Chapter 6
Anaphoric reference in Early Modern English
The case of said and same
Work on the anaphoric NPs the said + N and the same has shown that both were frequent in sixteenth-century English but declined afterwards. We address the question why this happened. After reviewing earlier work on the two constructions, we present data showing that their properties and development are too dissimilar to assume that they declined for the same reason. Instead, we identify for each of the changes two separate causal factors, which involve tension between form and meaning of the anaphor. In exploring these case histories, we also offer some discussion of the general kinds of explanations that have been proposed for the decline of linguistic forms and constructions, which is an aspect of language change that deserves more systematic investigation.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Background
- 2.1
Background to the said + N
- 2.2
Background to the same
- 3.Further data: Frequency and distance
- 3.1The frequency of said and same in EModE: Methodology
- 3.2The frequency of said and same in EModE: Results
- 3.3The distance of said and same in EModE
- 4.The decline of said and same
: Causation
- 4.1The decline of said
: Wrong word, wrong place
- 4.2The decline of same
: Too costly, too long
- 5.Conclusion
-
Acknowledgements
-
Notes
-
References
References (112)
References
Alrenga, Peter. 2006. Scalar (non-)identity and similarity. In Proceedings of the 25th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, Donald Baumer, David Montero & Michael Scanlon (eds), 49–57. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ariel, Mira. 1990. Accessing Noun-Phrase Antecedents. London: Routledge.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ariel, Mira. 1994. Interpreting anaphoric expressions: a cognitive versus a pragmatic approach. Journal of Linguistics 30: 3–42. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ariel, Mira. 2004. Accessibility marking: Discourse functions, discourse profiles, and processing cues. Discourse Processes 37: 91–116. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ariel, Mira. 2008. Pragmatics and Grammar. Cambridge: CUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beaver, David I. & Clark, Brady Z. 2008, Sense and Sensitivity: How Focus Determines Meaning. Malden, MA: Blackwell. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan & Finegan, Edward. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
BNC: British National Corpus. Davies, Mark. 2004-. BYU-BNC. (Based on the British National Corpus from Oxford University Press). <[URL]>
Bolinger, Dwight. 1967. Adjectives in English: Attribution and predication. Lingua 18: 1–34. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Breban, Tine. 2010a. English Adjectives of Comparison: Lexical and Grammaticalized Uses. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Breban, Tine. 2010b. Reconstructing paths of secondary grammaticalisation of same from emphasising to phoricity and single-referent-marking postdeterminer uses. Transactions of the Philological Society 108: 68–87. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Breban, Tine. 2012. Functional shifts and the development of English determiners. In Information Structure and Syntactic Change in the History of English, Anneli Meurman-Solin, María J. López-Couso & Bettelou Los (eds), 271–300. Oxford: OUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Breban, Tine. 2014. What is secondary grammaticalization? Trying to see the wood for the trees in a confusion of interpretations. Folia Linguistica 48: 469–502. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brie, Friedrich W. D. 1906–1908. The Brut or The Chronicles of England, Edited from Ms. Rawl. B 171, Bodleian Library, 2 vols [Early English Text Society, O.S. 131, 136]. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brinton, Laurel J. & Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2005. Lexicalization and Language Change. Cambridge: CUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Britain, David. 2002. Space and spatial diffusion. In The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, Jack K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill & Natalie Schilling-Estes (eds), 603–637. Oxford: Blackwell.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Büring, Daniel. 2005. Binding Theory. Cambridge: CUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Burnley, David. 1992. Lexis and semantics. In The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 2: 1066–1476, Norman Blake (ed.), 409–499. Cambridge: CUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bybee, Joan. 2015. Language Change. Cambridge: CUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bybee, Joan & Pagliuca, William. 1985. Cross-linguistic comparison and the development of grammatical meaning. In Historical Semantics – Historical Word-Formation, Jacek Fisiak (ed.), 59–83. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Campbell, Lyle. 2001. What’s wrong with grammaticalization? Language Sciences 23: 113–161. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chafe, Wallace L. 1996. Inferring identifiability and accessibility. In Reference and Referent Accessibility [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 38], Thorstein Fretheim & Jeanette K. Gundel (eds), 37–46. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chomsky, Noam. 1980. On binding. Linguistic Inquiry 11: 1–46.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Christiansen, Morten H. & Chater, Nick. 2016. The Now-or-Never bottleneck: A fundamental constraint on language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 39.
