds), 323-68.Google Scholar
Labov, William
1966 The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Arlington VA: The Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
1972 Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
2002 Driving forces in linguistic change. A paper presented to the International Conference on Korean Linguistics, Seoul National University, August 2.
Labov, William, Ash, Sharon & Boberg, Charles
2006 The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change: A Multimedia Reference Tool. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Liberman, Alvin M., Cooper, Franklin S., Shankweiler, Donald & Studdert-Kennedy, Michael
1967 Perception of the speech code. Psychological Review 74: 431-361. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
McClelland, James L. & Rumelhart, David E
1986 A distributed model of human learning and memory. In Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, Vol. 2, James L. McClelland & David E. Rumelhart (eds), 170-215. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Chris & Stoeckle, Philipp
2013 Geographic information systems and perceptual dialectology: A method for processing draw-a-map data. Journal of Linguistic Geography 1(1): 52–85. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Niedzielski, Nancy
1999 The effect of social information on the perception of sociolinguistic variables. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 18(1): 62-85. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Niedzielski, Nancy & Preston, Dennis R
2003 Folk Linguistics (rev. pb. edn). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Owens, Thompson W. & Baker, Paul M
1984 Linguistic insecurity in Winnipeg: Validation of a Canadian index of linguistic insecurity. Language in Society 13(1): 337-350. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Peterson, Gordon E. & Barney, Harold L
1952 Control methods used in a study of the vowels. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 24(2):175-84. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Plichta, Bartłomiej & Preston, Dennis R
2005 The /ay/s have it. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 37:107-30. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Preston, Dennis R
1982 ‘Ritin’ fowklower daun ‘rong: Folklorists’ failures in phonology. Journal of American Folklore 95(377):304-326. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1983 Mowr bad spellun’: A reply to Fine. Journal of American Folklore 96(381):330-39. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1985a Southern Indiana perceptions of “Correct” & “Pleasant” speech. In Methods/Méthodes V, Papers from the Vth International Conference on Methods in Dialectology, University of Victoria, British Columbia , Henry Warkentyne (ed.), 387-411.
1985b The Li'l Abner syndrome. American Speech 60(4): 328-336. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1996a “Whaddayaknow”: The modes of folk linguistic awareness. Language Awareness 5(1): 40-74. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1996b Where the worst English is spoken. In Focus on the USA [Varieties of English around the World G16], Edgar Schneider (ed.), 297-360. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(ed.) 1999a Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, Vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1999b A language attitude approach to the perception of regional variety. In Preston (ed.) 1999a, 359-73. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2000 Mowr & mowr bayud spellin’: Confessions of a sociolinguist. Journal of Sociolinguistics 4(4): 614-21. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010a Variation in language regard. In Variatio delectat: Empirische Evidenzen und theoretische Passungen sprachlicher Variation, für Klaus J. Mattheier zum 65. Geburtstag, Petre Gilles, Joachim Scharloth & Evelyn Zeigler (eds), 7-27. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2010b Language, people, salience, space: Perceptual dialectology & language regard. Dialectologia 5: 87-131. [URL]Google Scholar
2013 Linguistic insecurity forty years later. Journal of English Linguistics 41: 304-33. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
To appear. ‘Whaddayaknow now?’ In Awareness and Control in Sociolinguistic Research, Anna Babel (ed.) Cambridge CUP
Preston, Dennis R. & Howe, George M
1987 Computerized generalizations of mental dialect maps. In Variation in Language: NWAV-XV at Stanford, Keith M. Denning, Sharon Inkelas, John R. Rickford & Faye McNair-Knox (eds), 361-78. Stanford CA: Department of Linguistics, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. & Niedzielski, Nancy
2013 Approaches to the study of language regard. In Language (De)standardisation in Late Modern Europe: Experimental Studies, Tore Kristiansen & Stefan Grondelaers (eds), 287-307. Oslo: Novus.Google Scholar
