Abstract
This article investigates gender stereotyping in the Hebrew literature in Palestine during the 1930s in order to find out the extent to which a new ideology effects linguistic and narrative changes. On the assumption that the foundation of the new society was motivated by an egalitarian ideology, the article examines the ideology's reflection in the literature of the period. To this end, three types of analysis were performed: an analysis of the linguistic devices for the introduction of female and male characters, a content analysis of the literary texts, and a quantitative analysis of the personal traits characteristic of women and men. Results support recent claims that the revolutionary ideology of the time hardly applied to women. The results further show that both male and female authors treat women stereotypically, though female authors are significantly less male biased than male authors. The female authors of the 1930s introduced androgy-nous characters, although those authors remained quite conservative at the linguistic level. We attempt to account for the inability of female authors to exercise a complete breakthrough. (Linguistics)
(1973) Human associative memory. Washington, DC: Winston.
Ariel, M.
(1986) Character introductions in Israeli short-stories: A comparative study of male and female authors from two periods. Unpublished manuscript.
Ariel, M.
(1988) Female and male stereotypes in Israeli literature and media: Evidence from introductory patterns. Language and Communication, 8(1), 43–68.
Ariel, M., & Giora, R.
(1992) Gender versus group relations analysis of impositive speech acts. Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistic Society.
Asch, S. E.
(1946) Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 411, 258–290.
Baron, D.
(1943) Le'et ata [For the time being]. Tel Aviv: Am Oved.
Beauvoir, S. de.
(1953) The second sex (H. M. Parshley Trans. Middlesex, England: Penguin. (Original work published 1949)
Bem, S. L.
(1974) The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 421, 155.
Bernstein, D.
(1987) Maamadan ve-hitargenutan shel nashim ovdot ba-yishuv ha-yironi bi-shnot ha-esrim ve-hashloshim [Working women—their status and organization in the urban Yishuv in the 20s-30s. Katedra, 341, 115–144.
Bernstein, D.
(1987) Isha Be'ertz Israel [A woman in the land of Israel]. Tel Aviv: Hakibutz Hameuhad.
Bichovsky, E.
(1976) Mikre Tafel Ve'od Hamisha Sipurim [A minor case and another five stories]. Tel Aviv: Tarmil.
Cantor, N., & Mischel, W.
(1977) Traits as prototypes: Effects on recognition memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 351, 38–48.
Cantor, N., & Mischel, W.
(1979) Prototypes in person perception. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 121, 4–52.
Chance, J. E., & Goldstein, A. G.
(1975) Differential experience and recognition memory of faces. Journal of Social Psychology, 971, 243–253.
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F.
(1975) A spreading-activating theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 821, 407–428.
Cooper, W. E., & Ross, J. R.
(1975) Word order. In R. E. GrossmanL. J. San, & T. J. Vance (Eds.) Papers from the parasession on functionalism (pp. 63–111). Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Dion, K. L.
(1979) Intergroup conflict and intergroup cohesiveness. In W. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.) The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 211–224). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Doise, W.
(1976) L'articulation psychosociologique et les relations entre groupes [The sociopsycho-logical articulation and group relations]. Brussels: De Baeck.
Giora, R.
(1992) Fe/male interviewing styles in Israeli media. Unpublished manuscript.
Guvrin, N.
(1988) Hamahatzit harishona [The first half]. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute.
Izraeli, D. N.
(1981) The Zionist women's movement—Palestine, 1911–1927: A sociological analysis. Signs, 7(1), 87–114.
Izraeli, D. N.
(1984) Tnuat ha-poalot be-eretz-israel me-reshita ad 1927 [The women workers' movement since its beginning up to 1927]. Katedra, 321, 109–140.
Kuno, S.
(1976) Subject, theme, and speaker's empathy—A reexamination of relativization phenomena. In C. N. Li (Ed.) Subject and topic (pp. 417–444). New York: Academic.
Lillie, W., & Rehm, J.