.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Claridge, Claudia. 2012. Linguistic levels: Styles, registers, genres, text types. In English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook, Vol. 1, Alexander Bergs & Laurel Brinton (eds), 237–253. Berlin: De Gruyter.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cornish, Francis. 1999. Anaphora, Discourse, and Understanding. Oxford: OUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
De Smet, Hendrik. 2014. Does innovation need reanalysis? In Usage-Based Approaches to Language Change [Studies in Functional and Structural Linguistics 69], Evie Coussé & Ferdinand von Mengden (eds), 23–48. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
De Smet, Hendrik & Fischer, Olga C. M. 2017. The role of analogy in language change: Supporting constructions. In The Changing English Language: Psycholinguistic Perspectives, Marianne Hundt, Sandra Mollin & Simone E. Pfenninger (eds), 240–268. Cambridge: CUP.![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
De Smet, Hendrik & Heyvaert, Liesbet. 2010. The meaning of the English present participle. English Language and Linguistics 15: 473–498. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
EEBO: Early English Books Online. <[URL]>
Filipović, Luna & Hawkins, John. 2016. English article usage as a window on the meanings of same, identical and similar
. English Language and Linguistics 20: 295–313.![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fischer, Olga C. M. 2006. On the position of adjectives in Middle English. English Language and Linguistics 10: 253–288. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fischer, Olga C. M., De Smet, Hendrik & van der Wurff, Wim. 2017. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP.![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fitzmaurice, Susan, Alexander, Marc, Pidd, Michael, Robinson, Justyna, Dallachy, Fraser, Hine, Iona, Mehl, Seth, Aitken, Brian, Groves, Matthew & Rogers, Katherine. 2016. Linguistic DNA: Modelling concepts and semantic change in English, 1500–1800. Paper presented at Digital Humanities 2016 Conference, Kraków, July 2016. Abstract available online at <[URL]>
Fox, Barbara A. 1987. Discourse Structure and Anaphora: Written and Conversational English. Cambridge: CUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fries, Udo. 1994. Text deixis in Early Modern English. In Studies in Early Modern English, Dieter Kastovsky (ed.), 111–128. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Garner, Bryan. 2011. Garner’s Dictionary of Legal Usage, 3rd edn. Oxford: OUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Givón, Talmy. 1992. The grammar of referential coherence as mental processing instructions. Linguistics 30: 5–55. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Grossmann, James. 2012. Contribution to internet forum, posted on 22 June 2012, 2:58, on the topic ‘Can the word “said” be a determiner in written English?’. <[URL]>
Gundel, Jeanette K., Hedberg, Nancy & Zacharski, Ron. 1993. Cognitive status and the form of referring expressions in discourse. Language 69: 274–307. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haas, Florian. 2009. Reciprocity in English: Historical Development and Synchronic Structure. London: Routledge.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Halliday, Michael A. K. & Hasan, Ruqaiya. 1976. Cohesion in English. Harlow: Longman.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haspelmath, Martin. 2004. Explaining the ditransitive person-role constraint: A usage-based account. Constructions 2. <[URL]>.
