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Article published In:
ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics
Vol. 168:1 (2017) ► pp.33–69

The updated Vocabulary Levels Test

Developing and validating two new forms of the VLT

| University of Western Ontario
| Kyoto University
| Victoria University of Wellington

The Vocabulary Levels Test (Nation, 1983; Schmitt, Schmitt, & Clapham, 2001) indicates the word frequency level that should be used to select words for learning. The present study involves the development and validation of two new forms of the test. The new forms consist of five levels measuring knowledge of vocabulary at the 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 levels. Items for the tests were sourced from Nation’s (2012) BNC/COCA word lists. The research involved first identifying quality items using the data from 1,463 test takers to create two equivalent forms, and then evaluating the forms with the data from a further 250 test takers. This study also makes an initial attempt to validate the new forms using Messick’s (1989, 1995) validity framework.

Article outline
  • Introduction
    • Creating new forms of the Vocabulary Levels Test
  • Development of two equivalent forms
  • Evaluation of the two equivalent forms
    • Instrument
    • Participants
    • Equivalence of the two forms
    • Validation
      • Content aspect of construct validity
      • Substantive aspect of construct validity
      • Structural aspect of construct validity
      • Generalizability aspect of construct validity
        • (1)Item calibration invariance
        • (2)Person measure invariance
        • (3)Reliability
        • (4)Invariance across administrative contexts
      • External aspects of construct validity
  • Discussion
    • Interpreting scores
    • Limitations
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References


This article is currently available as a sample article.