(1988) Judgmental processes as bases of intergroup conflict. In W. Stroebe, A. Kruglanski, D. Bar-Tal, & M. Hewstone (Eds.) The social psychology of intergroup and international conflict: Theory, research and applications (pp. 29–46). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Linville, P. W., & Jones, E. E.
(1980) Polarized appraisals of out-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 381, 689–704.
Malpass, R. S., & Kravitz, J.
(1969) Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 131, 330–334.
McArthur, L. Z., & Friedman, S.
(1980) Illusory correlation in impression formation: Variations in shared distinctiveness effect as a function of the distinctive person's age, race and sex. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 391, 615–624.
McArthur, L. Z., & Friedman, S.
(1981) Judging a book by its cover: A cognitive analysis of the relationship between physical appearance and stereotypes. In A. Hastorf & A. Isen (Eds.) Cognitive social psychology (pp. 67–82). New York: Elsevier.
Perry, M.
(1979) Literary dynamics: How the order of a text creates its meanings. Poetics Today, pp. 35–64, 311–361.
Puchachevsky, N.
(1930) Bakfar Uva'avoda [In the village and at the workplace]. Tel Aviv: Hedim.
Rosen, O.
(1984) Changes in the conditions of women in the workers' settlement. The idea and its realization: A comparison between women in collective and individual settlements (1919–1929). Unpublished master's thesis, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv.
Rosenberg, S., & Sedlak, A.
(1972) A structural representation of implicit personality theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.) Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 61, pp. 235–297). New York: Academic.
Secord, P. F., Bevan, W., & Katz, B.
(1956) The negro stereotype and perceptual accentuation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 531, 78–83.
Shaked, G.
(1977) Hasifrut ha'ivrit 1800–1970 [The Hebrew literature 1800–1970]. Tel Aviv: Keter, Hakibbutz Hameuchad.
Shaked, G.
(1983) Ein makom acher: al sifrut ve-chevra [No other place: On literature and society]. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad.
Shilo, M.
(1980) Chavat ha-poalot be-kineret, 1911–1917 ke-fitron le-veayat ha-poelet ba-aliya ha-shniya [The women farm workers in Kineret]. Katedra, 141, 81–112.
Shoffman, G.
(1942) Beterem argaa [Before relaxing]. Tel Aviv: Am Oved.
Smilansky, M.
(1934) Bnei Arav [The Arabs]. Tel Aviv: Hitachdut Ha'ikarim.
Smilansky, M.
(1955) Im preida [While taking a leave]. Tel Aviv: Tversky.
Smith, D. C.
(1988) Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Steinberg, Y.
(1957) Kol kitvei Yaakov Steinberg [The collected writings of Ya'acov Steinberg]. Tel Aviv: Dvir.
Stephan, G. W.
(1985) Intergroup relations. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.) Handbook of social psychology 2 (Vol. 21, pp. 599–658). New York: Random House.
Tajfel, H.
(1981) Human groups and social categories. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Tajfel, H. (Ed.)
(1978) Differentiation between social groups. London: Academic.
Tajfel, H., Sheikh, A. A., & Gardner, R. C.
(1964) Content of stereotypes and the inference of similarity between members of stereotyped groups. Acta Psychologica, 221, 191–201.
Wyer, R. S., & Gordon, S. E.
(1984) The cognitive representation of social information. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.) Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 21, pp. 110–149). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Cited by
Cited by 5 other publications
Giora, Rachel
1996. Talking difference: On gender and language. Journal of Pragmatics 26:4 ► pp. 569 ff.
Giora, Rachel
1997. Women talk. Journal of Pragmatics 28:5 ► pp. 648 ff.
Giora, Rachel
1998. Rethinking language and gender research: Theory and practice. Journal of Pragmatics 29:2 ► pp. 213 ff.
Hegstrom, Jane L. & Joyce McCarl-Nielsen
2002. Gender and Metaphor: Descriptions of Familiar Persons. Discourse Processes 33:3 ► pp. 219 ff.
Muchnik, Malka
2010. Gender stereotypes in the language of Be my knife by David Grossman. Text & Talk - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse & Communication Studies 30:5 ► pp. 553 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 2 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.