Haspelmath, Martin. 2009. Lexical borrowing: Concepts and issues. In Loanwords in the World’s Languages: A Comparative Handbook, Martin Haspelmath & Uri Tadmor (eds), 35–54. Berlin: De Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Heine, Bernd & Kuteva, Tania. 2002. World Lexicon of Grammaticalization. Cambridge: CUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Heine, Bernd & Kuteva, Tania. 2005. Language Contact and Grammatical Change. Cambridge: CUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Heine, Bernd & Reh, Mechthild. 1984. Grammaticalization and Reanalysis in African Languages. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Heine, Bernd & Song, Kyung-an. 2011. On the grammaticalization of personal pronouns. Journal of Linguistics 47: 587–630. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hoekstra, Eric & Slofstra, Bouke. 2013. A diachronic study of the negative polarity item syn leven ‘his life > ever’ in West Frisian between 1550 and 1800. Language 89(4): e39–e55. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Huang, Yan. 2000. Anaphora: A Cross-Linguistic Study. Oxford: OUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hundt, Marianne. 2014. The demise of the being to V construction. Transactions of the Philological Society 112: 167–187. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Juge, Matthew L. 2007. Metaphor and teleology do not drive grammaticalization. In Historical Linguistics 2005: Selected papers from the 17th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Madison, Wisconsin, 31 July – 5 August 2005 [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 284], Joseph C. Salmons & Shannon Dubenion-Smith (eds), 33–48. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Keenan, Edward. 2002. Explaining the creation of reflexive pronouns in English. In Studies in the History of the English Language: A Millennial Perspective, Donka Minkova & Robert Stockwell (eds), 325–354. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kibrik, Andrej A. 2011. Reference in Discourse. Oxford: OUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kilpiö, Matti. 1997. Participial adjectives with anaphoric reference of the type the said, the (a)forementioned from Old to Early Modern English: The evidence of the Helsinki Corpus. In Studies in the Changing English Language in Honour of Matti Rissanen [Mémoires de la Société Linguistique de Helsinki 52], Terttu Nevalainen & Lena Kahlas-Tarkka (eds), 77–100. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Komen, Erwin R. 2011. Average referential distance. MS, Radboud University Nijmegen. <[URL]>.
Kroch, Anthony. 1989. Reflexes of grammar in patterns of language change. Language Variation and Change 1: 199–244. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kroch, Anthony. 1994. Morphosyntactic variation. In Papers from the 30th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society: Parasession on Variation and Linguistic Theory, Katharine Beals (ed.), 180–201. Chicago IL: Chicago Linguistic Society.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kytö, Merja. 2010. Data in historical pragmatics. In Historical Pragmatics [Handbooks of Pragmatics 8], Andreas Jucker & Irma Taavitsainen (eds), 33–67. Berlin: De Gruyter.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Laitinen, Mikko. 2008. Sociolinguistic patterns in grammaticalization: He, they, and those in human indefinite reference. Language Variation and Change 20: 155–185. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Langacker, Ronald W. 2010. A lot of quantifiers. In Empirical and Experimental Methods in Cognitive/Functional Research, Sally Rice & John Newman (eds), 41–57. Stanford CA: CSLI.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Barbara. 2008. Asymmetries in participial modification. In Asymmetric Events [Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research 11], Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk (ed.), 261–282. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lightfoot, David. 1990. Obsolescence and universal grammar. In Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 65], Sylvia M. Adamson, Vivien A. Law, Nigel Vincent & Susan Wright (eds), 281–292. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Linguistic DNA: A collaborative research project of the universities of Sheffield, Glasgow and Sussex on semantic-conceptual change in English 1500–1800. <[URL]>
Matras, Yaron. 2007. The borrowability of grammatical categories. In Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective, Yaron Matras & Jeanette S. Sakel (eds), 31–73. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Matthews, Peter H. 2014. The Positions of Adjectives in English. Oxford: OUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Matushansky, Ora. 2010.
Same problem, different solution. MS, University of Utrecht. <[URL]>
MED: Middle English Dictionary. <[URL]>
Mellinkoff, David. 1963. The Language of the Law. Boston MA: Little, Brown & Co.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Miller, George A., Newman, E. B. & Friedman, E. A. 1958. Length-frequency statistics for written English. Information and Control 1: 370–389. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mind Bending Grammars: Research project at the University of Antwerp on change in the grammars of 17th-century individuals. <[URL]>
Mortelmans, Jesse. 2006.