Published online: 5 October 2017
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.168.1.02web
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2021. Second Language Vocabulary Assessment. In Research Questions in Language Education and Applied Linguistics [Springer Texts in Education, ], ► pp. 387 ff. DOI logo
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2023. Towards a new sophistication in vocabulary assessment. Language Testing 40:1 ► pp. 40 ff. DOI logo
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2022. Measuring depth of academic vocabulary knowledge. Language Teaching Research ► pp. 136216882211059 ff. DOI logo
Reynolds, Barry Lee
2023. Introduction: A Scoping Review of Second Language Vocabulary Learning in the Wild. In Vocabulary Learning in the Wild, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
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2022. Incidental vocabulary acquisition from listening to English teacher education lectures: A case study from Macau higher education. Frontiers in Psychology 13 DOI logo
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2023. The potentials for incidental vocabulary acquisition from listening to computer science academic lectures: a higher education corpus-based case study from Macau. Frontiers in Psychology 14 DOI logo
Robles-García, Pablo, Stuart McLean, Jeffrey Stewart, Ji-young Shin & Claudia Helena Sánchez-Gutiérrez
2024. The Development and Initial Validation of O-WSVLT, a Meaning-Recall Online L2 Spanish Vocabulary Levels Test. Language Assessment Quarterly 21:2 ► pp. 181 ff. DOI logo
Robles-García, Pablo, Glen H. Wallace & Claudia Helena Sánchez-Gutiérrez
2023. 3K-LEx-MC. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 174:1 ► pp. 135 ff. DOI logo
Rohollahzadeh Ebadi, Mandana
2023. Technology-mediated teaching vocabulary: exploring EFL learners’ depth and breadth of lexical knowledge. Computer Assisted Language Learning ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Rød, Alison Jones & Raees Calafato
2023. Exploring the relationship between extramural English, self-efficacy, gender, and learning outcomes: A mixed-methods study in a Norwegian upper-secondary school. Studies in Educational Evaluation 79 ► pp. 101302 ff. DOI logo
Sadeghi, Karim
2022. Vocabulary Acquisition and Pedagogy in SLA: An Interview with Norbert Schmitt. In Talking About Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 89 ff. DOI logo
Sakurai, Nobuko
2023. Potential influence of extensive reading on controlled productive vocabulary. Language Teaching Research ► pp. 136216882311712 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Moving the field of vocabulary assessment forward: The need for more rigorous test development and validation. Language Teaching 53:1 ► pp. 109 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Vocabulary in Language Teaching, DOI logo
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2022. EFL Learners' Receptive Knowledge of Derived Words: The Case of Swedish Adolescents. TESOL Quarterly 56:4 ► pp. 1242 ff. DOI logo
Sompura, Rashmin T.
2021. NCERT CLASS 1 ENGLISH MARIGOLD: WORD LIST BY FREQUENCY. Towards Excellence ► pp. 1027 ff. DOI logo
Sonbul, Suhad & Dina Abdel Salam El-Dakhs
2021. L2 knowledge of English prefixes: The effect of vocabulary breadth and exposure. Language Teaching Research ► pp. 136216882110450 ff. DOI logo
Sonbul, Suhad, Dina Abdel Salam El-Dakhs & Hind Al-Otaibi
2022. Translation competence and collocation knowledge: Do congruency and word type have an effect on the accuracy of collocations in translation?. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 16:4 ► pp. 409 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Productive versus receptive L2 knowledge of polysemous phrasal verbs: A comparison of determining factors. System 95 ► pp. 102361 ff. DOI logo
Sonbul, Suhad, Dina Abdel Salam El-Dakhs & Ahmed Masrai
2023. Second language productive knowledge of collocations: Does knowledge of individual words matter?. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 45:2 ► pp. 480 ff. DOI logo
Sonbul, Suhad, Dina Abdel Salam El‐Dakhs & Rezan Alharbi
2023. Rendering natural collocations in a translation task: The effect of direction, congruency, semantic transparency, and proficiency. International Journal of Applied Linguistics DOI logo
Song, Tianjiao & Barry Lee Reynolds
2022. The Effects of Lexical Coverage and Topic Familiarity on the Comprehension of L2 Expository Texts. TESOL Quarterly 56:2 ► pp. 763 ff. DOI logo
Stewart, Jeffrey, Tim Stoeckel, Stuart McLean, Paul Nation & Geoffrey G. Pinchbeck
2021. WHAT THE RESEARCH SHOWS ABOUT WRITTEN RECEPTIVE VOCABULARY TESTING. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:2 ► pp. 462 ff. DOI logo
Stoeckel, Tim, Hung Tan Ha, Duyen Thi Bich Nguyen & Christopher Nicklin
2024. Can an extended-matching second-language vocabulary test format bridge the gap between meaning-recognition and meaning-recall?. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 3:2 ► pp. 100109 ff. DOI logo
Stoeckel, Tim, Tomoko Ishii, Young Ae Kim, Hung Tan Ha, Nam Thi Phuong Ho & Stuart McLean
2023. A comparison of contextualized and non-contextualized meaning-recall vocabulary test formats. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 2:3 ► pp. 100075 ff. DOI logo
Stoeckel, Tim, Stuart McLean & Paul Nation
2021. LIMITATIONS OF SIZE AND LEVELS TESTS OF WRITTEN RECEPTIVE VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGE. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:1 ► pp. 181 ff. DOI logo
Sun, Ye & Thi Ngoc Yen Dang
2020. Vocabulary in high-school EFL textbooks: Texts and learner knowledge. System 93 ► pp. 102279 ff. DOI logo
Szabo, Csaba Z.
2018. Book review. System 74 ► pp. 220 ff. DOI logo
Teng, Mark Feng
2023. Incidental vocabulary learning from captioned videos: Learners' prior vocabulary knowledge and working memory. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 39:2 ► pp. 517 ff. DOI logo
Teng, Mark Feng
2024. Incidental vocabulary learning from listening, reading, and viewing captioned videos: frequency and prior vocabulary knowledge. Applied Linguistics Review 0:0 DOI logo
Teng, Mark Feng & Yachong Cui
2024. Comparing incidental learning of single words and collocations from different captioning conditions: The role of vocabulary knowledge and working memory. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 40:3 ► pp. 973 ff. DOI logo
Teng, Mark Feng & Atsushi Mizumoto
