The present paper deals with the use of deliberate metaphors in the political discourse. The potential of dehumanising metaphors to create derogatory descriptions used to disparage one’s political opponents is analysed. Also, metaphorical descriptions prove to be very productive in creating polysemy in previously monosemous items which are used in a new capacity in order to create an effect of novelty and surprise. This function appears especially useful in the language of politics in general, and the language of British politics in particular. The paper is maintained within the methodological framework of cognitive linguistics, focusing on the theories of conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy.
Barcelona, Antonio. 2015. “Metonymy.” In Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Dąbrowska, Ewa; Divjak, Dagmar. (eds). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 143–159.
Beger, Anke. 2011. “Deliberate metaphors? An exploration of the choice and functions of metaphors in US-American college lectures.” Metaphorik.de 201, 39–60.
Chakelian, Anoosh. 2017. “The absolute boy and the melts: how Corbynism created a new political language.” Accessed 29/10/2017. [URL]
Costello, Kimberly and Gordon Hodson. 2010. “Exploring the roots of dehumanization: The role of animal-human similarity in promoting immigrant humanization.” Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 131, 3–22.
Costello, Kimberly and Gordon Hodson. 2012. “Explaining dehumanization among children: The interspecies model of prejudice.” British Journal of Social Psychology, 2014 Vol. 53(1), 175–197.
Dancygier, Barbara and Lieven Vandelanotte. 2017. “Internet memes as multimodal constructions.” Cognitive Linguistics 28 (3), 565–598.
Forceville, Charles. 2007. “A Course in Pictorial and Multimodal Metaphor.” Accessed 15/11/2017 [URL]
Forceville, Charles and Eduardo Urios-Aparisi. 2009. Multimodal Metaphor. Mouton de Gruyter.
Geeraerts, Dirk. 2002. “The interaction of metaphor and metonymy in composite expressions.” In René Dirven and Ralf Pörings (red.), Metaphor and metonymy in comparison and contrast. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 435–465.
Gibbs, Raymond W.2015. “Does deliberate metaphor theory have a future?” Journal of Pragmatics 901, 73–76.
Gibbs, Raymond. 2015. “Metaphor.” In Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Dąbrowska, Ewa; Divjak, Dagmar. (eds). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 167–189.
Goossens, Louis. 1990. “Metaphtonymy: the interaction of metaphor and metonymy in expressions for linguistic action.” Cognitive Linguistics 1–31 (1990), 323–340.
Hitler, Adolf. 1933. Mein Kampf. 23rd ed. Munich: Franz Eher Nachfolger.
Hodson, Gordon, Cara MacInnis and Kimberly C. Costello. 2014. “(Over)valuing “humanness” as an aggravator of intergroup prejudices and discrimination.” In Paul G. Bain, Jeroen Vaes, and Jacques-Philippe Leyens (Eds.), Humanness and dehumanization New York: Psychology Press, 86–110.
Knoblock, Natalia. 2017. “Dehumanizing Metaphors in the Ukrainian Conflict.” Presentation at: ICLC-14, Tartu, Estonia.
Kövecses, Zoltán. 2015. Where Metaphors Come From. Reconsidering Context in Metaphor. Oxford University Press.
Krzeszowski, Tomasz P.1997. Angels and Devils in Hell. Elements of Axiology in Semantics. Warszawa: Energeia.
Lakoff, George and Mark Turner. 1989. More than Cool Reason. A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. 1980a. “Conceptual Metaphor in Everyday Language.” The Journal of Philosophy Vol. 77, No. 8, 453–486.
Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. 1980b. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George. 1991. “Metaphor and War. The metaphor system used to justify war in the Gulf.” Peace Research Vol. 23, No. 2/3, 25–32.
Lakoff, George. 1993. “The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor.” In Metaphor and Thought. 1993. Orthony, Andrew (ed.). Cambridge University Press, 202–251.
Langacker, Ronald. 2008. Cognitive Grammar. A Basic Introduction. Oxford University Press.
