Article In:
Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages: Online-First Articles

Lingua francas as evidence of standard language ideology in historical perspective

ORCID logo | The University of Western Australia , Australia

The paper considers historical lingua francas and standard language ideology from the framework of ‘language history from below’. Although some work has been devoted to mixed forms of language in studies of standardisation, little attention has been paid to lingua francas. This paper focusses on a historical dictionary – the Dictionnaire de la langue franque of 1830 – to argue that historical data can be considered as evidence ‘from below’ for the broader ideologies of standardisation which were circulating in early modern Europe. I argue that the fictive dialogues contained in the Dictionnaire are a projection that reflect broader theories about language standardisation at the time. In this sense, the paper argues for further development of the role of lingua francas in models of standardisation more generally.

Keywords: lingua francas, standardisation, language history, French, Mediterranean Lingua Franca
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.The Mediterranean Lingua Franca
  • 3.Standardisation and lingua francas in historical perspective
  • 4.The Dictionnaire and its Dialogues
  • 5.Fictive dialogues as evidence of standardisation ideology
  • 6.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
This content is being prepared for publication; it may be subject to changes.
References
Ammon, Ulrich
2003 On the social forces that determine what is standard in a language and on conditions of successful implementation. Sociolinguistica 17(1). 1–10. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, Nigel & Ian E. Mackenzie
2013 Standardization, Ideology and Linguistics. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Aslanov, Cyril
2002 Quand les langues romanes se confondent…La Romania va ailleurs. Langage et société 99(1). 9–52. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2014 Lingua Franca in the Western Mediterranean: Between myth and reality. In Juliane Besters-Dilger, Cynthia Dermarkar, Stefan Pfänder & Achim Rabus (eds.), Congruence in Contact-induced Language Change: Language Families, Typological Resemblance, and Perceived Similarity, 122–136. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ayres-Bennett, Wendy
2016 Codification and Prescription in Linguistic Standardization: Myths and Models. In Josep Maria Nadal & Francesc Feliu (eds.), Constructing Languages: Norms, Myths and Emotions, 99–129. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2021 Modelling Language Standardization. In Wendy Ayres-Bennett & John Bellamy (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization, 27–64. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ayres-Bennett, Wendy & John Bellamy
(eds.) 2021 The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Baglioni, Daniele
2016 L’italiano fuori d’Italia: dal Medioevo all’Unità. In Sergio Lubello (ed.) Manuale di linguistica italiana, 125–145. Berlin: De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2018 The vocabulary of the Algerian Lingua Franca. Lexicographica 33(1). 185–205. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2021 Sull’affidabilità delle fonti della lingua franca mediterranea. In Serenella Baggio & Pietro Taravacci (eds.), Lingua franca, lingue franche, 49–65. Alessandria: Edizioni dell’Orso.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter
2003 The absence of reduplication in pidgins. In Silvia Kouwenberg (ed.), Twice as Meaningful: Reduplication in Pidgins, Creoles and Other Contact Languages, 37–64. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
2021 Review of: Nolan, Joanna 2020. The Elusive Case of Lingua Franca. Fact and Fiction, London, Palgrave Macmillan. Journal of Language Contact 141. 477–495. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ben Rejeb, Lofti
2012 ‘The general belief of the world’: Barbary as genre and discourse in Mediterranean history. European Review of History 19(1). 15–31. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bistué, Belén
2013 Collaborative Translation and Multi-version Texts in Early Modern Europe. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Blench, Roger
2020 Language Contact and Human Dispersal. In Umberto Ansaldo & Miriam Meyerhoff (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 404–417. Milton, UK: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brown, Joshua
