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Article published In:
Approaches to Variation in Creole Studies
Edited by Isabelle Léglise, Bettina Migge and Nicolas Quint
[Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 36:1] 2021
► pp. 109–174

Variable subject pronoun expression in Cabo-Verdean Creole

Some language-internal constraints

| University at Buffalo (SUNY) , USA

The Cabo-Verdean Creole (CVC) subject domain has clitic and tonic pronouns that often amalgamate in double subject pronoun constructions; the possibility of a zero-subject and the formal category underlying subject clitics are disputed (Baptista 1995, 2002; Pratas 2004). This article discusses five variable constraints that condition subject expression across three descriptive and inferential analyses of a corpus of speech collected from 33 speakers from Santiago and Maio. Double subject pronoun constructions and zero-subjects were promoted by a persistence effect, though for the former this applied across nonadjacent clauses since double subject pronoun constructions are switch reference and contrastive devices resembling the doubling of agreement suffixes by independent pronouns in languages traditionally classified as pro-drop. Zero-subjects were favored in third-person contexts as previously observed by Baptista and Bayer (2013), and when a semantically referentially deficient (Duarte & Soares da Silva 2016) DP antecedent was in an Intonational Unit that was prosodically and syntactically linked to the Intonational Unit containing the target anaphor (Torres Cacoullos & Travis 2019). Results support reclassification of CVC subject clitics as ambiguous person agreement markers (Siewierska 2004) and suggest that CVC is developing a split-paradigm for person marking and subject expression (Wratil 2009; Baptista & Bayer 2013).

Keywords: subject pronoun expression, anaphora resolution, clitic, person marker, zero anaphor, null subject, conominal, specificity, creole, Portuguese
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Overt subject pronouns in Cabo-Verdean Creole
    • 2.1Two classifications of the subject pronominal paradigm in Cabo-Verdean Creole and some notes on their distribution
    • 2.2The debate over the formal and functional status of atonic person markers in CVC and cross-linguistically
      • 2.2.1The Phonological Clitic Hypothesis or bound-argument view
      • 2.2.2The Inflectional Affix Hypothesis or the virtual-agreement view
      • 2.2.3The dual-nature view and grammaticalization yielding ambiguous person agreement markers
      • 2.2.4The double-expression view
      • 2.2.5The split-paradigm view
  • 3.‘True’ zero-subjects in CVC and potential conditioning constraints suggested by evidence in variationist sociolinguistics and cognitive discourse analysis
    • 3.1Zero-subjects in CVC
    • 3.2Subject pronoun expression from the variationist sociolinguistic and cognitive discourse analysis perspectives
      • 3.2.1Persistence of morphosyntactic form
      • 3.2.2Referential accessibility and coherence
      • 3.2.3Language-specific exceptions to accessibility-based accounts and zero-subjects with less accessible referents
  • 4.Research questions and methods
    • 4.1Research questions
    • 4.2Materials and data collection
    • 4.3Transcription
    • 4.4Delimiting the envelope of variation
    • 4.5Coding the predictor variables
    • 4.6Statistical procedures
  • 5.Results
    • 5.1Results for surface form of the antecedent
    • 5.2 linking between Intonational Units and person-number
    • 5.3Results for antecedent accessibility pattern
    • 5.4Results for conditions related to semantic referential deficiency
  • 6.Discussion
    • 6.1The status of subject clitics in Cabo-Verdean Creole
  • 7.Conclusions and future directions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Glossary
  • References
Published online: 25 March 2021
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00071.rod
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