Discourses of (hetero)sexism in popular music
The legacy of Blurred Lines
This article analyses interview data to explore how participants negotiated discourses of (hetero)sexism in
relation to the controversial pop song Blurred Lines. Our previous work, based on questionnaire data,
interrogated interpretations of Blurred Lines (Handforth, Paterson,
Coffey-Glover & Mills 2017) and showed how participants drew on discourses of sexism in their responses. Several
participants experienced significant conflict in their interpretations, and here we focus on these more complex interpretations,
considering the “small stories” (Bamberg & Georgakopoulou 2008) identified in
follow-up interviews with participants. Individual narratives acted as mechanisms through which participants linked
Blurred Lines to wider issues such as rape culture, drawing parallels between these and their own lives.
Following research in queer linguistics (King 2014; Leap 2014; Motschenbacher 2010) our use of thematic analysis, corpus
linguistic tools and narrative analysis highlights the various subject positions that participants negotiated in their
storytelling, and how these positions both echoed and challenged normative understandings of gender and sexuality.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Studying reactions to sexism and popular music with queer linguistics
- 3.Methodology
- 3.1Analytical framework: Corpus-assisted discourse analysis
- 3.1.1Thematic analysis
- 3.1.2Corpus linguistic tools
- 3.1.3Narrative analysis
- 3.1.4Combining quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis
- 4.Analysis
- 4.1Discourses of (hetero)sexism
- 4.1.1Objectification
- 4.1.2Unequal power relations
- 4.1.3Rape culture
- 4.2Narrative analysis
- 4.2.1Retelling memories of Blurred Lines
- 4.2.2Public and social spaces
- 5.Conclusion
- Notes
-
References
References
Baker, Paul
2006 Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum.

Baker, Paul
2014 Using Corpora to Analyze Gender. London: Bloomsbury.

Baker, Paul, Gabrielatos, Costas, KhosraviNik, Majid, Krzyżanowski, Michał, McEnery, Tony & Wodak, Ruth
2008 A useful methodological synergy? Combining critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics to examine discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press.
Discourse & Society 19(3): 273–306.


Baker, Paul & Levon, Erez
2016 “
That’s what I call a man”: Representations of racialized and classed masculinities in the UK print media.
Gender and Language 10(1): 106–139.


Bamberg, Michael
2009 Identity and narration. In
Handbook of Narratology,
Peter Hühn,
John Pier,
Wolf Schmid &
Jorg Schönert (eds), 132–143. New York: Walter de Gruyter.

Bamberg, Michael & Georgakopoulou, Alexandra
2008 Small stories as a new perspective in narrative and identity analysis.
Text & Talk 28(1): 377–396.

Bauman, Richard
2004 A World of Others’ Words: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Intertextuality. Oxford: Blackwell.


Baxter, Judith A.
2010 Discourse-analytic approaches to text and talk. In
Research Methods in Linguistics,
Lia Litosseliti (ed), 117–137. London: Continuum.

Beal, Joan C.
2009 “
You’re not from New York City, you’re from Rotherham”: Dialect and identity in British indie music.
Journal of English Linguistics 37(3): 223–240.


Braun, Virginia & Clarke, Victoria
2006 Using thematic analysis in psychology.
Qualitative Research in Psychology 3(2): 77–101.


Brinkley, Elly
2013 Is Blurred Lines a ‘rapey’ song? The Wall Street Journal.
[URL] (
September 25 2016)
Bucholtz, Mary & Hall, Kira
2004 Theorizing identity in language and sexuality research.
Language in Society 33(1): 469–515.

Burgess, Melinda C. R. & Burpo, Sandra
2012 The effect of music videos on college students’ perceptions of rape.
College Student Journal 46(4): 748–763.

Butler, Judith
1990 Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. London: Routledge.

Butler, Judith
1993 Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex”. London: Routledge.

Cameron, Deborah
1992 Feminism and Linguistic Theory. Basingstoke: Macmillan.


Cameron, Deborah & Kulick, Don
2003 Language and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Cobb, Michael D. & Boettcher, William A.
2007 Ambivalent sexism and misogynistic rap music: Does exposure to Eminem increase sexism? Journal of Applied Social Psychology 37(12): 3025–3042.


Coffey-Glover, Laura
2015 Ideologies of masculinity in women’s magazines: A critical stylistic approach.
Gender and Language 9(3): 337–363.


Eckert, Penelope & McConnell-Ginet, Sally
1992 Communities of practice: Where language, gender and power all live. In
Locating Power: Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Women and Language Conference,
Kira Hall,
Mary Bucholtz &
Birch Moonwoman (eds), 89–99. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley University.

Edley, Nigel & Wetherell, Margaret
2008 Discursive psychology and the study of gender: A contested space. In
Gender and Language Research Methodologies,
Kate Harrington,
Lia Litosseliti,
Helen Sauntson &
Jane Sunderland (eds), 161–173. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Edwards, Derek & Middleton, David
1986 Joint remembering: Constructing an account of shared experience through conversational discourse.
Discourse Processes 9(1): 423–459.


Edwards, Derek & Potter, Jonathan
1992 Discursive Psychology. London: Sage.

Foucault, Michel
1972 The Archaeology of Knowledge. London: Tavistock.

Goffman, Erving
1974 Frame Analysis. New York: Harper.

Handforth, Rachel, Paterson, Laura, Coffey-Glover, Laura & Mills, Sara
2017 Reading between Blurred Lines: The complexity of interpretation.
Discourse, Context & Media 201: 103–115.


