Cover not available
Part of
Beyond Markedness in Formal Phonology
Edited by Bridget D. Samuels
[Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 241] 2017
► pp. 191–218

Chapter 8
Are there brain bases for phonological markedness?

| Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics

Pursuing the question of whether there are brain bases for phonological markedness necessitates an empirical and testable approach. This approach – put forward in this chapter – is couched in a theory of phonological feature specification and tested with brain imaging methods, with an emphasis on electrophysiology, encompassing electro- and magnetoencephalographic experiments. After sketching the theoretical background and introducing the basics of the reported brain measures, the chapter contains a review of some electrophysiological findings with their re-interpretation from the point of view of phonological markedness. Furthermore, the feature-approach is contrasted with a proposed reduction of phonological markedness to frequency-of-occurrence relations. Altogether, the review provides some important suggestions and starting points for further looking into the neurobiological reality of phonological markedness.

Keywords: phonological features, underspecification, speech perception, brain imaging, electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, Mismatch Negativity, phoneme frequency
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Some thoughts about the scope of markedness
  • 3.Some notions about brain bases and how they can be measured
    • 3.1fMRI studies
    • 3.2EEG studies
    • 3.3Stimulation studies
  • 4.Linking markedness and the brain
    • 4.1Markedness and perceptual asymmetries: The case of underspecification
      • 4.1.1General assumptions
      • 4.1.2Asymmetries in EEG responses
      • 4.1.3An underspecification account of MMN asymmetries
      • 4.1.4Alternative accounts: Do they fare better?
      • 4.1.5Markedness and Predictive Coding
    • 4.2Markedness and co-occurrence constraints
    • 4.3Phonological markedness in relation to morphological markedness
  • 5.Conclusions
  • References
Published online: 16 November 2017
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/la.241.08sch
References

References

Aaltonen, Olli, Hellström, Åke, Peltola, Maija S., Savela, Janne, Tamminen, Henna & Lehtola, Heidi
2008 Brain responses reveal hardwired detection of native-language rule violations. Neuroscience Letters 444(1): 56–59. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Aboitiz, Francisco, Aboitiz, Sebastián & García, Ricardo, R.
2010 The Phonological Loop: A key innovation in human evolution. Current Anthropology 51(S1): S55-S65. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Alexandrov, Alexander A., Boricheva, Daria O., Pulvermüller, Friedemann & Shtyrov, Yuri
2011 Strength of word-specific neural memory traces assessed electrophysiologically. PLoS ONE 6(8): e22999. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Archangeli, Diana
1988 Aspects of underspecification theory. Phonology 5(2): 183–207. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Baayen, Harald, Piepenbrock, Richard & Gulikers, Leon
1995 The CELEX Lexical Database [CD-Rom]. Philadelphia PA: Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Baddeley, Alan
1992 Working memory. Science 255(5044): 556–559. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, Alan, Lewis, Vivien & Vallar, Giuseppe
1984 Exploring the articulatory loop. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 36: 233–252. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Baldeweg, Torsten
2006 Repetition effects to sounds: Evidence for predictive coding in the auditory system. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10(3):93–94. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bar, Moshe
2009 The proactive brain: Memory for predictions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 364 (1521):1235–1243. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Beckman, Jill N.
1999 Positional Faithfulness: An Optimality Theoretic Treatment of Phonological Asymmetries. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Berent, Iris, Brem Anna-Katharine, Zhao Xu, Seligson, Erica, Pan Hong, Epstein, Jane, Stern, Emily, Galaburda, Albert M. & Pascual-Leone, Alvaro
2015 Role of the motor system in language knowledge. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (7): 1983–1988. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Berent, Iris, Lennertz, Tracey, Jun, Jongho, Moreno, Miguel A. & Smolensky, Paul
2008 Language universals in human brains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105(14): 5321–5325. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Berent Iris, Lennertz, Tracey & Smolensky, Paul
2010 Syllable markedness and misperception: It’s a two-way street In Handbook of the Syllable, Charles E. Cairns & Eric Raimy (eds), 373–394. Leiden: Brill. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bonte, Milene L., Mitterer, Holger, Zellagui, Nadia, Poelmans, Hanne & Blomert, Leo
2005 Auditory cortical tuning to statistical regularities in phonology. Clinical Neurophysiology 116:2765–2774. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Breen, Mara, Kingston, John & Sanders, Lisa D.
