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Article published In:
Recent Advances in Automatic Readability Assessment and Text Simplification
Edited by Thomas François and Delphine Bernhard
[ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 165:2] 2014
► pp. 97–135

Computational assessment of text readability

A survey of current and future research

| University of Michigan

Assessing text readability is a time-honored problem that has even more relevance in today’s information-rich world. This article provides background on how readability of texts is assessed automatically, reviews the current state-of-the-art algorithms in automatic modeling and predicting the reading difficulty of texts, and proposes new challenges and opportunities for future exploration not well-covered by current computational research.

Keywords: reading difficulty, text complexity, computational linguistics, readability, machine learning
Published online: 23 January 2015
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.165.2.01col
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Ismail, Abid, K.S. Kuppusamy, Ajit Kumar & Pawan Kumar Ojha
2019. Connect the dots: Accessibility, readability and site ranking – An investigation with reference to top ranked websites of Government of India. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences 31:4 ► pp. 528 ff. DOI logo
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2023. Extending Your Academic Footprint: Readability, Originality, and Altmetrics. In Scholarly Writing [Springer Texts in Education, ], ► pp. 323 ff. DOI logo
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2019. GRAW+: A two‐view graph propagation method with word coupling for readability assessment. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 70:5 ► pp. 433 ff. DOI logo
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2021. Fake Document Generation for Cyber Deception by Manipulating Text Comprehensibility. IEEE Systems Journal 15:1 ► pp. 835 ff. DOI logo
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2022. Ambiguity factors in construction contracts entailing conflicts. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 29:5 ► pp. 1946 ff. DOI logo
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2021. Assessment of Readability Risks in Contracts Causing Conflicts in Construction Projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 147:6 DOI logo
Kong, Nancy, Uwe Dulleck, Adam B. Jaffe, Shupeng Sun & Sowmya Vajjala
2023. Linguistic metrics for patent disclosure: Evidence from university versus corporate patents. Research Policy 52:2 ► pp. 104670 ff. DOI logo
Limbud, Charkkri, Yen-Hao Huang, Alejandro Cortes & Yi-Shin Chen
2022. 2022 International Conference on Technologies and Applications of Artificial Intelligence (TAAI), ► pp. 101 ff. DOI logo
Lin, Jionghao, Mladen Rakovic, David Lang, Dragan Gasevic & Guanliang Chen
2022. LAK22: 12th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, ► pp. 282 ff. DOI logo
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2022. Is it a good move? Mining effective tutoring strategies from human–human tutorial dialogues. Future Generation Computer Systems 127 ► pp. 194 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Qingxia, Gong Cheng, Kalpa Gunaratna & Yuzhong Qu
2021. Entity summarization: State of the art and future challenges. Journal of Web Semantics 69 ► pp. 100647 ff. DOI logo
Madreiter, Theresa, Linus Kohl & Fazel Ansari
2021. A Text Understandability Approach for Improving Reliability-Centered Maintenance in Manufacturing Enterprises. In Advances in Production Management Systems. Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable and Resilient Production Systems [IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 630], ► pp. 161 ff. DOI logo
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2019. SYNTACTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ADVERTISING DISCOURSE. Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 25:4 ► pp. 100 ff. DOI logo
Martinc, Matej, Senja Pollak & Marko Robnik-Šikonja
2021. Supervised and Unsupervised Neural Approaches to Text Readability. Computational Linguistics 47:1 ► pp. 141 ff. DOI logo
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2024. Optimizing readability using genetic algorithms. Knowledge-Based Systems 284 ► pp. 111273 ff. DOI logo
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2023. Readability across Time and Languages: The Case of Matthew’s Gospel Translations. AppliedMath 3:2 ► pp. 497 ff. DOI logo
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2023. Readability Indices Do Not Say It All on a Text Readability. Analytics 2:2 ► pp. 296 ff. DOI logo
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2023. Readability Assessment of Academic Texts at Different Degree Levels. In Methodologies and Intelligent Systems for Technology Enhanced Learning, 12th International Conference [Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 580], ► pp. 37 ff. DOI logo
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2024. Exploring the frequency contours in close reading texts. Reading and Writing DOI logo
Michael Dalvean & Galbadrakh Enkhbayar
2018. Assessing the readability of fiction: a corpus analysis and readability ranking of 200 English fiction texts. Linguistic Research 35:null ► pp. 137 ff. DOI logo
Montefinese, Maria, Lorenzo Gregori, Andrea Amelio Ravelli, Rossella Varvara, Daniele Paolo Radicioni & Yiu-Kei Tsang
2023. CONcreTEXT norms: Concreteness ratings for Italian and English words in context. PLOS ONE 18:10 ► pp. e0293031 ff. DOI logo
Mozer, Reagan, Luke Miratrix, Jackie Eunjung Relyea & James S. Kim
2023. Combining Human and Automated Scoring Methods in Experimental Assessments of Writing: A Case Study Tutorial. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics DOI logo
Nahatame, Shingo
