Cover not available
Article published In:
Radical Right-Wing Populism and Borders: Positioning antagonistic discourses in the (de)bounded spaces of power
Edited by Christian Lamour and Oscar Mazzoleni
[Journal of Language and Politics 23:3] 2024
► pp. 391–415

Bordering and crisis narratives to illiberal ends

The politics of reassurance in Viktor Orbán’s Hungary

ORCID logo | Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)

This paper draws lessons from security and populism studies to theorize how radical right-wing populism (RRWP) utilizes borders as a symbolic resource in crisis narratives to clearly frame an “Us” and a threatening “Them”. By analyzing the Hungarian Orbán regime’s evolving rhetoric on borders, the paper illustrates how populists employ crisis narratives not to mitigate, but exacerbate ontological insecurities, and thereby facilitate de-democratization by (re)shaping voter attitudes (cf. Homolar & Scholz 2019; Steele & Homolar 2019). The paper suggests that populists-in-power rely on crisis and bordering narratives beyond voter mobilization: such narratives are in fact designed to legitimize and affirm illiberal practices that undermine liberal democracy itself, and contribute to regime building. Border crises, and crisis politics, hence become a template for the manipulation of individuals’ security-of-being, and thereby a tool in the politics of reassurance and control at the broader, societal level.

Keywords: bordering, populism, crisis narratives, Hungary, migration, de-democratization
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Navigating the dual paradox: Vertical othering and the scalar expansion of borders
    • 2.1Rhetorical consistency through the mega-narrative “The end of the modern West”
    • 2.2Heroism, betrayal, and constant struggle
  • 3.Legitimizing illiberalism: Rule of law conditionality as political attack
    • 3.1Setting the stage: Problem and culprit identification
    • 3.2“European Empire”
    • 3.3Normalizing illiberal politics through Banal Security
  • 4.Concluding remarks
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 8 April 2024
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.23086.sza
References
Adler-Nissen, Rebecca, and Ayşe Zarakol
2021 “Struggles for Recognition: The Liberal International Order and the Merger of Its Discontents.” International Organization 75 (1): 611–34. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Alekseenkova, E. S.
2022 “Transformation of Right-Wing Populism in Italy in 2018–2022: From Sovereignism to Patriotism.” Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92 (7): S667–74. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Baldini, Gianfranco, Edoardo Bressanelli, and Stella Gianfreda
2019 “Taking Back Control? Brexit, Sovereignism and Populism in Westminster (2015–17).” European Politics and Society 21 (2): 219–34. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Balzacq, Thierry
2007 “The Policy Tools of Securitization: Information Exchange, EU Foreign and Interior Policies.” Journal of Common Market Studies 46 (1): 75–100. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Barát, Erzsébet
2017 “Populist Discourses in the Hungarian Public Sphere: From Right to Left (and Beyond)?” Journal of Language and Politics 16 (4): 535–50. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bartha, Attila, Zsolt Boda, and Dorottya Szikra
2020 “When Populist Leaders Govern: Conceptualising Populism inPolicy Making.” Politics and Governance 8 (3): 71–81. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Basile, Linda, and Oscar Mazzoleni
eds. 2021 Sovereignism and Populism Citizens, Voters and Parties in Western European Democracies. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Béland, Daniel
2020 “Right-Wing Populism and the Politics of Insecurity: How President Trump Frames Migrants as Collective Threats.” Political Studies Review 18 (2): 162–77. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Berger, J. M.