2013 Perceptual representations of phonotactically illegal syllables. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics 75(1):101–120. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Burton, Martha W.
2001 The role of inferior frontal cortex in phonological processing. Cognitive Science 25(5): 695–709. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Burton, Martha W., Small, Steven L. & Blumstein, Sheila E.
2000 The role of segmentation in phonological processing: An fMRI investigation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12(4): 679–690. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Burzio, Luigi
2002 Missing players: Phonology and the past-tense debate. Lingua 112: 157–199. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Calabrese, Andrea
1995 A constraint-based theory of phonological markedness and simplification procedures. Linguistic Inquiry 26(3): 373–463.Google Scholar
Callan, Daniel, Callan, Akiko, Gamez, Mario, Sato, Masa-aki & Kawato, Mitsuo
2010 Premotor cortex mediates perceptual performance. Neuroimage 51(2): 844–858. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Carlson, Nicole L., Ming, Vivienne L. & DeWeese, Michael Robert
2012 Sparse codes for speech predict spectrotemporal receptive fields in the inferior colliculus. PLoS Computational Biology 8(7). DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chomsky Noam & Halle, Morris
1968 The Sound Pattern of English. New York NY: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Clements, George N.
1990 The role of the sonority cycle in core syllabification. In Papers in Laboratory Phonology, I: Between the Grammar and Physics of Speech, John Kingston & Mary E. Beckman (eds), 283–333. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Connolly, John F. & Phillips, Natalie A.
1994 Event-related potential components reflect phonological and semantic processing of the terminal word of spoken sentences. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 6(3): 256–266. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cornell, Sonia A., Lahiri, Aditi & Eulitz, Carsten
2011 “What you encode is not necessarily what you store”: Evidence for sparse feature representations from mismatch negativity. Brain Research 1394: 79–89. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2013 Inequality across consonantal contrasts in speech perception: Evidence from mismatch negativity. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 39(3): 757–772. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
D′Ausilio, Allesandro, Bufalari, Ilaria, Salmas, Paola & Fadiga, Luciano
2012 The role of the motor system in discriminating normal and degraded speech sounds. Cortex 48(7): 882–887. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Davis Matthew H. & Johnsrude, Ingrid S.
2007 Hearing speech sounds: top-down influences on the interface between audition and speech perception. Hearing Research 229(1–2): 132–147. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
DeLacy, Paul
2006 Markedness. Reduction and Preservation in Phonology. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Desai, Rutvik, Conant, Lisa L., Waldron, Eric & Binder, Jeffrey R.
2006 FMRI of past tense processing: The effects of phonological complexity and task difficulty. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18(2): 278–297. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Doeller, Christian F., Opitz, Bertram, Mecklinger, Axel, Krick, Christoph, Reith, Wolfgang & Schröger, E.
2003 Prefrontal cortex involvement in preattentive auditory deviance detection: Neuroimaging and electrophysiological evidence. NeuroImage 20(2): 1270–1282. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eulitz, Carsten & Lahiri Aditi
2004 Neurobiological evidence for abstract phonological representations in the mental lexicon during speech recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16(4): 577–583. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Frackowiak, Richard, Friston, Karl J., Frith, Christopher D., Dolan, Raymond J., Price, Cathy, Seki, Semir, Ashburner, John & Penny, William
2004 Human Brain Function. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Friederici, Angela D.
2012 The cortical language circuit: From auditory perception to sentence comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16(5): 262–268. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Friston, Karl J.