2017 Multilingual Merchants: the trade network of the 14th century Tuscan merchant Francesco di Marco Datini. In Esther-Miriam Wagner, Bettina Beinhoff & Ben Outhwaite (eds.), Merchants of Innovation. The languages of traders, 235–251. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2020a Language history from below. Standardization and koineization in Renaissance Italy. Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 6(1). 1–28. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2020b Towards the elaboration of a diastratic model in historical analyses of koineization. Sociolinguistic Studies 14(4): 505–529.Google Scholar
2022 On the existence of a Mediterranean lingua franca and the persistence of language myths. In Karen Bennett & Angelo Cattaneo (eds.), Language Dynamics in the Early Modern Period. Volume 1, 169–189. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2023 Whose language? Whose DH? Towards a taxonomy of definitional elusiveness in the digital humanities. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 38(2). 501–514. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2024 Digital approaches to multilingual text analysis: the Dictionnaire de la langue franque and its morphology as hybrid data in the past. In Lorella Viola & Paul Spence (Eds). Multilingual Digital Humanities, 213–229 (Digital Research in the Arts and Humanities). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Burke, Peter
2004 Languages and Communities in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cerruti, Massimo, Claudia Crocco & Stefania Marzo
(eds.) 2017 Towards a New Standard. Theoretical and empirical studies on the restandardization of Italian. Berlin and New York: Mouton De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cifoletti, Guido
1989 La lingua franca mediterranea. Padua: Unipress.Google Scholar
2004 La lingua franca barbaresca. Rome: Il Calamo.Google Scholar
Coates, William A.
1971 The Lingua Franca. In Frances Ingemann (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Kansas Linguistics Conference, 25–34. Lawrence: University of Kansas.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick & Ann Laura Stoler
1997 Between metropole and colony. In Frederick Cooper & Ann Laura Stoler (eds.), Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cornelissen, Ralf
1992 Zur Lingua Franca des Mittelmeers. In Gabriele Birken-Silverman & Gerda Rössler (eds.), Beiträge zur sprachlichen, literarischen und kulturellen Vielfalt in der Philologien, 217–228. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.Google Scholar
Cremona, Joseph
1997 Acciocché ognuno le possa intendere: The use of Italian as a Lingua Franca on the Barbary Coast of the seventeenth century. Evidence from the English. Journal of Anglo-Italian Studies 51. 52–69.Google Scholar
Crystal, David
2008 A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dakhlia, Jocelyne
2008 Lingua franca. Histoire d’une langue métisse en Méditerranée. Arles: Actes Sud.Google Scholar
Darquennes, Jeroen
2016 Lingua francas of Europe. In Andrew R. Linn (ed.), Investigating English in Europe: Contexts and agendas, 28–33. Volume 61. Berlin: De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dessì Schmid, Sarah, Jochen Hafner & Sabine Heinemann
(eds.) 2011 Koineisierung und Standardisierung in der Romania. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Devonish, Hubert
1983 Towards the establishment of an institute for Creole language standardization and development in the Caribbean. In Lawrence Carrington, Dennis R. Craig & Ramon Todd-Dandaré (eds.). Studies in Caribbean language, 300–316. St. Augustine, Trinidad: Society for Caribbean Linguistics.Google Scholar
Dickey, Eleanor
2016 Learning Latin the ancient way: Latin textbooks from the Ancient world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Duijff, Pieter
2016 The Standardisation Process of Frisian: A word list as a result. In Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade & Carol Percy (eds.). Prescription and Tradition in Language. Establishing standards across time and space, 321–341. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Elspaß, Stephan
2021 Language Standardization in a View ‘from Below’. In Wendy Ayres-Bennett & John Bellamy (eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization, 93–114. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Farquharson, Joseph T. & Bettina Migge
2017 Introduction: sociolinguistics and/of pidgins and creoles. In Joseph Farquharson & Bettina Migge (eds.). Pidgins and Creoles: Critical Studies in Linguistics. Vol. 3, 1–11. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Finegan, Edward
2007 Language: Its structure and use. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Franceschini, Rita
2002 Lo scritto che imita il parlato: i manuali di conversazione dal ‘400 al ‘700 e la loro importanza per la storia dell’italiano parlato. Linguistica e Filologia 141: 129–154.Google Scholar
Gallagher, John
2019 Speaking Books: The Early Modern Conversation Manual. In John Gallagher, Learning Languages in Early Modern England, 55–100. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Garvin, Paul L.