Ledit vs le démonstratif en moyen français: Quels contextes d’emploi ? Langue française 152(4): 70–81.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Nevalainen, Terttu. 1999. The facts and nothing but: The (non-)grammaticalisation of negative exclusives in English. In Negation in the History of English, Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Gunnel Tottie & Wim van der Wurff (eds), 167–187. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Nevalainen, Terttu. 2014. Norms and usage in seventeenth-century English. In Norms and Usage in Language History, 1600–1900: A Sociolinguistic and Comparative Perspective [Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics 3], Gijsbert Rutten, Rik Vosters & Wim Vandenbussche (eds), 103–128. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Nevalainen, Terttu & Raumolin-Brunberg, Helena. 1994.
Its strength and the beauty of it: The standardization of the third person neuter possessive in Early Modern English. In Towards a Standard English, 1600–1800, Dieter Stein & Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade (eds), 171–216. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
OED: Oxford English Dictionary. <[URL]>
Österman, Aune. 2001. “Where your Treasure is, There is your Heart”: A Corpus-Based Study of There Compounds and There/Where Subordinators in the History of English [Memoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki 59]. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Petré, Peter & Van de Velde, Freek. 2015. Differences and similarities between individuals in ongoing grammaticalisation. Paper presented at International Conference on Historical Linguistics 22, Naples, July 2015. <[URL]>
Pollard, Carl & Sag, Ivan A. 1992. Anaphors in English and the scope of binding theory. Linguistic Inquiry 23: 261–303.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Postma, Gertjan. 2010. The impact of failed changes. In Continuity and Change in Grammar [Linguistik Aktuesll/Linguistics Today 159], Christopher Lucas, Sheila Watts, Anne Breitbarth & David Willis (eds), 269–302. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Prince, Ellen. 1981. Toward a taxonomy of given-new information. In Radical Pragmatics, Peter Cole (ed.), 223–255. New York NY: Academic Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Geoffrey, Leech & Svartvik, Jan. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Radden, Günter & Dirven, René. 2007. Cognitive English Grammar [Cognitive Linguistics in Practice 2]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Reinhart, Tanja & Reuland, Eric. 1993. Reflexivity. Linguistic Inquiry 24: 657–720.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rissanen, Matti. 1999. Syntax. In Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 3: 1476–1776, Roger Lass (ed.), 187–331. Cambridge: CUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ritt, Nikolaus. 2004. Selfish Sounds and Linguistic Evolution: A Darwinian Approach to Language Change. Cambridge: CUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Roberts, Ian. 2007. Diachronic Syntax. Oxford: OUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rooth, Mats 1992. A theory of focus interpretation. Natural Language Semantics 1: 75–116. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Scotto di Carlo, Giuseppina. 2015. Diachronic and Synchronic Aspects of Legal English: Past, Present, and Possible Future of Legal English. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sinar, Beck. 2006. A History of English Reflexives: From Old English into Early Modern English. PhD dissertation, University of York. <[URL]>
Sleeman, Petra. 2011. Verbal and adjectival participles: Position and internal structure. Lingua 121: 1569–1587. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tiersma, Peter M. 1999. Legal Language. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2010. Dialogic contexts as motivations for syntactic change. In Variation and Change in English Grammar and Lexicon, Robert A. Cloutier, Anne Marie Hamilton-Brehm & William Kretzschmar (eds), 11–27. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs & Trousdale, Graeme. 2013. Constructionalization and Constructional Changes. Oxford: OUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vartiainen, Turo. 2016 A constructionist approach to category change: Constraining factors in the adjectivization of participles. Journal of English Linguistics 44: 34–60.![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Warner, Anthony. 1997. The structure of parametric change, and V-movement in the history of English. In Parameters of Morphosyntactic Change, Ans van Kemenade & Nigel Vincent (eds), 380–393. Cambridge: CUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wichmann, Anne. 2011. Grammaticalization and prosody. In The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization, Heiko Narrog & Bernd Heine (eds), 331–341. Oxford: OUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Pinson, Mathilde
2023.
Decompositionalization and Partial Recompositionalization: The Emergence of by the Same Token as a Polyfunctional Discourse Marker.
Journal of English Linguistics 51:3
► pp. 236 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
Kranich, Svenja & Tine Breban
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 27 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.