2005 A theory of cortical responses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 360(1456): 815–815. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010 The free-energy principle: A unified brain theory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11(2): 127–138. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Garrido, Marta I., Kilner, James M., Stephan, Klaas E. & Friston, Karl J.
2009 The mismatch negativity: A review of underlying mechanisms. Clinical Neurophysiology 120: 453–463. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gelfand, Jenna R. & Bookheimer, Susan Y.
2003 Dissociating neural mechanisms of temporal sequencing and processing phonemes. Neuron 38(5): 831–842. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gladziejewski P.
2015 Predictive coding and representationalism. Synthese:1–24.. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hallé, Pierre A. & Best, Catherine T.
2007 Dental-to-velar perceptual assimilation: A cross-linguistic study of the perception of dental stop+/l/ clusters. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121 (5 Pt1):2899–2914. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hansen Peter C., Kringelbach, Morten L. & Salmelin, Riitta
2010 MEG: An Introduction to Methods. Oxford: OUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Harinen, Kirsi & Rinne, Teemu
2013 Activations of human auditory cortex to phonemic and nonphonemic vowels during discrimination and memory tasks. NeuroImage 77: 279–287. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin
2006 Against markedness (and what to replace it with). Journal of Linguistics 42(1): 25–70. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hestvik, Arild & Durvasula, Karthik
2015 Neurobiological evidence for voicing underspecification in English. Brain and Language 152: 28–43. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hickok, Gregory
2014 The Myth of Mirror Neurons: The Real Neuroscience of Communication and Cognition. New York NY: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Hickok, Gregory & Poeppel, David
2007 The cortical organization of speech processing. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 8(5): 393–402. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Humphries, Colin, Sabri, Merav, Lewis, Kimberly & Liebenthal, Einat
2014 Hierarchical organization of speech perception in human auditory cortex. Frontiers in Neuroscience 8. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Husain, Fatima T., Fromm, Stephen J., Pursley, Randall H., Hosey, Lara A., Braun, Allen R. & Horwitz, Barry
2006 Neural bases of categorization of simple speech and nonspeech sounds. Human Brain Mapping 27(8): 636–651. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jacobsen, Thomas & Schröger, Erich
2001 Is there pre-attentive memory-based comparison of pitch? Psychophysiology 38(4): 723–727. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Joanisse, Mark F. & Seidenberg, Mark S.
2005 Imaging the past: Neural activation in frontal and temporal regions during regular and irregular past-tense processing. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience 5(3): 282–296. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kazanina, Nina, Phillips, Colin & Idsardi, William
The influence of meaning on the perception of speech sounds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103(30): 11381–11386. DOI logo
Kutas, Marta, van Petten Cyma K. & Kluender, Robert
2006 Psycholinguistics Electrified II (1994–2005). In Handbook of Psycholinguistics, Matthew J. Taxler & Morton Ann Gernsbacher (eds), 659–724. New York NY: Academic Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kwong, Kenneth K., Belliveau, John W., Chesler, David A., Goldberg, Inna E., Weisskoff, Robert M., Poncelet, Brigitte P., Kennedy, David N., Hoppel, Bernice E., Cohen, Mark S. & Turner, Robert
1992 Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89(12): 5675–5679. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lahiri, Aditi & Reetz, Henning
2002 Underspecified recognition. In Laboratory Phonology VII, Carlos Gussenhoven & Natasha Warner (eds), 637–677. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010 Distinctive features: Phonological underspecification in representation and processing. Journal of Phonetics 38: 44–59. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lawyer, Laurel & Corina, David
An investigation of place and voice features using fMRI-adaptation. Journal of Neurolinguistics 27(1). DOI logo.
Lee, Jin Hyung, Durand, Remy, Gradinaru, Viviana, Zhang, Feng, Goshen, Inbal, Kim, Dae-Shik, Fenno, Lief E., Ramakrishnan, Charu & Deisseroth, Karl
2010 Global and local fMRI signals driven by neurons defined optogenetically by type and wiring. Nature 465 (7299): 788–792. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Liebenthal, Einat, Sabri, Merav, Beardsley, Scott A., Mangalathu-Arumana, Jain & Desai, Anjali
2013 Neural dynamics of phonological processing in the dorsal auditory stream. The Journal of Neuroscience 33(39):15414–15424. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
LoCasto, Paul C., Krebs-Noble, Donna, Gullapalli, Rao P. & Burton, Martha W.