1959 The standard language problem – concepts and methods. Anthropological Linguistics 1(3). 28–31.Google Scholar
1993 A conceptual framework for the study of language standardization. International Jounral of the Sociology of Language 100(101). 37–54. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Grant, Anthony P.
2020 Pidgins and Creoles in Euroasia. The consolation of philology. In Umberto Ansaldo & Miriam Meyerhoff (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 199–213. Milton, UK: Taylor & Francis. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Grübl, Klaus
2014 Varietätenkontakt und Standardisierung im mittelalterlichen Französisch: Theorie, Forschungsgeschichte und Untersuchung eines Urkundenkorpus aus Beauvais (1241–1455). Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Harrison, Katie
2019 Ukrainian in the United Kingdom: Language Use, Attitudes, Ideologies and Identities in the Ukrainian Community. Nottingham, UK: University of Nottingham PhD dissertation.
Haugen, Einar
1966 Dialect, Language, Nation. American Anthropologist 68(4). 922–935. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1972 The Ecology of Language. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
1994 Standardization. In Ron E. Asher (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 4340–4342. Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Hausmann, Franz-Josef & Margaret Cop
1985 Short History of English-German Lexicography. In Karl Hyldgaard-Jensen & Arne Zettersten (eds.), Symposium on Lexicography II. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Lexicography, 183–197. Tubingen: Niemeyer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Holm, John
2004 An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hüllen, Werner
1999 Textbook-Families for the Learning of Vernaculars between 1450 and 1700. In Sylvain Auroux (ed.), History of Linguistics 1999: Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences, 97–107. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Irvine, Judith T. & Susan Gal
2000 Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In Paul V. Kroskrity (ed.), Regimes of Language. Ideologies, Polities, and Identities, 35–83. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Jennifer
2007 English as a Lingua Franca: Attitude and Identity. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jourdan, Christine
2021 Pidgins and Creoles: Debates and Issues. Annual Review of Anthropology 501. 363–378. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kloss, Heinz
1968 Notes concerning a language-nation typology. In Joshua Fishman, Charles A. Ferguson & J. Das Gupta (eds.), Language Problems of Developing Nations, 69–85. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Kött, André & Ulrike Vogl
2023 The role of nativeness in early modern foreign language learning: evidence from teaching materials. Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 9(2). 221–242. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kowaleski, Maryanne
2009 The French of England: A Maritime lingua franca? In Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, Carolyn Collette, Maryanne Kowaleski, Linne Mooney, Ad Putter & David Trotter (eds.), Language and Culture in Medieval Britain. The French of England, c.1100–c.1500, 103–117. York: York Medieval Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lane, Pia, James Costa & Haley De Korne
(eds.) 2018 Standardizing Minority Languages. Competing ideologies of authority and authenticity in the global periphery. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lebsanft, Franz & Felix Tacke
(eds.) 2020 Manual of Standardization in the Romance Languages. Berlin: De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Léglise, Isabelle
2007 Des langues, des domaines, des régions: pratiques, variations, attitudes linguistiques en Guyane. In Isabelle Léglise & Bettina Migge (eds.), Pratiques et représentations linguistiques en Guyane: Regards croisés, 29–47. Paris: Editions IRD.Google Scholar
2013 Multilinguisme, variation, contact: des pratiques langagières sur le terrain à l’analyse de corpus hétérogènes. Habilitation thesis. Paris INALCO.
