Although World Englishes (WE) scholarship is concerned with the study of English varieties in different social
contexts, there is a tendency to treat postcolonial ones as homogenous regional phenomena (e.g., Philippine English). Few
researchers have discussed variation and social differentiation in detail with empirical evidence. Thus, in order to understand
how layers of different varieties of WE operate within a specific group of speakers, this study takes an empirical intergroup
approach from a substratist framework. This study explores distinctive features of a metropolitan Manila variety of Chinese
English used in the Philippines, Manila Chinese English (MCE), an English contact variety used by Manila Chinese Filipinos. After
comparing the frequencies of selected features observed in a 52,000-word MCE database with frequencies in Manila English and
American English corpora, this study found that a distinct variety – MCE – most likely emerged in the 1960s due to the extensive
contact between general Manila English and local tongues of Chinese Filipinos such as (Hybrid) Hokkien and Tagalog, which function
as MCE’s substrate languages. This study takes into account MCE’s structure, sources, and genesis, and discusses MCE in relation
to Philippine English as positioned in Schneider’s dynamic model, to demonstrate how intergroup variations coexist but take
divergent paths within a WE variety.
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