Subject index
A
- abstract noun
193, 200–201, 227
- abstraction
- levels of syntactic a.
265–269, 285–286
- acceptability judgments
39–47, 49, 53–89, 203–247, 281, 291
- accommodation
72, 102, 185, 187, 246
- acquisition
22, 29, 31, 88–89, 105, 157
- agreement
75–78, 88–89, 260–263, 273
- Free Agreement Parameter
54, 58
- ambiguity
- syntactic and semantic a.
15, 36, 43, 46, 56, 66, 74–75, 80, 82, 100, 115, 223–224, 247, 255–256, 273, 276
- a. due to phon. assimilation
10, 28, 107, 124, 134, 143, 147, 158–159, 255–256, 258
- anaphora
43–44, 45, 61, 63, 80, 81, 83, 87, 92, 166, 168, 188, 205, 210–211, 221–225, 252, 257, 291–292
- animacy
193, 212, 230–231
- argument
5, 7–8, 10–11, 13, 23–24, 39, 53–65, 76, 78, 84–85, 88, 90, 92, 104, 147, 152, 155, 161, 177, 184–185, 187–189, 193, 200–201, 203, 213–214, 220, 229–230, 238, 249–251, 253–254, 258, 261, 264–267, 283–284, 291
- pre–verbal a.
39, 55, 61, 82, 172, 174, 189–190, 201, 227, 230, 243, 252, 269, 279–280, 291–292, 295
- post–verbal a.
128, 133–134, 176, 188–189, 227, 230, 243, 246, 252, 278–279, 291, 295
- aspect
- nominal a.
94–95, 99, 274–275, 279, 281
- assimilation
10–11, 26–28, 31, 34, 40–42, 47–49, 105–160, 166, 251, 253, 256–257, 289–290, 293, 296
B
- bareness
7, 22, 157, 194, 289, 290
- bare plural
12, 62–66, 75–77, 80, 88–89, 98, 103, 175, 205, 275, 279–282
- sentence–external bare singular
176–177
- blocking principle
14, 156
C
- classifier
16–17, 71, 273
- cognitive
14, 21, 39, 255, 284
- comparative construction
74
- competence
9, 38, 181–182, 288–289
- Complementizer Phrase (CP)
24–25
- compositionality
7, 9, 13, 20, 255–256
- constraint
- syntactic c.
32, 36, 40, 42, 46, 94, 109, 152–153, 157, 182–183, 186–188, 222, 250–251, 261, 264, 267, 269–270, 296
- phon. c.
110, 112, 150–151
- construction
85, 264–265, 269–270, 283–285
- context
62, 67, 72–74, 85, 153–155, 223–224, 284
- context of utterance
19–20, 256–257, 276–282
- compositionality
7, 9, 13, 20, 86, 255–256, 259, 261, 265, 274, 278
- contrastive focus
64, 83–84
- coordination
94–95, 167–177
- copular construction
176–177, 194
- corpus
3–4, 37–42, 45–50, 56–57, 83, 85, 107, 111–112, 118, 121, 123–124, 135–137, 139–143, 154, 161–201, 203–204, 215, 227, 231, 245, 247, 252–253, 257, 290–295
- count
15–18, 38, 58–59, 67–76, 91, 100, 155, 185–187, 193, 200, 203, 205, 209, 254, 265, 270–273, 283, 287–288, 292
- covertsee also null, silent and zero
- c. semantic operators
13–14, 21, 63, 65–66, 83, 153, 276–277
- c. structure
13, 60–62, 87, 157, 254–255, 296
- cumulativity
17, 43, 64, 70–72
D
- data types
4, 46, 48–49, 103, 249, 291–292
- definite
13–15, 22–25, 43, 45, 57, 78–83, 88, 94, 161–179, 187–195, 221–225, 277–284, 291, 293
- degemination
108–110, 115–127
- deletion
- d. of articles
98–99, 114, 117, 124, 139, 149, 155, 157
- d. of morphemes
112–114, 117
- d. of syllables
116, 119, 147
- d. of vowels
27, 109, 111–119, 150, 155
- denotation
20, 58, 67, 70–72, 270–271, 281
- determination
14–16, 19, 21, 57–58, 200–201, 253–289
- determiner
22, 25–28, 31, 43, 59–63, 77, 88, 250, 254–270
- discourse
9, 12–13, 19, 38, 63, 76, 83–84, 89, 126, 142, 155, 162, 169, 181, 188, 192–193, 195, 245–246
- d. tradition
9, 13, 246, 268–269, 286, 292–295
- Determiner Phrase (DP)
2, 22–26, 34, 36, 58–62, 77–78, 84, 87–88, 92, 154–156, 160, 254–258, 287–288
- DP hypothesis
22–25, 36, 156, 254, 158, 287–288
- drop
- article d.
