Index of terms

• abstract see construction and noun

• adjective 4–6, 18–19, 47–72, 77, 79–82, 85–89, 91, 93–94, 96, 99–102, 104–110, 121, 123, 130, 179, 214

• adversative 196, 211, 216

• affective see modification

• alternative semantics151

• ambiguous/ity 9, 66, 124–125, 127, 150, 165, 170, 174, 192

• ambilateral see modification

• American English (AmE) 3–4, 7, 113–114, 121, 128–135, 137, 139

• analogy 163, 211, 216

• anaphora/ic 7–9, 79, 81, 91–93, 98–107, 109, 143, 145–162, 164–165, 168–180
  • anaphoric one 79, 102, 106

• antecedent 8, 78, 80, 87, 90–91, 96, 98–100, 107–109, 145, 151–153, 155, 158, 160–162, 171, 173

• apposition/ive 2, 11–19, 27, 29–36, 40, 43–44

• argumentative function 4, 197, 213, 216

• attitude/inal 190–191, 199, 204, 210–211, 214, 215

• attributive 31, 49, 53, 56, 58, 69, 82, 86, 104, 194

• bare NP 113–114, 117–118, 126–129, 136–139

• base-level categorisation 27, 33

• binding 143, 145

• bleaching 70, 214

• borrowing 85, 163–164 ; see also loanword

• British English (BrE) 102, 113–114, 121, 128–132, 133–135, 137, 139

• British National Corpus (BNC) 4, 7, 80, 110, 113, 120–129, 131, 133–135, 137–138, 167, 212

• chunk 211, 215

• classifying function16

• cognition 36–38

• cognitive
  • act 24–25, 34
  • agent 23, 32

• collocation/al 66, 113, 115, 118, 122, 129, 133–135, 137, 191, 194, 196, 201, 212–213

• comment clause 193, 217

• common see noun

• community of practice 70–71, 75

• comparative 5, 58, 87

• competition 58, 61, 69, 114, 164, 168, 176–177, 202, 211

• complement 2–3, 11–14, 17–18, 20–22, 24, 26–27, 29–31, 33, 36–39, 41, 56, 58, 94, 122, 165, 188–189, 205
  • clause 11, 13, 17, 21–22, 24, 26–27, 29, 33, 36–37, 188

• complementation 11, 17–23, 25–27, 30, 32–37, 43–44, 187, 189, 192, 196, 214

• complex
  • adjective phrase 79, 105, 109
  • determiner179
  • NP 11, 19–22, 26–28, 30, 33, 37

• compositional/ity 8, 149, 165–166, 168, 173, 177–179, 191

• compound 51, 54, 89, 130

• construction
  • abstract 4–5, 78–83, 85, 87, 89, 91–94, 96, 98–101, 107–108
  • grammar 113, 115–116, 118, 188, 193
  • human 4–5, 78–83, 87–91, 93–94, 96–101, 103–105, 107–109
  • shell188

• constructional
  • change 3, 187, 189, 194, 211–212, 215–216
  • meaning 124–126, 137

• constructionalisation 4, 187, 189, 194, 211, 215

• conventionalisation 53, 69–71, 119

• conversion 4–5, 77, 79, 81

• co-ordinate/ing/ed 6, 32, 48–49, 54, 57–64, 66–67, 69, 71, 122, 171

• co-ordination/or 58, 61, 71, 122, 192

• copula/r 2, 13–14, 16, 22, 24–25, 30–31, 188, 190, 194, 213–214, 216

• corpus 1, 3–4, 6, 8, 47, 53–54, 65–66, 80, 82, 93, 96, 101, 107, 109–110, 113–117, 120, 128, 132, 136, 139, 146, 148–149, 152, 156–158, 167, 183, 187, 189–190, 192–195, 197, 201, 205, 207, 209, 211–212

• Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) 3–4, 139, 187, 193–194, 197–198, 203–210, 219

• countable/ity 5, 82, 100–104, 108

• declarative 13, 19–20, 22

• default 78, 100, 108–109, 126–127, 132, 189

• definite 16–17, 30, 33–35, 84, 150, 154, 179
  • article 4, 6–7, 34–35, 77, 81–82, 85, 92, 105–107, 113–115, 117, 121, 123–127, 130, 132–134, 136–137, 139, 144, 149, 154, 167, 178–180, 214, 216
  • description 31, 150–151, 160–161
  • NP 7, 14–15, 92, 154

• definiteness 34, 58, 149, 179–180

• degree see modification

• deletion 3–4, 78, 154

• deontic 29–32, 36, 40, 44, 196

• dependent/cy 20–21, 26–27, 33, 56, 88, 105

• descriptive 1, 7, 47–49, 68–71, 78, 80, 93 ; see also modification

• determiner 11, 16, 23, 31, 48, 77, 80–82, 84–85, 90, 104–106, 109, 117, 120–122, 127, 148–149, 179, 194, 214–216 ; see also complex

