The past 30 years of reading research has confirmed the importance of bottom-up processing. Rather than a
psycholinguistic guessing game (Goodman, 1967), reading is dependent on rapid, accurate
recognition of written forms. In fluent first language (L1) readers, this is seen in the automatic activation of a word’s
phonological form, impacting lexical processing (Perfetti & Bell, 1991; Rayner, Sereno, Lesch & Pollatsek, 1995). Although the influence of phonological form
is well established, less clear is the extent to which readers are sensitive to the possible pronunciations of a
word (Lesch & Pollatsek, 1998), derived from the varying consistency of
grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences (GPCs) (e.g., although ‘great’ has only one pronunciation, [ɡɹeɪt], the grapheme <ea>
within it has multiple possible pronunciations: [i] in [plit] ‘pleat’, [ɛ] in [bɹɛθ] ‘breath’; Parkin, 1982). Further, little is known about non-native readers’ sensitivity to such characteristics. Non-native
readers process text differently from L1 readers (Koda & Zehler, 2008; McBride-Chang, Bialystok, Chong & Li, 2004), with implications for understanding L2
reading comprehension (Rayner, Chace, Slattery & Ashby, 2006). The goal of this
study was thus to determine whether native and non-native readers are sensitive to the consistency of a word’s component GPCs
during lexical processing and to compare this sensitivity among readers from different L1s.
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