2023. The role of spoken vocabulary knowledge in language minority students’ incidental vocabulary learning from captioned television. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 46:2 ► pp. 253 ff. DOI logo
Trang, Nguyen Huynh, Duyen Thi Bich Nguyen & Hung Tan Ha
2023. Vocabulary Demands of Academic Spoken English Revisited: A Case of University Lectures and TED Presentations. SAGE Open 13:1 ► pp. 215824402311553 ff. DOI logo
Uchihara, Takumi
2022. Is it possible to measure word-level comprehensibility and accentedness as independent constructs of pronunciation knowledge?. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 1:2 ► pp. 100011 ff. DOI logo
Uchihara, Takumi & Jon Clenton
2020. Investigating the role of vocabulary size in second language speaking ability. Language Teaching Research 24:4 ► pp. 540 ff. DOI logo
Uchihara, Takumi & Jon Clenton
2023. The role of spoken vocabulary knowledge in second language speaking proficiency. The Language Learning Journal 51:3 ► pp. 376 ff. DOI logo
Uchihara, Takumi, Masaki Eguchi & Jon Clenton
2022. The contribution of guessing from context and dictionary use to receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge: A structural equation modeling approach. Language Teaching Research ► pp. 136216882211221 ff. DOI logo
Uchihara, Takumi, Stuart Webb, Kazuya Saito & Pavel Trofimovich
2022. THE EFFECTS OF TALKER VARIABILITY AND FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURE ON THE ACQUISITION OF SPOKEN WORD KNOWLEDGE. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 44:2 ► pp. 357 ff. DOI logo
UCHIHARA, TAKUMI, STUART WEBB, KAZUYA SAITO & PAVEL TROFIMOVICH
2022. Does Mode of Input Affect How Second Language Learners Create Form–Meaning Connections and Pronounce Second Language Words?. The Modern Language Journal 106:2 ► pp. 351 ff. DOI logo
Uchihara, Takumi, Stuart Webb, Kazuya Saito & Pavel Trofimovich
2023. Frequency of Exposure Influences Accentedness and Comprehensibility in Learners’ Pronunciation of Second Language Words. Language Learning 73:1 ► pp. 84 ff. DOI logo
Uchihara, Takumi, Stuart Webb & Akifumi Yanagisawa
2019. The Effects of Repetition on Incidental Vocabulary Learning: A Meta‐Analysis of Correlational Studies. Language Learning 69:3 ► pp. 559 ff. DOI logo
VALİZADEH, Mohammadreza
2022. Investigating the Impacts of Mobile Assisted Reading on EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Knowledge Development. Sakarya University Journal of Education 12:3 ► pp. 573 ff. DOI logo
Vu, Duy Van, Ann-Sophie Noreillie & Elke Peters
2023. Incidental collocation learning from reading-while-listening and captioned TV viewing and predictors of learning gains. Language Teaching Research ► pp. 136216882211510 ff. DOI logo
Vu, Duy Van & Elke Peters
2022. Learning Vocabulary from Reading-only, Reading-while-listening, and Reading with Textual Input Enhancement: Insights from Vietnamese EFL Learners. RELC Journal 53:1 ► pp. 85 ff. DOI logo
Vu, Duy Van & Elke Peters
2022. INCIDENTAL LEARNING OF COLLOCATIONS FROM MEANINGFUL INPUT. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 44:3 ► pp. 685 ff. DOI logo
Vu, Duy Van & Elke Peters
2023. A Longitudinal Study on the Effect of Mode of Reading on Incidental Collocation Learning and Predictors of Learning Gains. TESOL Quarterly 57:1 ► pp. 5 ff. DOI logo
Warnby, Marcus
2023. Academic vocabulary knowledge among adolescents in university preparatory programmes. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 61 ► pp. 101203 ff. DOI logo
Warnby, Marcus, Hans Malmström & Kajsa Yang Hansen
2023. Linking scores from two written receptive English academic vocabulary tests—The VLT-Ac and the AVT. Language Testing 40:3 ► pp. 548 ff. DOI logo
Webb, Stuart
2021. WORD FAMILIES AND LEMMAS, NOT A REAL DILEMMA. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:5 ► pp. 973 ff. DOI logo
Webb, Stuart
2021. THE LEMMA DILEMMA. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:5 ► pp. 941 ff. DOI logo
Webb, Stuart
2021. A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE ON THE LIMITATIONS OF SIZE AND LEVELS TESTS OF WRITTEN RECEPTIVE VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGE. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:2 ► pp. 454 ff. DOI logo
Webb, Stuart & Paul Nation
2018. Teaching Vocabulary. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Webb, Stuart A.
2018. Advanced Lexical Development. In The Handbook of Advanced Proficiency in Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 401 ff. DOI logo
Wi, Injung & Frank Boers
2024. Sequential Use of L1 and L2 Captions: Exploring the Benefits for Vocabulary Acquisition. TESOL Quarterly 58:1 ► pp. 511 ff. DOI logo
Xodabande, Ismail, Vahid Asadi & Mohammadreza Valizadeh
2023. Teaching vocabulary items in corpus-based wordlists to university students: comparing the effectiveness of digital and paper-based flashcards. Journal of China Computer-Assisted Language Learning 2:2 ► pp. 257 ff. DOI logo
Xodabande, Ismail, Asqar Pourhassan & Mohammadreza Valizadeh
2022. Self-directed learning of core vocabulary in English by EFL learners: comparing the outcomes from paper and mobile application flashcards. Journal of Computers in Education 9:1 ► pp. 93 ff. DOI logo
Yang, Lu & Averil Coxhead
2022. A Corpus-based Study of Vocabulary in the New Concept English Textbook Series. RELC Journal 53:3 ► pp. 597 ff. DOI logo
Yang, Yin & Yanjie Song
2023. Understanding primary students’ self-regulated vocabulary learning behaviours on a mobile app via learning analytics and their associated outcomes: a case study. Journal of Computers in Education 10:3 ► pp. 469 ff. DOI logo
Yu, Xi, Frank Boers & Paul Tremblay
2022. Learning multiword items through dictation and dictogloss: How task performance predicts learning outcomes. Language Teaching Research ► pp. 136216882211172 ff. DOI logo
Zhang, Haiwei, Peng Sun, Yaowaluk Bianglae & Winda Widiawati
2024. The development of a Chinese vocabulary proficiency test (CVPT) for learners of Chinese as a second/foreign language . Language Testing 41:2 ► pp. 412 ff. DOI logo
Özer, Mustafa & Erdem Akbaş
2024. Assembling a justified list of academic words in veterinary medicine: The veterinary medicine academic word list (VMAWL). English for Specific Purposes 74 ► pp. 29 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2022. Research Methods in Vocabulary Studies [Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 2], DOI logo

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