2023. Predicting processing effort during L1 and L2 reading: The relationship between text linguistic features and eye movements. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 26:4 ► pp. 724 ff. DOI logo
Nouri, Zahra, Ujwal Gadiraju, Gregor Engels & Henning Wachsmuth
2021. Proceedings of the 32st ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media, ► pp. 165 ff. DOI logo
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2023. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, ► pp. 737 ff. DOI logo
Ojha, Pawan Kumar, Abid Ismail & Kuppusamy Kundumani Srinivasan
2021. Perusal of readability with focus on web content understandability. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences 33:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
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2022. Assessing Readability by Filling Cloze Items with Transformers. In Artificial Intelligence in Education [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 13355], ► pp. 307 ff. DOI logo
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2021. 2021 International Conference on Computer & Information Sciences (ICCOINS), ► pp. 345 ff. DOI logo
Palotti, Joao, Guido Zuccon & Allan Hanbury
2019. Consumer Health Search on the Web: Study of Web Page Understandability and Its Integration in Ranking Algorithms. Journal of Medical Internet Research 21:1 ► pp. e10986 ff. DOI logo
Park, Min Su & Eunil Park
2023. Proceedings of the 38th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing, ► pp. 1233 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Améliorer la diffusion de l’information sur la maladie d’Alzheimer : étude pilote sur la simplification de textes médicaux. Éla. Études de linguistique appliquée N° 195:3 ► pp. 325 ff. DOI logo
Peters, Pam & Jan-Louis Kruger
2021. The readability of online health information for L1 and L2 Australians: text-based and user-focused research. Text & Talk 41:5-6 ► pp. 787 ff. DOI logo
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2023. Ablesbarkeitsmesser: A System for Assessing the Readability of German Text. In Advances in Information Retrieval [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 13982], ► pp. 288 ff. DOI logo
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2017. Towards the Definition of Linguistic Metrics for Evaluating Text Readability. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 24:4 ► pp. 319 ff. DOI logo
Qiang, Jipeng, Xinyu Lu, Yun Li, Yunhao Yuan & Xindong Wu
2021. Chinese Lexical Simplification. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 29 ► pp. 1819 ff. DOI logo
Saddiki, Hind, Karim Bouzoubaa & Violetta Cavalli-Sforza
2015. 2015 IEEE/ACS 12th International Conference of Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA), ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
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2017. Enhancing Visualization in Readability Reports for Arabic Texts. Procedia Computer Science 117 ► pp. 241 ff. DOI logo
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2023. 2023 IEEE Guwahati Subsection Conference (GCON), ► pp. 01 ff. DOI logo
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2023. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments, ► pp. 237 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Pinning down text complexity. Register Studies 2:2 ► pp. 306 ff. DOI logo
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2022. What neural networks know about linguistic complexity. Russian Journal of Linguistics 26:2 ► pp. 371 ff. DOI logo
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2017. Validating Automated Measures of Text Complexity. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice 36:4 ► pp. 35 ff. DOI logo
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2023. A Data Set of Final Year High School Examination Texts of South African Home and First Additional Language Subjects. Journal of Open Humanities Data 9 DOI logo
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2022. Comprehensibility Analysis and Assessment of Academic Texts. In Artificial Intelligence in Education: Emerging Technologies, Models and Applications [Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, 104], ► pp. 51 ff. DOI logo
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Tseng, Hou-Chiang, Hsueh-Chih Chen, Kuo-En Chang, Yao-Ting Sung & Berlin Chen
2019. An Innovative BERT-Based Readability Model. In Innovative Technologies and Learning [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 11937], ► pp. 301 ff. DOI logo
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2024. Profiling English sentences based on CEFR levels. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics DOI logo
Vanroy, Bram, Orphée De Clercq, Arda Tezcan, Joke Daems & Lieve Macken
2021. Metrics of Syntactic Equivalence to Assess Translation Difficulty. In Explorations in Empirical Translation Process Research [Machine Translation: Technologies and Applications, 3], ► pp. 259 ff. DOI logo
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2023. Proceedings of the 2023 6th International Conference on Big Data and Education, ► pp. 118 ff. DOI logo
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2022. Frequency, Dispersion and Abstractness in the Lexical Sophistication Analysis of A Learner-Based Word Bank: Dimensionality Reduction and Identification. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 29:2 ► pp. 195 ff. DOI logo
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2023. 2023 IEEE 6th International Conference on Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence (PRAI), ► pp. 1224 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2017. Automatic Text Simplification [Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies, ], DOI logo

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