2004 An fMRI investigation of speech and tone segmentation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16 (9): 1612–1624. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Logothetis, Nikos K. & Wandell, Brian A.
2004 Interpreting the BOLD signal. Annual Review of Physiology 66: 735–769. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lombardi, Linda
1996 Postlexical rules and the status of privative features. Phonology 13: 1–38. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2002 Coronal epenthesis and markedness. Phonology 19: 219–251. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Maiste, Anita C., Wiens, Andrew S., Hunt, Melvyn J., Scherg, Michael & Picton, Terence W.
1995 Event-related potentials and the categorical perception of speech sounds. Ear and Hearing 16(1): 68–90. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Marcus, Gary F., Brinkmann, Ursula, Clahsen, Harald, Wiese, Richard & Pinker, Steven
1995 German inflection: The exception that proves the rule. Cognitive Psychology 29: 189–256. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Taub, Alison
1992 Review of Paradis and Prunet (1991). Phonology 9: 363–370. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Meyer, Lars, Obleser, Jonas, Anwander, Alfred & Friederici, Angela D.
2012 Linking ordering in Broca’s area to storage in left temporo-parietal regions: The case of sentence processing. NeuroImage 62(3): 1987–1998. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Miglietta, Sandra, Grimaldi, Mirko & Calabrese, Andrea
2013 Conditioned allophony in speech perception: An ERP study. Brain and Language 126(3): 285–290. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Miglio, Viola Giulia
2005 Interactions between Markedness and Faithfulness Constraints in Vowel Systems. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mitterer, Holger
2011 The mental lexicon is fully specified: Evidence from eye-tracking. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 37(2): 496–513. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Molfese, Dennis L., Molfese, Victoria J. & Kelly, Spencer
2001 The use of brain electrophysiology techniques to study language: A basic guide for the beginning consumer of electrophysiology information. Learning Disability Quarterly 24(3): 177–188. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Moreton, Elliott
2002 Structural constraints in the perception of English stop-sonorant clusters. Cognition 84(1): 55–71. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Möttönen, Riikka, van de Ven, Guido M. & Watkins, Kate E.
2014 Attention fine-tunes auditory-motor processing of speech sounds. The Journal of Neuroscience 34(11): 4064–4069. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Näätänen, Risto, Lehtokoski, Anna, Lennes, Mietta, Cheour, Marie, Huotilainen, Minna, Ilvonen, Antti, Vainio, Martti, Alku, Paavo, Ilmoniemi, Risto J., Luuk, Aavo, Allik, Jüri, Sinkkonen, Janne & Alho, Kimmo
1997 Language-specific phoneme representations revealed by electric and magnetic brain responses. Nature 385: 432–434. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Näätänen, Risto, Paavilainen, Petri, Rinne, Teemu & Alho, Kimmo
2007 The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: A review. Clinical Neurophysiology 118(12): 2544–2590. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Näätänen, Risto & Winkler, István
1999 The concept of auditory stimulus presentation in cognitive neuroscience. Psychological Bulletin 125: 826–859. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Newman, Randy Lynn & Connolly, John F.
2009 Electrophysiological markers of pre-lexical speech processing: Evidence for bottom-up and top-down effects on spoken word processing. Biological Psychology 80(1): 114–121. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Obleser, Jonas, Boecker, Henning, Drzezga, Alexander, Haslinger, Bernhard, Hennenlotter, Andreas, Roettinger, Michael, Eulitz, Carsten & Rauschecker, Joseph P.