2018 Extremism. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bíró-Nagy, András
2021 “Orbán’s Political Jackpot: Migration and the Hungarian Electorate.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 1–20.Google Scholar
Bocskor, Ákos
2018 “Anti-Immigration Discourses in Hungary during the ‘Crisis’ Year: The Orbán Government’s ‘National Consultation’ Campaign of 2015.” Sociology 52 (3): 551–68. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bridge, Christopher
2017 “Orbán’s Hungary: The Othering of Liberal Western Europe.” In Representing the Other in European Media Discourses, edited by Jan Chovanec and Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska, 25–54. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers
2017 “Between Nationalism and Civilizationism: The European Populist Moment in Comparative Perspective.” 40 (8): 1191–1226. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2020 “Populism and Nationalism.” Nations and Nationalism 26 (1): 44–66. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Casaglia, Anna, Raffaella Coletti, Christopher Lizotte, John Agnew, Virginie Mamadouh, and Claudio Minca
2020 “Interventions on European Nationalist Populism and Bordering in Time of Emergencies.” Political Geography 821 (October): 102238. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cooper, Anthony, Chris Perkins, and Chris Rumford
2016 “The Vernacularization of Borders.” In Placing the Border in Everyday Life, edited by Corey Johnson and Reece Jones, 15–32. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Cox, Michael
2012 “Power Shifts, Economic Change and the Decline of the West?” International Relations 26 (4): 369–88. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Csehi, Robert
2019 “Neither Episodic, nor Destined to Failure? The Endurance of Hungarian Populism after 2010.” Democratization 26 (6): 1011–27. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Edel, Mirjam, and Maria Josua
2018 “How Authoritarian Rulers Seek to Legitimize Repression: Framing Mass Killings in Egypt and Uzbekistan.” Democratization 25 (5): 882–900. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Entman, Robert M.
1993 “Framing: Towards Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43 (4): 51–58. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
European Commission
2022 “Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation” 2022 [URL]
Fekete, Liz
2016 “Hungary: Power, Punishment and the ‘Christian-National Idea.’” Race & Class 57 (4): 39–53. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Forchtner, Bernhard
2016a Lessons from the Past? Memory, Narrativity and Subjectivity. London: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2016b “Longing for Communal Purity: Countryside, (Far-Right) Nationalism and the (Im)Possibility of Progressive Politics of Nostalgia.” In The Commonalities of Global Crises: Markets, Communities and Nostalgia, edited by Christian Karner and Bernhard Weicht, 271–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Forchtner, Bernhard, and Özgür Özvatan
2022 “De/Legitimising EUrope through the Performance of Crises: The Far-Right Alternative for Germany on ‘Climate Hysteria’ and ‘Corona Hysteria.’” Journal of Language and Politics 21 (2): 208–32. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Forgas, Joseph P., and Dorottya Lantos
2020 “Understanding Populism: Collective Narcissism and the Collapse of Democracy in Hungary.” In Applications of Social Psychology: How Social Psychology Can Contribute to the Solution of Real-World Problems, 267–91. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gerő, Márton, Ákos Kopper, Pál Susánszky, and Gergely Tóth
2017 “Creating Suspicion and Vigilance Using Enemy Images for Hindering Mobilization.” Intersections: East European Journal of Society and Politics 3 (3): 108–25.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving
1974 Frame Analysis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Jonny
2021 “In Search of Enemies: Donald Trump’s Populist Foreign Policy Rhetoric.” Politics 41 (1): 48–63. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Herman, Arthur
1997 The Idea of Decline in Western History. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Homolar, Alexandra, and Ronny Scholz
2019 “The Power of Trump-Speak: Populist Crisis Narratives and Ontological Security.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 32 (3): 344–64. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kallis, Aristotle
2018 “Populism, Sovereigntism, and the Unlikely Re-Emergence of the Territorial Nation-State.” Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 2018 11:3 11 (3): 285–302. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kauth, Jasper Theodor, and Desmond King
2020 “Illiberalism.” European Journal of Sociology/Archives Européennes de Sociologie 61 (3): 365–405. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kerr, Ron
2008 “Discourse and Leadership: Using the Paradigm of the Permanent State of Emergency.” 5 (3): 201–16. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kopper, Ákos, András Szalai, and Magdalena Góra
2023 “Populist Foreign Policy in Central and Eastern Europe: Poland, Hungary and the Shock of the Ukraine Crisis.” In Populist Foreign Policy: Regional Perspectives of Populism in the International Scene, edited by Philip Giurlando and Daniel Wajner. London: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Krastev, Ivan, and Stephen Holmes
