One of the possible ways of expressing possibility in affirmative sentences in Slovenian is with a modal adverb that combines with a finite verb. Under negation, a modal auxiliary must be used instead of the modal adverb. The pattern with a modal adverb that combines with a finite verb is a peculiarity among Slavic languages as well as European languages more generally (Hansen 2005; Van Olmen & van der Auwera 2016). Looking at diachronic data, which reveal an earlier stage without the modal adverb as well as a subsequent stage with cooccurrence of the modal adverb and the modal auxiliary, we propose that the change be analyzed in terms of the linguistic cycle (van Gelderen 2011), with the modal adverb originating as a reinforcer of the modal auxiliary and then grammaticalizing into a modal. The modal-adverb strategy could not generalize to contexts with sentential negation because of the hierarchical order of the relevant functional projections and the characteristics of the negative particle.
1980Modalni glagoli v izvirnem besedilu Mickiewiczevega Gospoda Tadeja in njihovi ustrezniki v slovenskem prevodu (Modal verbs in the Polish original of Mickiewicz's Pan Tadeusz and their equivalents in the Slovenian translation). Jezik in Slovstvo 26(3): 110-114.
Breu, Walter
2011Language contact of minority languages in Central and Southern Europe: A comparative approach. In The Languages and Linguistics of Europe, Bernd Kortmann & Johan van der Auwera (ed.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Butler, Jonny
2003A minimalist treatment of modality. Lingua 113: 967-996.
Cinque, Guglielmo
1999Adverbs and Functional Heads. Oxford: OUP.
Cinque, Guglielmo
2004'Restructuring' and functional structure. In Structures and Beyond: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Vol. 3, Adriana Belletti (ed.). Oxford: OUP.
Dahl, Östen
1979Typology of sentence negation. Linguistics 17: 79–106.
2011The Linguistic Cycle. Language Change and the Language Faculty. Oxford: OUP.
Gergel, Remus
2009Rather. On a modal cycle. In Cyclical Change [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 146], Elly van Gelderen (ed.), 243-264. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Greenberg, Marc
2006A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene [SEELRC Reference Grammar Network] Chapel Hill NC: Duke University/University of North Carolina, SEELRC.
Hansen, Björn
2005How to measure areal convergence: A case study of contact-induced grammaticalization in the German-Hungarian-Slavonic contact area. In Modalität in slavischen Sprachen - Modality in Slavonic Languages, Björn Hansen & Petr Karlík (eds), 219-237. Munich: Otto Sagner.
Hansen, Björn
2009Modals. In The Slavic Languages. An International Handbook of their Structure, their History and their Investigation, Tilman Berger, Sebastian Kempgen, Peter Kosta & Karl Gutschmidt (eds). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Ilc, Gašper
2008O zanikanju in nikalnici v slovenščini (On negation and the negative particle in Slovenian). Jezik in Slovstvo 53(2): 65-79.
Ilc, Gašper
2011Jespersen’s cycle in Slovenian. Linguistica 51: 349-363.
Ilc, Gašper & Milojević Sheppard, Milena
2003Verb movement in Slovenian: A comparative perspective. STUF – Language Typology and Universals 56(3): 266-286.
Jespersen, Otto
1924The Philosophy of Grammar. London: George Allen & Unwin.
Lehmann, Christian
2015Thoughts on Grammaticalization, 3rd edn. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Lenček, Rado L
1996Modalna raba adverba lahko v slovenščini (On the modal use of the adverb lahko in Slovenian). In Izbrane razprave in eseji, Rado L. Lenček, Marta Pirnat-Greenberg (ed.). Ljubljana: Slovenska matica. (First published in Zbornik za Filologiju i Lingvistiku 11 (1968): 127-135.)
Lohndal, Terje
2009The copula cycle. In Cyclical Change [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 146], Elly van Gelderen (ed.), 209-206. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Lunt, Horace G
2001Old Church Slavonic Grammar, 7th rev. edn. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Milojević Sheppard, Milena & Golden, Marija
2000Imperatives, negation and clitics in Slovene. Razprave XVII (SAZU, Razred za filološke in literarne vede): 93-109.
Novak, Vilko
2006Slovar stare knjižne prekmurščine, 1st e-edn. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC. [URL]
Van Olmen, Daniël & Johan van den Auwera
2016Modality and mood in Standard Average European. In The Oxford Handbook of Mood and Modality, Jan Nuyts & Johan van der Auwera (eds). Oxford: OUP.
Rivero, María Luisa
1991Long head movement and negation. The Linguistic Review 8: 319-351.
Roeder, Carolin F. & Hansen, Björn
2007Modals in contemporary Slovene. Wiener Slavistiches Jahrbuch 52: 153-170.
Skubic, Mitja
1997Romanske jezikovne prvine na zahodni slovenski meji (Romance language features on the western Slovenian border). Ljubljana: Znanstvena založba FF UL.
Toporišič, Jože
1982Nova slovenska skladnja (New Slovenian Syntax). Ljubljana: Državna založba Slovenije.
Zuljan, Danila
2003Nekaj besednorednih posebnosti v nadiškem in briškem narečju (Some word-order characteristics of the Nadiža and Brda dialects). Jezikoslovni Zapiski 9(2): 59-80.
Cited by
Cited by 4 other publications
Lenardič, Jakob & Darja Fišer
2021. Hedging modal adverbs in Slovenian academic discourse. Slovenščina 2.0: empirical, applied and interdisciplinary research 9:1 ► pp. 145 ff.
Lenardič, Jakob & Kristina Pahor de Maiti
2023. Grammatical and Pragmatic Aspects of Slovenian Modality in Socially Unacceptable Facebook Comments. Slovenščina 2.0: empirical applied and interdisciplinary research 11:1 ► pp. 33 ff.
Putnam, Michael T. & Andrew D. Hoffman
2021. Overextension in Gottscheerisch (negative) imperatives: proclisis at the edge of the first phase. The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 24:2 ► pp. 185 ff.
Sonnenhauser, Barbara
2017. ‘Knowing How’ in Slovene: Treading the Other Path. Slovene 6:1 ► pp. 95 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 21 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.