Leith, Dick
1983 A Social History of English. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Li, Michelle
2020 Language history from below: Pidgins and Creoles as examples. In Émilie Aussant & Jean-Michel Fortis (eds.), Historical Journey in a Linguistic Archipelago: Descriptive concepts and case studies, 115–128. Berlin: Language Science Press.Google Scholar
Lodge, Anthony
2011 Standardisation et Koinéisation: Deux approches contraires à l’historiographie d’une langue. In Sarah Dessì Schmid, Jochen Hafner & Sabine Heinemann (eds.), Koineisierung und Standardisierung in der Romania, 65–79. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Loonen, P. L. M.
1999 For to learne to buye and sell: learning English in the Low Dutch area between 1500 and 1800: a critical survey. Amsterdam: Holland University Press.Google Scholar
Louw, C. S.
1915 A Manual of the Chikaranga Language, with Grammar, Exercises, and Useful Conversation Sentences and Vocabulary: English Chikaranga and Chikaranga-English. Bulawayo: Philpott & Collins.Google Scholar
Mallette, Karla
2014 Lingua Franca. In Peregrine Horden & Sharon Kinoshita (eds.), A Companion to Mediterranean History, 330–344. West Sussex, England: John Wiley. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2021 The Shadow of Latinity. Lingua franca in the Mediterranean, seventeenth century. In Karla Mallette, Lives of the Great Languages. Arabic and Latin in the Medieval Mediterranean, 156–167. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Matras, Yaron
2021 The Standardization of a Stateless Language. In Wendy Ayres-Bennett & John Bellamy (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization, 645–664. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Matthews, Peter
1997 Concise Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McLelland, Nicola
2018 Mining foreign language teaching manuals for the history of pragmatics. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 19(1). 28–54. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2021a Grammars, Dictionaries and Other Metalinguistic Texts in the Context of Language Standardization. In Wendy Ayres-Bennett & John Bellamy (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization, 263–293. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2021b Language standards, standardisation and standard ideologies in multilingual contexts. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 42(2). 109–124. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2022 Women in the history of lexicography. An overview, and the case of German. In Annette Klosa-Kückelhaus, Stefan Engelberg, Christine Möhrs & Petra Storjohann (eds.), Dictionaries and Society. Proceedings of the XX EURALEX International Congress, 12–16 July 2022, Mannheim, Germany, 53–70. Mannheim: IDS Verlag.Google Scholar
Meierkord, Christiane
2006 Lingua franca communication past and present. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 1771. 9–30. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Migge, Bettina
2020 Broadening creole studies: from grammar towards discourse. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 35(1). 160–177. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2021 Creoles and Variation. In Wendy Ayres-Bennett & John Bellamy (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization, 371–393. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Migliorini, Bruno
1960 Storia della lingua italiana. Florence: Sansoni.Google Scholar
Milroy, James
1999 The consequences of standardisation in descriptive linguistics. In Tony Bex & Richard J. Watts (eds.), Standard English: The widening debate, 16–39. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Milroy, Lesley
2004 Language ideologies and linguistic change. In Carmen Fought (ed.), Sociolinguistic Variation. Critical Reflections, 161–177. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Milroy, James & Lesley Milroy
2012 Authority in Language: Investigating standard English. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Minervini, Laura
1996 La lingua franca mediterranea. Plurilinguismo, mistilinguismo, pidginizzazione sulle coste del Mediterraneo tra tardo Medioevo e prima età moderna. Medioevo Romanzo 201. 231–301.Google Scholar
2010 lingua franca, italiano come. Enciclopedia dell’italiano, 802–804. [URL]. [accessed 20.12.2023]
2014 El léxico de origen italiano en el judeoespañol de Oriente. In Winfried Busse (ed.), La lengua de los sefardíes: Tre contribuciones a su historia, 65–104. Tübingen: Stauffenburg Verlag.Google Scholar
Moschonas, Spiros A.
2019 From language standards to a Standard language: The case of Modern Greek. Diacronia 101. 1–44. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S.