2020 The Light That Failed: A Reckoning. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Krasteva, Anna
2020 “If Borders Did Not Exist, Euroscepticism Would Have Invented Them Or, on Post-Communist Re/De/Re/Bordering in Bulgaria.” Geopolitics 25 (3): 678–705. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Krekó, Péter, and Zsolt Enyedi
2018 “Orbán’s Laboratory of Illiberalism.” Journal of Democracy 29 (3): 39–51. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Krzyżanowski, Michał, and Mats Ekström
2022 “The Normalization of Far-Right Populism and Nativist Authoritarianism: Discursive Practices in Media, Journalism and the Wider Public Sphere/S.” Discourse & Society 33 (6): 719–29. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Krzyżanowski, Michał, Ruth Wodak, Hannah Bradby, Mattias Gardell, Aristotle Kallis, Natalia Krzyżanowska, Cas Mudde, and Jens Rydgren
2023 “Discourses and Practices of the ‘New Normal’: Towards an Interdisciplinary Research Agenda on Crisis and the Normalization of Anti- and Post-democratic Action.” Journal of Language and Politics 22 (4): 415–37. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lamour, Christian
2022 “Orbán Urbi et Orbi: Christianity as a Nodal Point of Radical-Right Populism.” Politics and Religion 15 (2): 317–43. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lamour, Christian, and Renáta Varga
2017 “The Border as a Resource in Right-Wing Populist Discourse: Viktor Orbán and the Diasporas in a Multi-Scalar Europe.” Journal of Borderlands Studies 35 (3): 335–50. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Layne, Christopher
2018 “The US–Chinese Power Shift and the End of the Pax Americana.” International Affairs 94 (1): 89–111. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lázár, Nóra
2015 “Euroscepticism in Hungary and Poland: A Comparative Analysis of Jobbik and the Law and Justice Parties.” Politeja – Pismo Wydziału Studiów Międzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego 33 (12): 215–33. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lindekilde, Lasse
2014 “Discourse and Frame Analysis: In-Depth Analysis of Qualitative Data in Social Movement Research.” In Methodological Practices in Social Movement Research, edited by Donatella della Porta, 195–227. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lukacovic, Marta N.
2020 “ ‘Wars’ on COVID-19 in Slovakia, Russia, and the United States: Securitized Framing and Reframing of Political and Media Communication around the Pandemic.” Frontiers in Communication 51. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mälksoo, Maria
2019 “The Normative Threat of Subtle Subversion: The Return of ‘Eastern Europe’ as an Ontological Insecurity Trope.” Cambridge Review of International Studies 32 (3): 365–83. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Massey, Doreen
1993 “Power-Geometry and a Progressive Sense of Place.” In Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change, edited by John Bird, Barry Curtis, Tim Putnam, and Lisa Tickner. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
1999 “Imagining Globalization: Power-Geometries of Time-Space.” In Global Futures: Migration, Environment and Globalization, edited by Avtar Brah, Mary J. Hickman, and Máirtín Mác Ghaill, 27–44. Basingstoke: Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Meislova, Monika Brusenbauch, and Steve Buckledee
2021 “Discursive (Re)Construction of Populist Sovereignism by Right-Wing Hard Eurosceptic Parties in the 2019 European Parliament Elections: Insights from the UK, Italy, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.” Journal of Language and Politics 20 (6): 825–51. [URL]
Merabishvili, Gela
2020 “The Politics of Border Walls in Hungary, Georgia and Israel.” Arlington: Virginia Tech. [URL]
2022 “Defending Europe at the Trianon Border: Geopolitical Visions of Nationhood and the Remaking of Hungary’s Southern Border.” Geopolitics, 1–37. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Merino, Pasko Kisic, and Catarina Kinnwall
2023 “Governing Emotions: Hybrid Media, Ontological Insecurity and the Normalisation of Far-Right Fantasies.” Alternatives 48 (1): 54–73. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Moffitt, Benjamin
2014 “How to Perform Crisis: A Model for Understanding the Key Role of Crisis in Contemporary Populism.” Government and Opposition 50 (2): 189–217. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mudde, Cas
2007 Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Müller, Jan-Werner
2016 What Is Populism? What Is Populism? Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Orbán, Viktor
2013 “Viktor Orbán’s Speech at the 24th Băile Tuşnad Summer University.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister. July 29, 2013. [URL]
2015 “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s Address to Parliament before the Start of Daily Business.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister. September 18, 2015. [URL]
2018a “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s Annual State of the Nation Address.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister 2018.Google Scholar
2018b “Viktor Orbán’s Speech at the 29th Băile Tuşnad (Tusnádfürdő) Festival of 28 August 2018.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister 2018.Google Scholar
