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Article published In:
Internal and External Factors in Child Second Language Acquisition
Edited by Aafke Hulk and Theodoros Marinis
[Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 1:3] 2011
► pp. 318–345

Differential effects of internal and external factors on the development of vocabulary, tense morphology and morpho-syntax in successive bilingual children

| School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingHarry Pitt BuildingReading RG6 [email protected]@ reading.ac.uk | Aalborg University, Denmark
| School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingHarry Pitt BuildingReading RG6 [email protected]@ reading.ac.uk

The present study investigates the effects of child internal (age/time) and child external/environmental factors on the development of a wide range of language domains in successive bilingual (L2) Turkish-English children of homogeneously low SES. Forty-three L2 children were tested on standardized assessments examining the acquisition of vocabulary and morpho-syntax. The L2 children exhibited a differential acquisition of the various domains: they were better on the general comprehension of grammar and tense morphology and less accurate on the acquisition of vocabulary and (complex) morpho-syntax. Profile effects were confirmed by the differential effects of internal and external factors on the language domains. The development of vocabulary and complex syntax was affected by internal and external factors, whereas external factors had no contribution to the development of tense morphology. These results are discussed in light of previous studies on the impact of internal and external factors in child L2 acquisition.

Keywords: child L2 acquisition, internal and external factors, profile effects
Article outline
  • Introduction
  • Effects of internal and external factors on the acquisition of morpho-syntax vs. vocabulary
  • Present study
  • Methodology
    • Participants
  • Materials and procedures
    • Parental questionnaire
    • Age/Time related (Internal) factors
    • Environmental (External) factors
    • Standardized assessments
  • Results
    • Logistic regression analysis
  • Discussion
  • Profile effects across language domains
  • Profile effects and internal and external factors
  • Notes
  • Questionnaire — Language background
  • References
Published online: 29 July 2011
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.1.3.05cho
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Komeili, Mariam, Parvaneh Tavakoli & Theodoros Marinis
2023. Using multiple measures of language dominance and proficiency in Farsi-English bilingual children. Frontiers in Communication 8 DOI logo
KORADE, Chloe, Elena NICOLADIS & Monique CHAREST
2024. Monolingual and bilingual children’s production of complex syntactic structures. Journal of Child Language 51:2 ► pp. 454 ff. DOI logo
Kupisch, Tanja, Sergio Miguel Pereira Soares, Eloi Puig‐Mayenco & Jason Rothman
2021. Multilingualism and Chomsky's Generative Grammar. In A Companion to Chomsky, ► pp. 232 ff. DOI logo
Lipner, Minna, Sharon Armon-Lotem, Joel Walters & Carmit Altman
2021. Crosslinguistic Influence (CLI) of Lexical Breadth and Depth in the Vocabulary of Bilingual Kindergarten Children – A Bilingual Intervention Study. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Lloyd-Smith, Anika, Fatih Bayram & Michael Iverson
2020. Chapter 4. The effects of heritage language experience on lexical and morphosyntactic outcomes. In Studies in Turkish as a Heritage Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 60], ► pp. 63 ff. DOI logo
Lloyd-Smith, Anika, Fabian Bergmann, Laura Hund & Tanja Kupisch
2023. Can policies improve language vitality? The Sámi languages in Sweden and Norway. Frontiers in Psychology 14 DOI logo
Marinis, Theodoros & Douglas Saddy
2013. Parsing the Passive: Comparing Children With Specific Language Impairment to Sequential Bilingual Children. Language Acquisition 20:2 ► pp. 155 ff. DOI logo
Markus, Dace, Tija Zīriņa & Kārlis Markus
2023. Language Policy Implementation in Latvian Pre-School: Latvian Language Skills of Minority Children. Sustainable Multilingualism 22:1 ► pp. 74 ff. DOI logo