1988 Starting on the wrong foot. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 3(1) 109–117. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2023 Linguistic hybridization in the emergence of creoles. The Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry 10(1): 74–89. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mühlhäusler, Peter
1982 Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea. In Richard W. Bailey & Manfred Görlach (eds.), English as a world language, 439–466. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Nolan, Joanna
2018 Fact and Fiction: A re-evaluation of Lingua Franca. London: SOAS University of London PhD dissertation.
2020 The Elusive Case of Lingua Franca. Fact and Fiction. London: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2023 Lingua Franca and Français Tirailleur. From Sea Jargon to Military Order? Cham, Switzerland: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Operstein, Natalie
1998 Was Lingua Franca ever Creolized? Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 13(2): 377–380. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2017a The Orthography of the Dictionnaire de la langue franque. Mediterranean Language Review 241: 1–33. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2017b The Spanish component in Lingua Franca. Language Ecology 1(2). 105–136. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2017c The syntactic structures of Lingua Franca in the Dictionnaire de la langue franque . Italian Journal of Linguistics 29(2). 87–130.Google Scholar
2018 Lingua Franca between pidginization and koineization. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 33(2). 307–361. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2020 Lexical diversity and the issue of the basilect/acrolect distinction in Lingua Franca. Language Ecology 4(2). 202–234. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2021 The Lingua Franca: Contact-Induced Language Change in the Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ostler, Nicholas
2022 The Emergence of Lingua Francas. In Salikoko Mufwene & Anna María Escobar (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact. Vol. 2. Multilingualism in population structure, 403–428. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pennycook, Alastair
2012 Lingua Francas as Ideologies. In Andy Kirkpatrick & Roland Sussex (eds.), English as an International Language in Asia: Implications for Language Education, 137–154. London: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Percy, Carol & Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade
2016 Prescription and Tradition: Establishing standards across time and space. In Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade & Carol Percy (ed.), Prescription and Tradition in Language. Establishing standards across time and space, 1–20. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Petrocchi, Alessandra & Joshua Brown
(eds.) 2023 Languages and Cross-Cultural Exchanges in Renaissance Italy (Late Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 30). Turnhout: Brepols. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pickl, Simon
2020 Factors of selection, standard universals, and the standardisation of German relativisers. Language Policy 191. 235–258. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pillière, Linda & Diana Lewis
2018 Rewriting standardisation and variation. e-Rea: Revue électronique d’études sur le monde anglophone 18(2). 1–13.Google Scholar
Pountain, Christopher J.
2016 Standardization. In Adam Ledgeway & Martin Maiden (eds.), The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages, 634–643. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Regis, Riccardo
2017 How standard regional Italians set in: the case of standard Piedmontese Italian. In Massimo Cerruti, Claudia Crocco & Stefania Marzo (eds.), Towards a new standard: Theoretical and empirical studies on the restandardization of Italian, 145–175. Berlin and New York: Mouton De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rossetti, Roberto
1999 An Introduction to Lingua Franca. Englishes: letterature inglesi contemporanee 8(3). 42–62.Google Scholar
2002 La Lingua Franca: una langue méditerranéenne à travers les siècles. Université de Nantes, 22/23 Avril 2002, Chaire Du Bellay de l’Académie de la Méditerranée, 1–15.Google Scholar
Rutten, Gijsbert & Rik Vosters
(eds.) 2020 Revisiting Haugen: Historical-Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Standardization, Thematic issue of Language Policy. 19(2).Google Scholar
2021 Language Standardization ‘from Above’. In Wendy Ayres-Bennett & John Bellamy (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization, 65–92. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rutten, Gijsbert, Rik Vosters & Marijke van der Wal
2015 Frenchification in discourse and practice. Loan morphology in private letters of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In Catharina Peersman, Gijsbert Rutten & Rik Vosters (eds.), Past, Present, and Future of a Language Border. Germanic-Romance encounters in the Low Countries, 143–170. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schuchardt, Hugo
