The Manila variety of Philippine Hybrid Hokkien (PHH-M) or Lánnang-uè is a contact language used by the
metropolitan Manila Chinese Filipinos; it is primarily comprised of Hokkien, Tagalog/Filipino, and English elements. Approaching PHH-M as a
mixed language, we investigate linguistically and socially conditioned variation in the monophthongs of PHH-M, focusing on the extent to
which the vowel systems of the three source languages have converged. This analysis draws on data gathered from 34 native speakers; Pillai
scores are calculated to assess the degree of merger. Contrary to certain predictions of prior work on mixed languages, PHH-M is found to
have a unified, eight-vowel inventory distinct from any of its sources. Older women use more stable vowels across source languages,
suggesting that they have led in the development of PHH-M as a mixed code; however, signs of change among younger women suggest either the
endangerment of the code or its evolution in response to the community’s shifting identity. We contextualize our conclusions in relation to
the sociohistory and language ecology of metropolitan Manila’s Chinese Filipino community.
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Cited by
Cited by 9 other publications
Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
2021. Interactions of Sinitic Languages in the Philippines: Sinicization, Filipinization, and Sino-Philippine Language Creation. In The Palgrave Handbook of Chinese Language Studies, ► pp. 1 ff.
Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
2021. Interactions of Sinitic Languages in the Philippines: Sinicization, Filipinization, and Sino-Philippine Language Creation. In The Palgrave Handbook of Chinese Language Studies, ► pp. 1 ff.
Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
2021. Filipino, Chinese, neither, or both? The Lannang identity and its relationship with language. Language & Communication 77 ► pp. 5 ff.
Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
2022. Interactions of Sinitic Languages in the Philippines: Sinicization, Filipinization, and Sino-Philippine Language Creation. In The Palgrave Handbook of Chinese Language Studies, ► pp. 369 ff.
2023. Spread, stability, and sociolinguistic variation in multilingual practices: the case of Lánnang-uè and its derivational morphology. International Journal of Multilingualism► pp. 1 ff.
Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
2024. Mixed language in flux? The various impacts of multilingual contact on Lánnang-uè’s wh-question system. International Journal of Bilingualism
Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
2024. Sociolinguistic Analysis with Missing Metadata? Leveraging Linguistic and Semiotic Resources Through Deep Learning to Investigate English Variation and Change on Twitter. Applied Linguistics
GONZALES, WILKINSON DANIEL WONG
2024. When to (not) split the infinitive: factors governing patterns of syntactic variation in Twitter-style Philippine English. English Language and Linguistics► pp. 1 ff.
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