9, 38–39, 88, 157, 180, 269
- plural d.see variable agreement
E
- elision
108–121, 135–136, 144, 149
- empty category
22, 25–26, 255, 257–258, 263, 298
- encapsulated syntax
152–156, 251–254, 262, 288
- enrichment
- structural e.
155, 184–186
- episodic
60–61, 64–65, 67, 75, 80, 83–85, 190, 195, 199–201, 205, 209, 211, 215–216, 252, 279
- existential
- e. reading
43, 63, 72, 74, 79–80, 84, 88, 176–177, 221, 275
- e. operator
61, 63, 260, 276
- experiment
37, 42–51, 66, 111–114, 127–135, 153, 164, 170–174, 203–247, 250–252, 291
- expression level
20, 283–284
- external sandhi
10, 29, 34–35, 41–42, 47–48, 106–160, 163–165, 172, 251, 257–258
- externalization
29–30, 158
F
- forced choice
127–135, 153, 164–165, 253
- formalization
13, 33, 61–62, 66–67, 72–73, 78–79, 155–160, 259–266, 276–277, 298–299
- formal semantics
54, 73, 214, 254
- formal language use
62, 75, 77, 89, 175–177, 183, 194–195
- free–choice operator
276 –277
- frequency
56, 86–87, 97, 136, 138–142, 169–172, 175–177, 181–184, 186, 192–195, 231, 247, 251, 267–269, 285, 292–295
- f. variation
11, 30, 39, 77, 109–110
- low f. phenomena
11, 13, 38–45, 49, 88, 93–94, 97, 117, 121, 139, 161, 165, 167–168, 170, 180–184, 201, 210, 214–215, 220, 250–251, 259, 263, 265, 295
- high f. phenomena
28, 36, 39, 41, 56, 93, 106, 110, 124, 126, 136–137, 144, 147, 159, 176, 192, 222, 255, 258, 279, 290
- function
15–16, 27, 143, 152
- functional
- f. elements
7, 10, 13, 30, 170, 273
- f. explanation
4, 51, 150, 160
- f. projection
24, 31, 58, 254, 258, 273
- f. opposition
14, 98–100, 267, 295
- f. concept/noun
15, 21, 83, 188, 283–284
- fusion
- phon. f.
