Not so high
The case of causee in South Asian Languages (Hindi, Kashmiri, Punjabi & Manipuri)
The status of the causee argument in Hindi and other South Asian Languages has been contentious in recent literature as it takes instrumental/ablatice Case marker and hence, seems comparable to an instrumental/ablative adjunct (-se in Hindi, athi in Kashmiri, tõ: in Punjabi, and -n∂ in Manipuri). The question is whether the instrumental/ablative Case marker appearing on the causee and on an instrumental adjunct should only receive an analysis of accidental homophony or a more principled analysis between the two is possible? The paper here argues that such an analysis is certainly possible. The instrumental/ablative is an adjunct and in causatives, the causee argument is merged to the Voice head as its specifier (the position involving -se/athi/tõ:/n∂ being valued as a structural, rather than a lexical, Case). It is further argued that though, this position is υP-external, i.e. ‘high’ but not ‘high’ enough to count as the subject.
References
Ahmed, Tafseer
2009 Spatial Expressions and Case in South Asian Languages. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Konstanz.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balachandran, Lakshmi Bai
1970 A Case Grammar of Hindi with Special Reference to Causative Sentences. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bhatt, Rajesh & Embick, David
2004 Causative Derivations in Hindi. Ms. University of Texas & University of Pennsylvania.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Collins, Chris
2005 A smuggling approach to the passive in English.
Syntax
8(2): 81–120.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Davison, Alice
1982 On the form and meaning of Hindi passive sentences.
Lingua
58(1–2): 149–179.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
DeLancey, Scott
1989a Verb agreement in Proto-Tibeto-Burman verb.
Bulletin of the School of Oriental & African Studies
52(2): 315–333.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dowty, David
1991 Thematic proto-roles and argument selection.
Language
67(3): 547–619.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Embick, David
1997 Voice and the Interfaces of Syntax. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hook, Peter
1979 Hindi structures: Intermediate level. Michigan Papers
on South and South East Asia
16, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kachru, Yamuna
1980
Aspects of Hindi Syntax
. Manohar Publications: Delhi.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Khokholova, Ludmila
V. 1997. Infringement of morphological and syntactic operations’ pairing in “Second causative” formation. Paper presented at the
XVIII South Asian Language Analysis Round Table
, JNU, New Delhi.
Kidwai, Ayesha
1995 Binding and Free Word Order Phenomenon in Hindi-Urdu. PhD thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru University.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kidwai, Ayesha
2000
XP-Adjunction in Universal Grammar: Scrambling and Binding in Hindi-Urdu
. New York: OUP.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mahajan, Anoop
1990
On the A/A-Bar Distinction and Movement Thoery
. PhD Thesis, MIT.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Manning, Christopher
1994
Argument Structure as a Locus for Binding Theory
. Ms. University of Sydney.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Masica, Colin P
1991
The Indo-Aryan Languages
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mohanan, Tara
1994
Argument Structure in Hindi
. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Nikolaeva, Irina & Tolskaya, Maria
2001
A Grammar of Udihe
. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Pandharipande, Rajeshwari
1981 Transitivity in Hindi. 11(2): 161–179. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Pylkkänen, Liina
2002 Introducing Arguments. Doctoral Dissertation, MIT.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ramchand, Gillian
2008
Verb Meaning and the Lexicon: A First Phase Syntax
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ramchand, Gillian
2011 Licensing of instrumental case in Hindi/Urdu in Causatives.
Working Papers
on Language & Linguistics
38. Tromsø University: Septentrio Acdemic Publishing.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Richa
2003 Possessive Reflexives and Pronominals in Hindi-Urdu and Indian sign Language: A Minimalist Analysis. M.Phil. Dissertation, Jawaharlal Nehru University.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Richa
2008 Unaccusativity, Unergativity and the Causative Alternation in Hindi: A Minimalist Analysis. Doctoral Dissertation, J.N.U. Delhi.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Roberts, Ian
2008 Smuggling, Affectness and Argument Structure Alternation. Ms. University of Cambridge.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rosen, Carol & Wali, Kashi
1989 Twin passives, inversion, and multistratalism in Marathi.
Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
7(1): 1–50.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Saksena, Anuradha
1982
Topics in the Analysis of Causatives with an Account of Hindi Paradigms
. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Yeon, Jaehoon
2003
Korean Grammatical Constructions: Their Form and Meaning
. London: Saffron Books.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Whorf, Benjamin Lee
1945 Grammatical categories.
Language
21(1): 1–11. Linguistic Society of America.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by
Cited by 1 other publications
Arkadiev, Peter M. & Jurgis Pakerys
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 23 june 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.