2006 Vowel sound extraction in anterior superior temporal cortex. Human Brain Mapping 27(7): 562–571. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Obleser, Jonas & Eisner, Frank
2009 Pre-lexical abstraction of speech in the auditory cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13(1): 14–199. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Oh, Tomasina M, Tan, Keith Liming, Ng, Phillina, Berne, Yeh Ing & Graham, Steven
2011 The past tense debate: Is phonological complexity the key to the puzzle? NeuroImage 57(1): 271–280. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Peelle, Jonathan E., Johnsrude, Ingrid S. & Davis, Matthew H.
2010 Hierarchical processing for speech in human auditory cortex and beyond. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 4: 51.Google Scholar
Pertsova, Katya
2015 Interaction of morphological and phonological markedness in Russian genitive plural allomorphy. Morphology 25(2): 229–266. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Peter, Varghese, McArthur, Genevieve & Thompson, William Forde
2010 Effect of deviance direction and calculation method on duration and frequency mismatch negativity (MMN). Neuroscience Letters 482(1): 71–75. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Phillips, Colin, Pellathy, Thomas, Marantz, Alec, Yellin, Elron, Wexler, Kenneth, Poeppel, David, McGinnis, Martha & Roberts, Timothy
2000 Auditory cortex accesses phonological categories: An MEG mismatch study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12: 1038–1105. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pinker, Steven
1998 Words and rules. Lingua 106: 219–242. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pinker, Steven & Ullman, Michael T.
2002 The past and future of the past tense. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6(11): 456–463. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Plaut, David C. & Gonnerman, Laura M.
2000 Are non-semantic morphological effects incompatible with a distributed connectionist approach to lexical processing? Language and Cognitive Processes 15(4–5): 445–485. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Poeppel, David, Idsardi, William J. & van Wassenhove, Virginie
2008 Speech perception at the interface of neurobiology and linguistics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 363(1493): 1071–1086. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Politzer-Ahles, Stephen, Schluter, Kevin, Wu, Kefei & Almeida, Diogo
2016 Asymmetries in the perception of Mandarin tones: Evidence from mismatch negativity. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 2: 1547–1570. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Praamstra, Peter, Meyer, Antje S. & Levelt, Willem J. M.
1994 Neurophysiological manifestations of phonological processing: Latency variation of a negative ERP component timelocked to phonological mismatch. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 6(3): 204–219. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Price, Cathy J., Wise, Richard J., Warburton, E. A., Moore, C. J., Howard, David, Patterson, Karalyn, Frackowiak, Richard S. & Friston, Karl J.
1996 Hearing and saying. The functional neuro-anatomy of auditory word processing. Brain: A Journal of Neurology 119( Pt 3): 919–931. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Prince, Alan & Smolensky, Paul
2004 Optimality Theory – Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Malden MA: Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pulvermüller, Friedemann & Fadiga, Luciano
2010 Active perception: Sensorimotor circuits as a cortical basis for language. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11: 351–360. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pulvermüller, Friedemann, Kujala, Teija, Shtyrov, Yuri, Simola, Jaana, Tiitinen, Hannu, Alku, Paavo, Alho, Kimmo, Martinkauppi, Sami, Illmoniemi, Risto J. & Näätänen, Risto
2001 Memory traces for words as revealed by the mismatch negativity. Neuroimage 14: 607–616. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rauschecker, Joseph P. & Scott, Sophie K.
2009 Maps and streams in the auditory cortex: Nonhuman primates illuminate human speech processing. Nature Neuroscience 12(6): 718–724. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rimol, Lars M., Specht, Karsten, Weis, Susanne, Savoy, Robert & Hugdahl, Kenneth
Processing of sub-syllabic speech units in the posterior temporal lobe: An fMRI study. NeuroImage 26 (4): 1059–1067. DOI logo
Roberts, Adam C., Kotzor, Sandra, Wetterlin, Allison & Lahiri, Aditi
2014 Asymmetric processing of durational differences – Electrophysiological investigations in Bengali. Neuropsychologia 58: 88–98. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Scharinger, Mathias
Minimal representations of alternating vowels. Lingua 119(10): 1414–1425. DOI logo
Scharinger, Mathias, Bendixen, Alexandra, Trujillo-Barreto, Nelsen J. & Obleser, Jonas
A sparse neural code for some speech sounds but not for others. PLoS ONE, 7(7):e40953. DOI logo.