Rensink, W.G
1955[1999] Dialectindeling naar opgaven van medewerkers. In Mededelingen der Centrale Commissie voor Onderzoek van het Nederlandse Volkseigen 7, 20-3. (Translated as ‘Informant classification of dialects’ in Preston (ed.), 1999a: 3-7).Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Milton J
1968 Hedonism, inauthenticity, and other goads toward expansion of a consistency theory. In Theories of Cognitive Consistency, Robert P. Abelson, Elliot Aronson, William J. McGuire, Theodore M. Newcomb, Milton J. Rosenberg & Percy H. Tanenbaum (eds), 279-349. Chicago IL: Rand-McNally.Google Scholar
Ryan, Ellen Bouchard, Giles, Howard & Sebastian, Richard J
1982 An integrated perspective for the study of attitudes toward language variation. In Attitudes towards Language Variation, Ellen Bouchard Ryan & Howard Giles (eds), 1-19. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Richard
1995 Consciousness and foreign language learning: A tutorial on attention and awareness in learning. In Attention and Awareness in Foreign Language Learning, Richard Schmidt (ed.), 1-63. Honolulu HI: University of Hawai`i, National Foreign Language Resource Center.Google Scholar
Shuy, Roger W. and Ralph W. Fasold
(1973) Language attitudes: Current trends and prospects. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Sibata, Takesi
1959[1999] Consciousness of dialect boundaries. In Preston (ed.) 1999a, 39-62. (Translated from Hôgen kyôkai no ishiki. Gengo Kenkyû 36:1-30).Google Scholar
1971[1999] Consciousness of language norms. In Takesi Sibata: Sociolinguistics in Japanese Contexts, Tetsuya Kunihiro, Fumio Inoue & Daniel Long (eds), 371-77. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. (Prescriptive Consciousness of Language. Gengo Seikatsu 236: Special Issue: Words that Bother Us.)Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael
1981 The limits of awareness. Sociolinguistic Working Paper 4. Austin TX: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory.Google Scholar
Stevens, Kenneth N
2002 Toward a model of lexical access based on acoustic landmarks and distinctive features. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111(4): 1872–1891. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Trudgill, Peter
1986 Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
van Bezooijen, Renée
2002 Aesthetic evaluations of Dutch: Comparison across dialects, accents, and languages. In Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, Vol. 2, Daniel Long & Dennis R. Preston (eds), 113-130. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Weijnen, Antonius A
1946 De grenzen tussen de Oost-Noordbrabantse dialecten onderling (The borders between the dialects of eastern North Brabant). In Oost-Noordbrabantse dialectproblemen [Eastern North Brabant dialect problems]. Bijdragen en Mededelingen der Dialectencommissie van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wettenschappen te Amsterdam 8, Antonius A. Weijnen, Johannes M. Renders & Jac. van Ginneken (eds), 1-15.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel, Labov, William & Herzog, Marvin I
1968 Empirical foundations for a theory of linguistic change. In Directions for Historical Linguistics, Winifred F. Lehmann & Yakov Malkiel (eds). Austin TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Wyer, Robert S. Jr. & Albarracín, Dolores
2005 Belief formation, organization, and change: Cognitive and motivational influences. In Albarracín, et al. (eds), 273-322.Google Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 6 other publications

Kristiansen, Tore
2020. Methods in language-attitudes research. In Handbook of Pragmatics [Handbook of Pragmatics, ], ► pp. 3 ff. DOI logo
Kristiansen, Tore
2022. Methods in language-attitudes research. In Handbook of Pragmatics [Handbook of Pragmatics, ], ► pp. 1702 ff. DOI logo
Prikhodkine, Alexei
2021. Attitudes to accents. In Pragmatics of Accents [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 327], ► pp. 19 ff. DOI logo
Purschke, Christoph
2020. Attitudes Toward Multilingualism in Luxembourg. A Comparative Analysis of Online News Comments and Crowdsourced Questionnaire Data. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 3 DOI logo
Rosseel, Laura & Stefan Grondelaers
2019. Implicitness and experimental methods in language variation research. Linguistics Vanguard 5:s1 DOI logo
Rosseel, Laura, Dirk Speelman & Dirk Geeraerts
2018. Measuring language attitudes using the Personalized Implicit Association Test: A case study on regional varieties of Dutch in Belgium. Journal of Linguistic Geography 6:1 ► pp. 20 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 21 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.