McMillen, Stephanie, Jissel B. Anaya, Elizabeth D. Peña, Lisa M. Bedore & Elisa Barquin
2022. That’s hard! Item difficulty and word characteristics for bilinguals with and without developmental language disorder. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 25:5 ► pp. 1838 ff. DOI logo
Meir, Natalia, Joel Walters & Sharon Armon-Lotem
2016. Disentangling SLI and bilingualism using sentence repetition tasks: the impact of L1 and L2 properties. International Journal of Bilingualism 20:4 ► pp. 421 ff. DOI logo
Miller, Margaret K., Lauren Calandruccio, Emily Buss, Ryan W. McCreery, Jacob Oleson, Barbara Rodriguez & Lori J. Leibold
2019. Masked English Speech Recognition Performance in Younger and Older Spanish–English Bilingual and English Monolingual Children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62:12 ► pp. 4578 ff. DOI logo
Mitrofanova, Natalia, Yulia Rodina, Olga Urek & Marit Westergaard
2018. Bilinguals’ Sensitivity to Grammatical Gender Cues in Russian: The Role of Cumulative Input, Proficiency, and Dominance. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Neveu, Anne, Ishanti Gangopadhyay, Susan Ellis Weismer & Margarita Kaushanskaya
2023. Immersion in dual-language programs does not impede children’s native language processing. International Journal of Bilingualism 27:5 ► pp. 815 ff. DOI logo
Nicoladis, Elena
2018. Chapter 5. Simultaneous child bilingualism. In Bilingual Cognition and Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 54], ► pp. 81 ff. DOI logo
Nicoladis, Elena, Amanda Luo & George Vouronikos
2024. Complex sentence production in bilingual and monolingual children. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Novogrodsky, Rama & Natalia Meir
2020. Multilingual Children with Special Needs in Early Education. In Handbook of Early Language Education [Springer International Handbooks of Education, ], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
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2022. Multilingual Children with Special Needs in Early Education. In Handbook of Early Language Education [Springer International Handbooks of Education, ], ► pp. 669 ff. DOI logo
NÍ CHÉILEACHAIR, Fódhla, Vasiliki CHONDROGIANNI, Antonella SORACE, Johanne PARADIS & Vânia DE AGUIAR
2023. Developmental language disorder in sequential bilinguals: Characterising word properties in spontaneous speech. Journal of Child Language 50:4 ► pp. 954 ff. DOI logo
Papastefanou, Theodora, Theodoros Marinis & Daisy Powell
2021. Development of Reading Comprehension in Bilingual and Monolingual Children—Effects of Language Exposure. Languages 6:4 ► pp. 166 ff. DOI logo
Papastefanou, Theodora, Daisy Powell & Theodoros Marinis
2019. Language and Decoding Skills in Greek-English Primary School Bilingual Children: Effects of Language Dominance, Contextual Factors and Cross-Language Relationships Between the Heritage and the Majority Language. Frontiers in Communication 4 DOI logo
Papastergiou, Athanasia & Eirini Sanoudaki
2022. Language skills in Greek-English bilingual children attending Greek supplementary schools in England. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 25:8 ► pp. 2834 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne
2016. The Development of English as a Second Language With and Without Specific Language Impairment: Clinical Implications. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 59:1 ► pp. 171 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne
2016. An agenda for knowledge-oriented research on bilingualism in children with developmental disorders. Journal of Communication Disorders 63 ► pp. 79 ff. DOI logo
PARADIS, Johanne
2023. Sources of individual differences in the dual language development of heritage bilinguals. Journal of Child Language 50:4 ► pp. 793 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne & Ruiting Jia
2017. Bilingual children's long‐term outcomes in English as a second language: language environment factors shape individual differences in catching up with monolinguals. Developmental Science 20:1 DOI logo
PARADIS, JOHANNE, RUITING JIA & ANTTI ARPPE