27, 106, 115–119, 123, 142, 151–152
- f. of functional heads
58
G
- generalization
12, 21, 32–33, 36, 51, 58–62, 75, 87, 91, 99, 100, 104, 109–110, 152, 155–157, 167, 172, 179, 181, 186, 189, 207, 226, 250, 253–254, 258–264, 266–268, 285, 292–295
- generative grammar
22–25, 28–31, 33, 50, 90, 104, 152–160, 186, 214–215, 254–258, 266, 288, 298
- genericity
8–9, 12–15, 18–20, 38–45, 54–56, 60–67, 75, 79–80, 83–84, 88, 94–95, 97–100–103, 134–135, 165, 167, 176–178, 195–200, 205, 211, 221, 222–225, 240, 257, 267, 275–284, 286
- generic operator
13, 65–66, 83, 276–277
- gradience
32–33, 43, 46–47, 203, 207, 215–221, 233–239, 247, 259, 265–266
- grammaticality
33, 37, 42–43, 46–50, 59, 61, 65–66, 73–74, 80, 85, 88–89, 95, 97–98, 115, 178, 182, 195–196, 203, 207–215, 218, 221, 224, 226, 232–233, 240, 244–247, 251, 260, 266, 279, 288, 291
- grammaticalization
20, 26–27, 57, 94–98
H
- HAVE-predicate
60–61, 98, 255, 285
- homogeneity
17–18, 72, 272–273, 283
I
- identity
- i. of indiscernibles
255–262, 271
- idiomatic expression
60–61, 86, 188, 284
- incorporation
45, 61, 63, 74, 85–87, 90, 92–93, 176–177, 185, 190–192, 246, 257, 284–286
- indefinite
13–15, 22–25, 43, 45, 57, 61, 63, 66–67, 78–83, 88, 97, 99–100, 187–190, 277–284, 292, 294
- individual
14, 19–20, 23, 62–63, 65, 71, 75, 90, 100–103, 135, 188, 246, 260, 270, 273, 275, 277
- i. concept/noun
14–15, 21, 83, 193, 277, 279–283
- i. level predicate
60, 194, 268
- information structure
9, 12, 51, 63, 67, 83–85, 105, 280, 283, 293, 295
- informal language use
62, 75, 77–78, 89, 194–195
- integral approach
11, 48–51, 201, 249–299
- interface
- conceptual–intentional i.
29, 156
- syntax–phonology i.
12, 34–36, 42, 47, 51, 136, 156, 158–160, 290, 296
- interpretation
- gnomic i.
97–98, 100–103, 134
- indefinite i.see in definite
- i. of empirical findings
43, 46–47, 49, 206–215, 222, 236, 245, 247
- mass i.
15–18, 59, 61–62, 67–76, 155, 185–186, 193, 200, 209, 270–274, 280
- quasi-universal i.
98, 100–103
- referential i.see reference
- taxonomic i.
75, 279, 281
- transparent i.
61, 63, 79
- intonation
96, 120–121, 126, 205, 211–212
- intuition
3, 14, 37, 40, 42, 50, 56, 65, 70, 92, 204–205, 207, 213–214, 220, 223–224, 227, 236, 247, 279
- Inflectional Phrase
24, 62
- Inverse Agree
78, 263, 273
K
- kind
8, 10, 12, 18–20, 39–41, 43, 54, 61–67, 72–75, 80, 84, 94, 100–103, 155, 163, 185–186, 196–200, 204–211, 221, 275–276, 278–282
- k. predicate
39–41, 64–67, 80, 205, 207–211, 251, 279
- sub-kind
66, 72, 100–101, 276, 278, 280–281
; see also taxonomic reading
- well-established k.
63, 199, 210
L
- Latin square design
205–207, 210, 225–226, 232
- lattice structure
58, 70, 72, 270
- lexicon
15, 20–21, 70–73, 82, 193, 221, 265, 273–274, 284
M
- Macunaíma
177–179, 181, 184, 196
- magnitude estimation
205, 213, 227
- marked
- nominal aspect m.