• deverbal see noun

• disambiguate/ion 108, 124, 128

• discourse marker 193, 215, 217

• Early English Books Online (EEBO) 8, 144, 157–159, 161, 167, 169, 175, 182

• ellipsis 4–5, 77–81, 87, 89, 93, 96, 98–99, 101–103, 106, 108–109, 122

• emphasis/tic 6, 13, 51, 64, 70, 152–153, 155, 196, 211, 216

• empty see noun

• entrenched/ment 137, 188, 193, 216

• epistemic 30–32, 40, 44, 50, 190–191, 196, 198, 202, 204, 211
  • modality 29–30, 36, 40, 193
  • parenthetical 189, 193, 196, 211, 214

• esphora/ical 33–35

• expressive 50, 52, 213

• external variable 129, 131

• factive 19–20, 28–29, 31–32, 36

• factor group 127, 131–135, 138

• factual/ity 11, 190–191, 198–199, 204–205, 210–211, 215–216

• fixed expression/phrase 7, 14, 135, 168

• focus/ing 6, 106, 151, 153, 155, 171, 173, 175, 191

• formal/ity 4, 61, 63, 65, 70, 189, 192, 196, 206, 212–216 ; see also informal

• formal 4, 13, 18–20, 49, 51, 69, 75, 162, 173–174, 178–180, 188–189, 206, 213–216 ; see also function/al

• form-meaning relation 116, 118, 143, 166

• French 9, 78, 105, 136, 148, 164, 168, 176

• function/al 4, 6–9, 11–12, 15–17, 20, 26, 29–30, 43–44, 47–50, 52–53, 56–58, 60–64, 66, 68–72, 77, 79–81, 87, 89, 97, 101, 105, 107, 109, 115, 144, 146, 149–150, 152, 156, 158, 160–162, 164, 168–169, 172–177, 179, 188–189, 191, 193, 196–197, 206, 210–216

• gender 5, 79–81, 83, 85, 97, 100, 104–105, 108–109

• generic/ity 5, 80–81, 92, 103–104, 106

• genitive 23, 32, 45, 95

• genre 6–7, 47–48, 53, 59–64, 66–68, 70–74, 181, 193

• gradience 113, 115, 118, 140

• grammaticalisation 7, 163, 169–170, 172–177
  • secondary169

• grounding/ed 15–16, 30

• hapax 195, 197

• head 2, 16–17, 20–21, 25–27, 30, 33, 49–50, 59, 66, 87–88, 90, 96, 99–100, 109, 122, 125, 133, 135, 137, 188 ; see also noun

• hedging214

• human see construction

• identifying 14, 16, 30–31, 169, 175
  • adjective6
  • function17

• indefinite94
  • article 34, 81, 84, 104, 120, 121, 126
  • NP 14, 15, 59, 92, 144–145

• indirect see modification

• infinitive 13, 19, 22, 25, 188, 196

• inflection/al 48, 79–81, 85, 89, 100, 103, 109

• informal 63, 70, 189, 192, 213

• informational 60–61, 71, 160

• information-oriented 38, 63

• insubordination214

• interaction/al 26, 51, 53, 55, 61, 95, 124, 138, 177, 211, 216

• interactive 63, 66

• interpersonal 63, 66, 68–70, 72

• interrogative 13, 19, 22

• language contact 139–140

• Latin 70, 148

• legal texts 70,146, 148–149, 152, 155, 157, 177–178

• lexicalise/ation 88, 163, 170

• loanword 7, 164 ; see also borrowing

• mandative 19, 25

• modal/ity 29–30, 36, 38–41, 190, 193, 196

• modification 4–6, 16, 20, 26–27, 36, 40, 47–54, 56–58, 61, 63, 66–72, 88, 105, 113–114, 118–119, 122–123, 129–135, 137–138
  • affective 51, 66
  • ambilateral 48, 54–56, 69
  • degree 51, 57, 63
  • descriptive 6, 49, 52, 56–59, 60–61, 63, 66, 68–69
  • indirect 6, 50, 53, 57, 63, 66–71
  • post- 54, 106, 115, 119, 122–123, 130–135, 137–138
  • pre- 47–48, 54, 69, 71, 75, 115, 119, 122–123, 130–132, 137–138
  • unitary 6, 51, 56–58, 63–66, 69–70

• modifier 6–8, 23, 26, 39, 47, 49–50, 52–53, 55, 58, 72, 79, 83, 86–89, 91, 93–94, 101, 103–106, 109, 130, 146, 148, 167
  • post- 7, 16, 27, 107, 119, 188, 191
  • pre- 2, 16–17, 27, 30, 33, 40–41, 47, 52, 55, 71, 83, 118, 137–138, 146, 191, 214, 216