Jansen, Lisa & Westphal, Michael
2017 Rihanna works her multivocal pop persona: A morpho-syntactic and accent analysis of Rihanna’s singing style.
English Today 33(2): 46–55.


Juzwik, Mary
2014 Spoken narrative. In
The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis,
James Paul Gee &
Michael Handford (eds), 326–341. London: Routledge.

Kalof, Linda
1999 The effects of gender and music video imagery on sexual attitudes.
The Journal of Social Psychology 139(3): 378–385.


Kilgarriff, Aadam, Baisa, Vít, Bušta, Jan, Jakubíček, Miloš, Kovář, Vojtěch, Michelfeit, Jan, Rychlý, Pavel & Suchomel, Vit
2014 The Sketch Engine: Ten years on.
Lexicography 1(1): 7–36.


King, Brian W.
2014 Reclaiming masculinity in an account of lived intersex experience: Language, desire and embodied knowledge. In
Language and Masculinities: Performances, Intersections, Dislocations,
Tommaso Milani (ed), 220–242. London: Routledge.

Koehler, Sezin
2013 From the mouths of rapists: The lyrics of Robin Thicke’s Blurred Lines
.
The Society Pages.
[URL] (
September 9 2016)
Labov, William
1972 Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Labov, William & Waletzky, Joshua
1967 Narrative analysis: Oral versions of personal experience. In
Essays on the Verbal and Visual Arts: Proceedings of the 1966 Annual Spring Meeting of the American Ethnological Society,
June Helm (ed), 12–44. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.

Lai, Jennifer
2013 “
Blurred Lines” is cocky, yes. But rapey? No.
Slate
.
[URL] (
November 19 2016)
Leap, William L.
2014 Queer linguistics, sexuality, and discourse analysis. In
The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis,
James Paul Gee &
Michael Handford (eds), 558–571. London: Routledge.

Love, Robbie & Baker, Paul
Lynskey, Dorian
2013
Blurred Lines: The most controversial song of the decade.
The Guardian.
[URL] (
September 25 2016)
Mabry, Linda
2008 Case study in social research. In
The Sage Handbook of Social Research Methods,
Pertti Alasuutari,
Leonard Bickman &
Julia Brannen (eds), 214–228. London: Sage.


Makarechi, Kia
2013
Blurred Lines’ director Diane Martel defends music video against claims of misogyny.
Huffington Post.
[URL] (
November 19 2016)
Mautner, Gerlinde
2009 Checks and balances: How corpus linguistics can contribute to CDA. In
Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis,
Michael Meyer &
Ruth Wodak (eds), 122–143. London: Sage.

McEnery, Tony & Hardie, Andrew
2012 Corpus Linguistics: Method, Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

McRobbie, Angela
2007 Post-feminism and popular culture.
Feminist Media Studies 4(3): 255–264.


Mills, Sara
2008 Language and Sexism. London: Routledge.


Motschenbacher, Heiko
2013 “
Now everybody can wear a skirt”: Linguistic constructions of non-heteronormativity at Eurovision Song Contest press conferences.
Discourse & Society 24(5): 590–614.


Motschenbacher, Heiko
2016 Language, Normativity and Europeanisation: Discursive Evidence from the Eurovision Song Contest. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.


Motschenbacher, Heiko
(ed) 2018 Corpus Linguistics in Language and Sexuality Studies: Developments and Prospects (
special issue: Journal of Language and Sexuality 7.2). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Mulvey, Laura
1975 Visual pleasure and narrative cinema.
Screen 16(3): 6–18.


Murphy, Meghan
2014 ‘No, “female appreciation” is not the same thing as feminism.
Feminist Current.
[URL] (
September 25 2016)
Potter, Jonathan & Wetherell, Margaret
1987 Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour. London: Sage.

Riessman, Catherine
2005 Narrative analysis. In
Narrative, Memory and Everyday Life,
Christine Horrocks,
Nancy Kelly,
Kate Milnes,
Brian Roberts &
David Robinson (eds), 1–7. Huddersfield: University of Huddersfield Press.

Romano, Tricia
2013 “
Blurred Lines,” Robin Thicke’s summer anthem, is kind of rapey.
The Daily Beast.
[URL] (
September 9 2016)
Scott, Mike
2012 WordSmith Tools version 6. Stroud: Lexical Analysis Software.

Sunderland, Jane
2004 Gendered Discourses. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.


Taylor, Charlotte
2016 Mock politeness and culture: Perceptions and practice in UK and Italian data.
Intercultural Pragmatics 13(4): 463–498.

Thornborrow, Joanna
2014 Narrative analysis. In
The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis,
James Paul Gee &
Michael Handford (eds), 51–65. London: Routledge.

Wallis, Cara
2011 Performing gender: A content analysis of gender display in music videos.
Sex Roles 64 (3–4): 160–172.


Werner, Valentin
2012 Love is all around: A corpus-based study of pop lyrics.
Corpora (7)11: 19–50.


Cited by
Cited by 3 other publications
Dashiell, Steven
2022.
‘You feel that?’ Examining gay porn discourse as hegemonic discursive soundtrack.
Porn Studies ► pp. 1 ff.

Motschenbacher, Heiko
Oyebanji, Olubunmi Funmi
2023.
Illegitimation of same-sex sexualities in news reports of selected Nigerian newspapers.
Discourse & Society ► pp. 095792652211424 ff.

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 23 march 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.