274–275, 279, 281
- mass noun
17–18, 59, 67–76, 205, 209, 270, 272–274, 287
- mass/count distinction
16–18, 38, 67–75, 186, 203, 265, 270
- measure repetition
132, 206–207, 210, 232, 241, 243
- methodology
3, 13, 25–26, 28, 37–50, 100, 201, 204–206, 220–221, 247, 250, 252–253, 258–259, 276, 288
- Minimal Recursion Semantics
265
- modifier
177, 190–191, 227, 263–264, 271–273, 275, 281, 283–284
N
- narrow syntax
6, 28–31, 35, 92, 259, 269
- natural atomicity
68, 205, 209
- neutralization
98–103, 270–271, 277
- newspaper
39, 137, 141, 175–177, 183, 195, 259, 269
- norm (descriptive)
266–269
- norm (prescriptive)
7, 41, 43, 57, 97, 183, 204, 210, 213, 215, 223–225, 247, 295
- nucleus (syllable)
122, 150
- null determiner
13, 22, 25–26, 34, 36, 58–62, 77–78, 82, 84, 87, 154–155, 184, 255
; see also covert, silent and zero
- number
58, 62, 71–72, 76–77, 80–81, 83, 93–94, 264, 270–271, 274, 276, 284
see also agreement and plural
- n. neutrality
71–72, 76–77, 80–81, 93–94, 264, 270–271, 274, 276, 284
O
- object
26, 45, 59–64, 67, 69, 74–75, 80–82, 85–87, 113, 121, 154–155, 172, 175–178, 185, 188–194, 199–201, 227, 229, 231, 241–243, 246, 251–252, 257, 278–279, 282–285, 291–296
- obligatorification
153, 290
- obligatority
- o. of determiner use
32, 53, 98, 153, 156, 181, 184, 204, 220–225, 251–252, 254–257, 262, 295
- o. of phon. processes
108, 113, 145, 146
- o. of plural marking
11, 16–18, 43, 53, 272–273, 296
- Obligatory Contour Principle
149–152, 160
- operator
13–14, 32, 61, 65–66, 71–73, 83, 197, 221, 276–277
- oppositionsee functional opposition
- optimality theory
62, 78, 89, 108–109, 186
- optional
11, 31–32, 39, 86, 108, 121, 145, 251, 273
P
- parameter
21, 22, 23–25, 28–31, 35, 53–54, 58–60, 73, 90, 153, 160, 186, 287–288, 290
- perception
34, 36, 47–48, 91, 127–135, 144, 150–160, 162, 184, 251, 253–254, 286, 290–291, 296
- perfective
8, 80, 122, 178
- performance
9–10, 38–39, 168, 181–182, 236, 250, 266–267
- Phase Impenetrability Condition
35, 160
- phonetics
34–36, 47–48, 148–149, 152, 172, 251–252
- Phonetic form (PF)
34–35, 149, 158–160, 298
- p. processes
111–112, 117
- p. transcription
40–41, 162–163–167, 171, 257
- phonology
26–31, 34–36, 40, 47–48, 105–160, 251–252
- p. processessee process (phon.)
- phonological-perceptual hypothesis
107, 152–160, 253, 254–255, 258, 286, 287, 290–292, 296
- plural
- variable p. markingsee agreement, variation and Inverse Agree
- plurality
56, 71, 93, 276, 281
- poverty-of-the-stimulus
29
- pragmatics
79, 82–85, 281–282, 285, 287
- predicate
7–8, 14–15, 18–21, 53, 56, 60, 65, 74–75, 80–81, 87–88, 98, 100, 199–201, 203–211, 251–252, 255, 260, 276–277, 278, 280
- characterizing p.
8, 44, 64–66, 100–103, 165, 205, 210–211, 281–282
- individual–level p.
60, 65, 194
- stage-level p.
60, 75, 194
- process (phon.)
10–11, 26, 29, 34, 37, 40, 41, 47–48, 105–160, 256, 289
; see also degemination, diphthongization and elision
- process (post-syntactic)
30, 38, 78, 273
; see also Inverse Agree
- processing
9–10, 15, 33, 39, 49–50, 105, 143, 157–160, 247, 253, 255
- production grammar
150, 155, 160, 258
- productivity
13, 121, 159, 181, 193–194, 200, 258, 298
- proper name
7, 53, 117, 165, 176–177, 251, 274
- property denotation
12, 87, 197–199
- Property Grammar
33, 259–265, 267, 269, 282–284, 299
- prosodic hierarchy
35, 160
- prosody
35, 84, 109–110, 116, 119, 124, 126, 146, 160, 211
Q
- quantification
7, 15–16, 25, 30, 65, 70, 73, 79–81, 100, 177, 197, 273, 276–277, 285
- quantitative analysis
48, 137–143
- quantity expression
30, 74, 100
R
- readingsee interpretation
- redundant
- r. expression of nominal determination
15, 21, 277
- r. plural markingsee variable agreement
- reference
12, 17, 19, 24, 59–63, 184–185, 188, 283
- r. to amounts
70–71, 77, 94, 99
- r. to kinds
19, 20, 54, 75
- particular (individual).