1909 Die Lingua franca. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 331. 441–461. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Selbach, Rachel
2017 On a famous lacuna: Lingua Franca the Mediterranean trade pidgin? In Esther-Miriam Wagner, Bettina Beinhoff & Ben Outhwaite (eds.), Merchants of Innovation. The languages of traders, 252–271. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2020 On the history of pidgin and creole studies. In Umberto Ansaldo & Miriam Meyerhoff (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 365–383. Milton, UK: Taylor & Francis. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Siegel, Jeff
1993 Introduction: controversies in the study of koines and koineization. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 99(1). 5–8. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sindoni, Maria Grazia
2010 Creole in the Caribbean: How oral discourse creates cultural identities. Journal des africanistes 80(1–2). 217–236. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Smakman, Dick
2006 Standard Dutch in the Netherlands: A Sociolinguistic and Phonetic Description. Utrecht: LOT.Google Scholar
Smakman, Dick & Nekesa Barasa, Sandra
2016 Defining ‘Standard’: Towards a cross-cultural definition of the language norm. In Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade & Carol Percy (ed.), Prescription and Tradition in Language. Establishing standards across time and space, 23–38. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Thomason, Sarah
2001 Language Contact: An introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid
2017 Perspectives on Standardization: From Codification to Prescriptivism. In Laurel J. Brinton (ed.), English Historical Linguistics: Approaches and Perspectives, 276–302. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tommasino, Pier Mattia
2017 Travelling East, Writing in Italian. Philological Encounters 21. 28–51. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tuten, Donald
2001 Modeling Koineization. In Laurel J. Brinton (ed.), Historical Linguistics 1999: Selected Papers From the 14th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Vancouver, 9–13 August 1999, 325–336. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vandenbussche, Wim
2022 The pursuit of language standardization research as a mission for true sociolinguists. Sociolinguistica 36(1–2). 219–229. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Verheyden, Charlotte & Julie Van Ongeval
2022 French influence on Late Modern southern Dutch: An investigation of metalinguistic discourse. Paper presented at the Macro and Micro Perspectives in Historical Sociolinguistics conference, University of Murcia, 2 June 2022.
Vogl, Ulrike
2012 Multilingualism in a standard language culture. In Matthias Hüning, Ulrike Vogl & Olivier Moliner (eds.), Standard languages and multilingualism in European history, 1–42. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vogl, Ulrike & Truus De Wilde
2022 Teachers as foreign language makers. On standard language ideology, authenticity and language expertise. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2741. 107–131. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vos, Machteld de
2022 In between description and presciption: Analysing metalanguage in normative works on Dutch 1550–1650. Languages. Special issue on Variation and Change in Language Norm, edited by Joan Costa-Carreras and Carla Amorós Negre. 7(2): 89. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Walsh, Olivia
2021 Introduction: in the shadow of the standard. Standard language ideology and attitudes towards ‘non-standard’ varieties and usages. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 42(9). 773–782. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Whinnom, Keith
1977 Lingua Franca: Historical Problems. In Albert Valdman (ed.), Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, 295–310. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Woolard, Katherine A.
2002 Bernardo de Aldrete and the Morisco Problem: A study in early modern Spanish language ideology. Comparative Studies in Society and History 44(3). 446–480. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Woolard, Katherine A. & Bambi B. Schieffelin
1994 Language Ideology. Annual Review of Anthropology 231. 55–82. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wright, Laura
(ed.) 2020 The Multilingual Origins of Standard English, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wright, Sue, Unn Røyneland & Pia Lane
(eds.) 2016 Language Standardisation: Theory and Practice, Special issue of Sociolinguistica 301. 83–105.Google Scholar
Yáñez-Bouza, Nuria
2022 Methodological approaches to the study of codification, prescription, and prescriptivism. Studia Neophilologica 94(3). 334–364. DOI logoGoogle Scholar