Scharinger, Mathias, Eulitz, Carsten & Lahiri, Aditi
2010 Mismatch negativity effects of alternating vowels in morphologically complex word forms. Journal of Neurolinguistics 23(4): 383–399. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Scharinger, Mathias, Idsardi, William J. & Poe, Samantha
2011 Neuromagnetic reflections of harmony and constraint violations in Turkish. Journal of Laboratory Phonology 2(1): 99–124.Google Scholar
Scharinger, Mathias, Merickel, Jennifer, Riley, Joshua & Idsardi, William J.
2011 Neuromagnetic evidence for a featural distinction of English consonants: Sensor- and source-space data. Brain and Language 116: 71–82. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Scharinger, Mathias, Monahan, Philip J. & Idsardi, William J.
2012 Asymmetries in the processing of vowel height. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 55: 903–918. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schluter, Kevin, Politzer-Ahles, Stephen & Almeida, Diogo
2016 No place for /h/: An ERP investigation of English fricative place features. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 31(6):728–740. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schröger, Erich
2005 The mismatch negativity as a tool to study auditory processing. Acta Acústica 91: 490–501.Google Scholar
Sharma, Anu & Dorman, Michael F.
2000 Neurophysiologic correlates of cross-language phonetic perception. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 107(5 Pt 1): 2697–2703. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shtyrov, Yuri, Osswald, Katja & Pulvermüller, Friedemann
2008 Memory traces for spoken words in the brain as revealed by the hemodynamic correlate of the mismatch negativity. Cerebral Cortex 18(1): 29–37. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Siebner, Hartwig R., Hartwigsen, Gesa, Kassuba, Tanja & Rothwell, John C.
2009 How does transcranial magnetic stimulation modify neuronal activity in the brain? Implications for studies of cognition. Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior 45(9): 1035–1042. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Steriade, Donca
1995 Underspecification and markedness. In The Handbook of Phonological Theory, John A. Goldsmith (ed.), 114–174. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Stockall, Linnaea & Marantz, Alec
2006 A single route, full decomposition model of morphological complexity: MEG evidence. The Mental Lexicon 1(1): 85–123. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Trubetzkoy, Nikolai S.
1936 Essai d’une theorie des oppositions phonologiques. Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique 33: 5–18.Google Scholar
1939[1989] Grundzüge der Phonologie. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Truckenbrodt, Hubert, Steinberg, Johanna, Jacobsen, Thomas K. & Jacobsen, Thomas
2014 Evidence for the role of German final devoicing in pre-attentive speech processing: A mismatch negativity study. Frontiers in Psychology 5: 1317. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ullman, Michael T.
2001 The Declarative/Procedural model of lexicon and grammar. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 30(1): 37–69. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Winkler, István
2007 Interpreting the Mismatch Negativity. Journal of Psychophysiology 21(3–4): 147–163. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Winkler, István, Karmos, George & Näätänen, Risto
1996 Adaptive modeling of the unattended acoustic environment reflected in the mismatch negativity event-related potential. Brain Research 742(1–2) :239–252. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Winkler, István, Lehtokoski, Anne, Alku, Paavo, Vainio, Martti, Czigler, Istvan, Csepe, Valeria, Aaltonen, Olli, Raimo, Ilkka, Alho, Kimmo, Lang, Heikki, Iivonen, Antti & Näätänen, Risto
1999 Pre-attentive detection of vowel contrasts utilizes both phonetic and auditory memory representations. Cognitive Brain Research 7(3): 357–369. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 1 other publications

Yu, Yan H. & Valerie L. Shafer
2021. Neural Representation of the English Vowel Feature [High]: Evidence From /ε/ vs. /ɪ/. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15 DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 21 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.