9, 23, 63, 273
- r. to species
65, 101, 163, 197, 256
- referential anchoringsee anchor
- register
90, 181, 269, 288, 293–295
- relational concepts
15, 21, 188, 193, 283
- restrictionsee constraint
- rigid noun categories
274
- Romance languages
1, 10–11, 13–14, 17–18, 27–28, 31–32, 47–48, 58, 74, 85, 87, 93–98, 143–153, 176, 184, 186–188, 200–201, 251, 263–264, 269, 273, 293, 296
- routinized activity
93, 154–155, 185, 190–191, 257, 284–285
S
- saliency
- phonetic s. of articles
26, 48, 126, 135–151
- s. contrasts of (in)definiteness
13
- s. underlying definiteness
82, 99
- s. of particular readings of BNs
167, 221, 226, 246, 257, 283
- sandhisee external sandhi
- scope
43, 62, 79–80, 223, 265
- set
- s. denotation
72–73, 77, 276–278
- s. noun
17–18, 273–276, 279, 281, 283, 296
- shape
17, 70, 271–274, 283
- silent determiner
13, 25–26, 34, 153, 184–185, 257, 298
; see also covert, null and zero
- singular object noun
17–18, 273–276, 281, 296
- slips of the tongue
39, 182–183, 267
- sociolinguistics
8, 30, 77, 167–168, 180–181, 238, 262
- sortal concept
14–15, 21, 83, 188, 277–283
- specificity
8–9, 12, 24, 26, 43–45, 62, 71, 75, 79, 81–83, 89–90, 96–99, 104, 154, 161–195, 200–201, 203–205, 213–215, 220–227, 243, 246–247, 249, 251, 256–259, 265, 277, 282–286, 290–295
- non–specific
12, 43, 99, 162, 213, 246
- spectrogram
120, 126, 157, 163, 166, 171, 173–174
- spoken language
10, 18, 28, 34, 37, 40–41, 56–57, 75, 77, 95, 105, 118, 140–141, 162–174, 178, 187–190, 192–195, 200–201, 212–213, 246–247, 268, 291–293
- style
89, 96, 100, 145, 172, 268, 295
- subject
7–8, 39–41, 44–45, 55, 59–61, 64–67, 75, 80–85, 113, 172–179, 181, 188, 190, 192, 195, 198, 200–201, 208–212, 215, 221–223, 231–233, 241–243, 251–253, 266, 279–284, 291–295
- surface data
90, 157, 184, 255, 257
T
- telegraphic style
170–172, 190, 292
- Thermometer Judgment
213, 227
- topic
192, 194, 205, 212, 280, 293, 295
- sentence–external t.
60–61, 77, 84, 280, 295
- transitive
46, 194, 230–232
- transcription
97–98, 162–163–167, 171, 257
- type
- concept t.
14–15, 21, 280–283
- logical t.
14, 21, 278–280
- text t.
137–141, 161, 177, 181, 195, 268–270
- type-shift
14–15, 21, 275, 280, 283
- typology
20–21, 93, 287–288
- semantic t. of nouns
16–18, 273
- t. of treatment of V-articles
107, 150–152
U
- underspecification
6, 21, 264, 273, 286, 290, 295
- unification (theoretical)
55–58, 67, 90, 153, 286, 282, 286, 289, 296–297
- uniformity (grammar)
16, 22–23, 28, 29, 31, 272
- uniqueness
- semantic u.
15–16, 21, 82, 189, 196, 278, 293–295
- universal grammar
20, 22–24, 27, 156
- quasi–u. reading
98, 100–103
V
- variation
- parametric v.
28–31, 53, 58, 62, 286–287
- v. in BN use
3, 8, 11, 31, 90, 266–268
- v. in plural marking
7, 11, 29–31, 75–78, 262–263
W
- weak
- phon. w.
11, 22, 26, 135, 157, 186–187, 201, 251–252, 254, 258, 290
- well-established activitysee routinized activity
- written language
10, 37, 41, 57, 75, 95–97, 175–179, 181, 187–195, 200–201, 205, 212–213, 246–247, 286, 291–295
Z
- zero
- z. determiner
13–14, 22, 25–26, 185
see also covert, null and silent