Littlemore, Jeanette. 2017. “Metonymy.” In Barbara Dancygier (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 407–422.
McDonald, Karl. 2017. “Slugs and melts: inside the language and culture of the Corbynite left.” Accessed 27/10/2017 [URL]
Musolff, Andreas. 2007. “What role do metaphors play in racial prejudice? The function of antisemitic imagery in Hitler’s Mein Kampf.” Patterns of Prejudice, Vol. 41:1 (2007), 21–43.
Musolff, Andreas. 2012. “Immigrants and Parasites: The History of a Bio-social Metaphor.” In Michi Messer, Renee Schroeder and Ruth Wodak (eds.). Migrations: Interdisciplinary Perspectives Springer, 249–258.
Nicholson, Rebecca. 2016. “‘Poor little snowflake’ – the defining insult of 2016.” Accessed 31/10/2017 [URL]
Pragglejaz Group. 2007. “MIP: A Method for Identifying Metaphorically Used Words in Discourse.” Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1–39.
Reijnierse, Gudrun W.2017. The value of deliberate metaphor. LOT.
Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco and Alicia Galera-Masegosa. 2011. “Going beyond metaphtonymy: Metaphoric and metonymic complexes in phrasal verb interpretation.” Language Value, Vol. 31 (2011) 1–29.
Safire, William. 2008. Safire’s Political Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
Steen, Gerard J.2011. “From three dimensions to five steps: The value of deliberate metaphor.” Metaphorik.de 211, 83–110.
Steen, Gerard J.2015. “Developing, testing and interpreting deliberate metaphor theory.” Journal of Pragmatics 901, 67–72.
Steen, J. Gerard, Gudrun W. Reijnierse and Christian Burgers. 2014. “When Do Natural Language Metaphors Influence Reasoning? A Follow-Up Study to Thibodeau and Boroditsky (2013).” PLoS One. 9(12). Accessed 2/11/2017. [URL].
Sullivan, Karen. 2017. “Conceptual Metaphor.” In: Barbara Dancygier (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 385–406.
Thibodeau, Paul H. and Lera Boroditsky. 2011. “Metaphors we think with: The role of metaphor in reasoning.” PLoS One. 23;6(2). Accessed 2/11/2017 [URL].
Ungerer, Friedrich and Hans-Jörg Schmid. 1996. Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. Longman.
Cited by (9)
Cited by nine other publications
Breckwoldt, James
2023. Who Cares About the Culture War? Evidence from a Vote Choice Conjoint Experiment. SSRN Electronic Journal
Kochman-Haładyj, Bożena & Robert Kiełtyka
2023. Paradigm Shift in the Representation of Women in Anglo-American Paremiology – A Cognitive Semantics Perspective. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 68:1 ► pp. 41 ff.
Liang, Mei-Ya, Shiou-Ping John Pan & I-Ting Tsai
2023. ‘I’m not blue or green. I’m black’. The participatory entextualization of translingual memes and metapragmatic comments in transnational sociopolitical discourse. Discourse & Society 34:4 ► pp. 445 ff.
De Groeve, Ben, Brent Bleys & Liselot Hudders
2022. Ideological resistance to veg*n advocacy: An identity-based motivational account. Frontiers in Psychology 13
Burch, Leah
2021. Understanding and Debating the Concept of ‘Hate Crime’. In Understanding Disability and Everyday Hate, ► pp. 85 ff.
Prażmo, Ewelina
2020.
Foids are worse than animals. A cognitive linguistics analysis of dehumanizing metaphors in online discourse. Topics in Linguistics 21:2 ► pp. 16 ff.
2024. “All women are like that”: an overview of linguistic deindividualization and dehumanization of women in the incelosphere. Linguistics Vanguard 10:1 ► pp. 163 ff.
Bucholtz, Mary
2019. The public life of white affects. Journal of Sociolinguistics 23:5 ► pp. 485 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 9 january 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.