2018c “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the Kossuth Radio Programme ‘Good Morning Hungary’ on 8 June 2018.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister, June 8, 2018.Google Scholar
2018d “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the Kossuth Radio Programme ‘Good Morning Hungary’ on 23 Nov. 2018.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister, November 23, 2018.Google Scholar
2020a “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the Kossuth Radio Programme ‘Good Morning Hungary’ on 17 Jan. 2020.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister, January 17, 2020.Google Scholar
2020b “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the Kossuth Radio Programme ‘Good Morning Hungary’ on 1 May 2020.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister, May 1, 2020.Google Scholar
2020c “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the Kossuth Radio Programme ‘Good Morning Hungary’ on 8 May 2020.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister, May 8, 2020.Google Scholar
2020d “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the Kossuth Radio Programme ‘Good Morning Hungary’ on 22 May 2020.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister, May 22, 2020.Google Scholar
2020e “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the Kossuth Radio Programme ‘Good Morning Hungary’ on 19 June 2020.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister, June 19, 2020.Google Scholar
2020f “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the Kossuth Radio Programme ‘Good Morning Hungary’ on 10 July 2020.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister, July 10, 2020.Google Scholar
2020g “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the Kossuth Radio Programme ‘Good Morning Hungary’ on 24 July 2020.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister, July 24, 2020.Google Scholar
2020h “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s Speech at the Inauguration of the Trianon Memorial.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister, August 20, 2020. [URL]
2020i “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the Kossuth Radio Programme ‘Good Morning Hungary’ on 6 Nov 2020.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister, November 6, 2020.Google Scholar
2020j “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the Kossuth Radio Programme ‘Good Morning Hungary’ on 13 Nov. 2018.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister, November 13, 2020.Google Scholar
2020k “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the Kossuth Radio Programme ‘Good Morning Hungary’ on 27 Nov. 2018.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister, November 27, 2020.Google Scholar
2022 “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s Annual State of the Nation Address.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister, February 12, 2022.Google Scholar
Pogonyi, Szabolcs
2015 “Transborder Kin-Minority as Symbolic Resource in Hungary.” Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe (JEMIE) 14 (3): 73–98. [URL]
2017 Extra-Territorial Ethnic Politics, Discourses and Identities in Hungary. Extra-Territorial Ethnic Politics, Discourses and Identities in Hungary. Springer International Publishing. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Richardson, John E., and Ruth Wodak
2022 “ ‘Anti-Sorosism’: Reviving the ‘Jewish World Conspiracy.’” In Conspiracy Theory Discourses, edited by Massimiliano Demata, Virginia Zorzi, and Angela Zottola, 395–420. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Richardson, Paul
2020 “Rescaling the Border: National Populism, Sovereignty, and Civilizationism.” In A Research Agenda for Border Studies, edited by James W. Scott, 43–54. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Kenneth M.
2022 “Performing Crisis? Trump, Populism and the GOP in the Age of COVID-19.” Government and Opposition, 1–19. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rychnovská, Dagmar
2014 “Securitization and the Power of Threat Framing.” Perspectives: Review of International Affairs 21: 9–32.Google Scholar
Rythoven, Eric Van
2015 “Learning to Feel, Learning to Fear? Emotions, Imaginaries, and Limits in the Politics of Securitization.” Security Dialogue 46 (5): 458–75. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, Vivien A.
2008 “Discursive Institutionalism: The Explanatory Power of Ideas and Discourse.” Annual Review of Political Science 11 (1): 303–26. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010 “Taking Ideas and Discourse Seriously: Explaining Change through Discursive Institutionalism as the Fourth ‘New Institutionalism.’” European Political Science Review 2 (01): 1–25. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012 “Discursive Institutionalism: Scope, Dynamics, and Philosophical Underpinnings.” In The Argumentative Turn Revisited: Public Policy as a Communicative Process, edited by Frank Fischer and Herbert Gottweis, 85–113. London: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Schnurr, Stephanie, Alexandra Homolar, Malcolm N. MacDonald, and Lena Rethel
2014 “Legitimizing Claims for ‘Crisis’ Leadership in Global Governance.” Critical Discourse Studies 12 (2): 187–205. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Scott, James W.