• multivariate analysis 7, 115, 131–132, 140, 187

• negative stance216

• nominalise/ation 4–5, 12, 14–16, 24, 28–35, 37, 40–43, 59, 77, 79–81, 87–88

• non-compositional/ity 165–166, 168, 177–178

• non-countable 5, 82, 108

• non-finite 13, 19, 37, 39

• non-referential 16, 31, 114, 117, 124–126

• non-stacked 52, 58

• noun
  • abstract 6, 14, 59, 187, 190
  • common 16–17, 42, 115, 118–119, 137
  • deverbal 18–19, 21–27, 32, 36–37, 40–42, 44
  • empty 80–81, 93, 99–102, 104, 106, 108–109
  • head 2, 5–7, 11, 13, 23–25, 27, 36, 43, 47, 50–52, 58–59, 63, 68–69, 77, 85, 98–99, 104, 113–115, 117–120, 122, 125, 130–134, 139, 146, 154, 158, 167, 188
  • relational95
  • silent 5, 77, 80–81, 102–103, 105, 107–109

• nounless noun phrase 77–81, 83, 90–91, 93, 96, 98–99, 101, 103, 105, 109

• number 5–6, 79–81, 85, 97, 100, 102–104, 106, 108–109

• numeral 53, 90

• obsolescence 149, 163

• one-insertion 80, 91, 107, 109

• parameter 163–164, 168, 177

• participant 16, 21, 23, 26, 29, 32–33, 38–40

• participle/ial 1, 8, 53, 58–59, 80, 83, 86–87, 105, 108, 148–149, 156–159, 165–168, 170–171, 175, 179

• Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English (PPCEME) 5, 53, 55, 61

• phonological reduction 174–175

• phonological weight173

• possessive 23, 32, 39, 82, 95, 104, 149, 151–152

• postmodification see modification

• postmodifier see modifier

• postnominal 5, 56, 83, 94–95, 105, 109, 166–168, 176

• postposed 54–55

• postpositive 53, 56, 69

• pragmatic equivalence 150–151

• predicative 30–31, 56, 81–82, 86, 88

• premodification see modification

• premodifier see modifier

• prenominal 5, 72, 77, 79, 82–83, 90, 94, 96, 99, 103–105, 109, 166–168, 176

• prepositional phrase (PP) 26, 88, 94, 107, 119, 122, 125–126, 137, 151, 155

• presuppose/ition 17, 19, 27–31, 36–39, 44, 151, 191, 215

• processing 9, 163, 166, 172, 174–177, 180

• productive/ity 144, 153, 162, 168, 174, 176–177, 195, 197, 212

• pronoun 9, 81, 90, 104, 143–144, 147, 149, 153, 155, 158, 160–161, 169, 171–173, 176, 179

• proper name 16–17, 115, 118–119, 137

• quantifier 5, 53, 77, 80, 84, 90, 101–103, 105–106, 109

• reanalysis 88, 163, 177

• reference 5, 11–15, 17, 19, 31, 33–35, 80–83, 91–93, 99–101, 103–106, 109, 114, 117, 143, 146, 161, 176

• referential 2, 16–17, 31, 52, 105, 114, 116–117, 119, 123–127, 143–144, 147, 150–151, 153, 155, 158, 161, 173
  • distance 8–9, 160–162, 164, 173, 180

• regional variety/variation 7, 113–116, 118–119, 128–129, 131–135, 137–139, 140

• register 3–4, 6, 65, 148–149, 155, 162, 168, 178–180, 189, 192, 212–213

• reify/ication 16, 29, 34, 41–42

• relational see noun

• resultative 24–25

• secondary grammaticalisation169

• shell see construction

• silent see noun

• socio-stylistic 47–48, 53, 70

• speech 16–17, 29–30, 36, 61, 65, 191–192, 213

• speech act 21, 38–39, 167–168

• speech and thought act 11, 26, 32, 36, 38–39, 41

• spoken 41, 63, 72, 115, 120–121, 124, 196, 212

• stacked (adjectives) 6, 47–50, 52, 54, 57–64, 66–67, 69–72

• standard/isation 53, 70–71, 89, 115, 150, 185
  • English70

• stress 106, 154, 175, 178

• style 3–4, 6–7, 60–63, 65, 68–71, 149, 189, 192, 194, 212, 216

• stylistic 47–48, 53, 63–65, 67–68, 70–72, 119, 149, 169, 177, 187, 189, 194, 196–197, 209–212, 215

• subject complement188

• subjective 50–52, 66, 68

• subordinate 22, 189, 214

• superlative 5, 58, 87

• text-type 53, 61, 139, 149, 157, 189

• that-clause 3, 14–15, 30, 42, 187–192, 205, 214

• thought act 38–39 ; see also speech and thought act

• token frequency 4, 212

• topic continuity 160, 173

• unitary see modification

• unmodified noun phrase 129–130

• valence 20–21

• VARBRUL 132–135, 138, 140

• variable
  • context 115, 120, 122
  • rule 113, 127, 131–135

• verbalisation36

• wh-clause188

• writing 6, 61, 70–71, 149, 168, 196

• written 47, 53, 59, 61, 68, 70–72, 115, 120, 160, 192, 212, 214

• zero (determiner) 81, 84, 98

• zero (complementiser) 4, 189, 192, 195–197, 201–216, 214, 219–222