Chapter 1Introduction
1
1.1Introduction
1
1.2Dialect contact
4
1.2.1Connections between language acquisition and dialect acquisition
15
1.2.2Role of mothers in linguistic transmission
22
1.2.3Potential clustering of dialect features
24
1.2.4Changes across generations
24
1.3Language and ethnic identity
25
1.3.1Mixed race studies
26
1.4Conclusions and organization of the book
27
Chapter 2Spanish-speaking Chicago: Corpus and methodology.
31
2.1Spanish-speaking Chicago
31
2.2Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in Chicago: Fading animosities
37
2.3Corpus and methodology
46
2.3.1Generational categories
48
2.3.2Parent dialect groups
50
2.3.3Age
54
2.3.4Gender
54
2.3.5Spanish proficiency
54
2.3.6Socioeconomic status
58
2.4Methodology
61
2.5Conclusions
62
Chapter 3Lexicon
71
3.1The lexicon in cases of linguistic contact
71
3.2Methodology
82
3.3Results
83
3.3.1Overall lexical familiarity
83
3.3.2Generation
87
3.3.3Comparison with Chicago Mexicans and Puerto Ricans
88
3.3.4Mother’s ethnolinguistic group
94
3.3.5Individual lexical items
95
3.3.6First word offered
99
3.4Conclusions
101
Chapter 4Discourse markers
105
4.1Discourse markers in cases of linguistic contact
105
4.1.1Discourse markers in Spanish
107
4.2Methodology
109
4.3Findings
117
4.3.1Overall frequency and functional distribution of discourse markers
117
4.3.2Generation
118
4.3.3Mother’s ethnolinguistic group
120
4.3.4Individuals’ uses of discourse markers
123
4.4Comparisons with Mexicans and with Puerto Ricans
124
4.5Conclusions
128
Chapter 5Phonology
131
5.1Phonological outcomes of dialect contact
131
5.2Mexican and Puerto Rican phonology
134
5.2.1Coda /s/
134
5.2.2/r/
135
5.2.3Other variables: coda /r/ and word final /n/
135
5.3Ratings
137
5.3.1Methodology
138
5.3.2Findings
144
5.3.3Homeland vs. Chicago ratings
155
5.4Segmental analysis
156
5.4.1Segmental analysis of /s/
159
5.4.2Segmental analysis of /r̄/
162
5.4.3Tandem /s/ and /r̄/ behavior
164
5.4.3Comparison with Chicago Mexicans and Puerto Ricans
165
5.5Conclusions
168
Chapter 6Connections between linguistic structures
173
6.1Lexicon
174
6.1.1Individuals dominant in Mexican lexicon
174
6.1.2Individuals dominant in Puerto Rican lexicon
177
6.1.3Individuals balanced in Mexican and Puerto Rican lexicon
179
6.2Discourse markers
182
6.3Phonology
184
6.3.1Individuals dominant in Mexican phonology
185
6.3.2Individuals balanced in Mexican and Puerto Rican phonology
186
6.3.3Individuals dominant in Puerto Rican phonology
187
6.4Individual profiles
190
6.4.1Nancy (G3:2)
190
6.4.2Leticia (G3:2)
191
6.4.3Juliana (G2)
193
6.4.4Ivan (G2)
194
6.4.5Yolanda (G2)
195
6.4.6Elsa (G3:2)
195
6.5Conclusions
196
Chapter 7Ethnic identity performances and challenges to legitimacy
199
7.1Connections between language and ethnic identity
200
7.2Critical mixed race theory
204
7.3“Por eso mis papás no están juntos”: MexiRican discourses about Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and how the two groups get along
208
7.4Indexing ethnicity though food, flags, and labels
214
7.4.1“‘Man, tu mamá está loca, she cooks Mexican and Puerto Rican”: Food as cultural practice
214
7.4.2“Pongo las dos banderas, o no lo compro”: Flags
216
7.4.3Indexing ethnic identity through self-labeling
219
7.5Ethnic identity claims and challenges
223
7.5.1“I’m like 50–50, you know”: Dual ethnicity claims
223
7.5.2“You don’t look Mexican, you don’t sound Mexican”: Challenges and attempts at erasure
229
7.5.3Shifting dialect features
244
7.6Conclusions
250
Chapter 8Conclusions
253
8.1MexiRicans’ Spanish
254
8.1.1Lexical familiarity, discourse marker use, and phonological features
254
8.1.2Comparisons with Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in Chicago
255
8.1.3Generational changes
256
8.1.4Other influences on MexiRicans’ Spanish
257
8.1.5Clustering of linguistic features
258
8.1.6Intrafamilial dialect contact and bidialectalism
258
8.2MexiRican ethnic identity and Latinidad
259
8.3Areas for future research
261
8.4Anthropolitical linguistics
262