2018 “Hungarian Border Politics as an Anti-Politics of the European Union.” Geopolitics, May 26, 2018. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Snow, David A., and Robert D. Benford
1988 “Ideology, Frame Resonance and Participant Mobilization.” International Social Movement Research 1 (1): 197–217.Google Scholar
Snow, David A., Rens Vliegenthart, and Pauline Ketelaars
2019 “The Framing Perspective on Social Movements: Its Conceptual Roots and Architecture.” In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Holly J. McCammon, 392–410. Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Spengler, Oswald
1971 The Decline of the West. London: George Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Spiegeleire, Stephan De, Clarissa Skinner, and Tim Sweijs
2017 “The Rise of Populist Sovereignism: What It Is, Where It Comes From, and What It Means for International Security and Defense.” The Hague. [URL]
Stavrakakis, Yannis, Giorgos Katsambekis, Alexandros Kioupkiolis, Nikos Nikisianis, and Thomas Siomos
2017 “Populism, Anti-Populism and Crisis.” Contemporary Political Theory 17 (1): 4–27. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Steele, Brent J., and Alexandra Homolar
2019 “Ontological Insecurities and the Politics of Contemporary Populism.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 32 (3): 214–21. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Szabó, Lilla Petronella, and Gabriella Szabó
2022 “Attack of the Critics: Metaphorical Delegitimisation in Viktor Orbán’s Discourse during the Covid-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Language and Politics 21 (2): 255–76. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Szalai, András, and Ákos Kopper
2020 “Translating Security across Borders: Staging the Migration Crisis in Hungary and Transylvania.” Millennium – Journal of International Studies 49 (1). DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Taggart, Paul
2000 Populism. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Verzichelli, Luca
2019 “Conclusions. The Populism-Sovereignism Linkage: Findings, Theoretical Implications and a New Research Agenda.” European Politics and Society 21 (2): 258–70. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vuori, Juha
2008 “Illocutionary Logic and Strands of Securitization: Applying the Theory of Securitization to the Study of Non-Democratic Political Orders.” European Journal of International Relations 14 (1): 65–99. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Waterbury, Myra A.
2010 Between State and Nation: Diaspora Politics and Kin-State Nationalism in Hungary. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Watson, Scott D.
2012 “ ‘Framing’the Copenhagen School: Integrating the Literature on Threat Construction.” Millenium 40 (2): 279–301. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Werner, Marion, Rebecca Lave, and Jamie Christophers, Brett Peck
2018 “Spatializing Power: Doreen Massey on Space as Domination and Potential.” In The Doreen Massey Reader, edited by Marion Werner, Rebecca Lave, and Jamie Christophers, Brett Peck, 205–327. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wodak, Ruth
2015 The Politics of Fear: Analyzing Right-Wing Popular Discourse. London: SAGE.Google Scholar
2019 “Entering the ‘Post-Shame Era’: The Rise of Illiberal Democracy, Populism and Neo-Authoritarianism in Europe.” Global Discourse 9 (1): 195–213. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2020 The Politics of Fear: The Shameless Normalization of Far-Right Discourse. London: SAGE.Google Scholar
Wodak, Ruth, and Michał Krzyżanowski
2017 “Right-Wing Populism in Europe & USA: Contesting Politics & Discourse beyond ‘Orbanism’ and ‘Trumpism.’” Journal of Language and Politics 16 (4): 471–84. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yerly, Grégoire
2022 “Right-Wing Populist Parties’ Bordering Narratives in Times of Crisis: Anti-Immigration Discourse in the Genevan Borderland during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Swiss Political Science Review 28 (4): 675–95. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zielonka, Jan
2021 “National Bonds, Foreign Policy and the Future of Europe.” Ethnopolitics 20 (1): 150–56. DOI logoGoogle Scholar