2017. The acquisition of tense morphology over time by English second language children with specific language impairment: Testing the cumulative effects hypothesis. Applied Psycholinguistics 38:4 ► pp. 881 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne, Brian Rusk, Tamara Sorenson Duncan & Krithika Govindarajan
2017. Children's Second Language Acquisition of English Complex Syntax: The Role of Age, Input, and Cognitive Factors. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 37 ► pp. 148 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne, Tamara Sorenson Duncan, Stephanie Thomlinson & Brian Rusk
2022. Does the Use of Complex Sentences Differentiate Between Bilinguals With and Without DLD? Evidence From Conversation and Narrative Tasks. Frontiers in Education 6 DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne, Adriana Soto-Corominas, Xi Chen & Alexandra Gottardo
2020. How language environment, age, and cognitive capacity support the bilingual development of Syrian refugee children recently arrived in Canada. Applied Psycholinguistics 41:6 ► pp. 1255 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne, Adriana Soto-Corominas, Evangelia Daskalaki, Xi Chen & Alexandra Gottardo
2021. Morphosyntactic Development in First Generation Arabic—English Children: The Effect of Cognitive, Age, and Input Factors over Time and across Languages. Languages 6:1 ► pp. 51 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne, Adriana Soto-Corominas, Irene Vitoroulis, Redab Al Janaideh, Xi Chen, Alexandra Gottardo, Jennifer Jenkins & Katholiki Georgiades
2022. The role of socioemotional wellbeing difficulties and adversity in the L2 acquisition of first-generation refugee children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 25:5 ► pp. 921 ff. DOI logo
PARADIS, JOHANNE, YASEMIN TULPAR & ANTTI ARPPE
2016. Chinese L1 children's English L2 verb morphology over time: individual variation in long-term outcomes. Journal of Child Language 43:3 ► pp. 553 ff. DOI logo
Piccione, Mariapaola, Maria Francesca Ferin, Noemi Furlani, Miriam Geiß, Theodoros Marinis & Tanja Kupisch
2024. On the Role of Informal vs. Formal Context of Language Experience in Italian–German Primary School Children. Languages 9:2 ► pp. 63 ff. DOI logo
Prela, Leonarda, Miquel Llompart & Ewa Dąbrowska
2022. Aptitude and experience as predictors of grammatical proficiency in adult Greek-English bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology 13 DOI logo
Prentza, Alexandra & Maria Kaltsa
2020. Linguistic Profiling of Heritage Speakers of an Endangered Language: The Case of Vlach Aromanian–Greek Bilinguals. Open Linguistics 6:1 ► pp. 626 ff. DOI logo
Prentza, Alexandra, Maria Kaltsa, Ianthi Maria Tsimpli & Despina Papadopoulou
2019. The acquisition of Greek gender by bilingual children: The effects of lexical knowledge, oral input, literacy and bi/monolingual schooling. International Journal of Bilingualism 23:5 ► pp. 901 ff. DOI logo
Prentza, Alexandra, Dionysios Tafiadis, Vasiliki Chondrogianni & Ianthi-Maria Tsimpli
2022. Validation of a Greek Sentence Repetition Task with Typically Developing Monolingual and Bilingual Children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 51:2 ► pp. 373 ff. DOI logo
Rodina, Yulia, Tanja Kupisch, Natalia Meir, Natalia Mitrofanova, Olga Urek & Marit Westergaard
2020. Internal and External Factors in Heritage Language Acquisition: Evidence From Heritage Russian in Israel, Germany, Norway, Latvia and the United Kingdom. Frontiers in Education 5 DOI logo
ROESCH, ANNE DOROTHEE & VASILIKI CHONDROGIANNI
2016. “Which mouse kissed the frog?”Effects of age of onset, length of exposure, and knowledge of case marking on the comprehension ofwh-questions in German-speaking simultaneous and early sequential bilingual children. Journal of Child Language 43:3 ► pp. 635 ff. DOI logo
Scheidnes, Maureen & Laurice Tuller
2016. Assessing successive bilinguals in two languages: A longitudinal look at English-speaking children in France. Journal of Communication Disorders 64 ► pp. 45 ff. DOI logo
Scherger, Anna-Lena
2019. Elicited Subject-Verb Agreement in German Early L2 Children with Developmental Language Disorders. Journal of the European Second Language Association 3:1 ► pp. 46 ff. DOI logo
Schmitt, C., A. Simoës & A. Laloi
2015. L’évaluation du langage oral chez les enfants bilingues au moyen d’une batterie standardisée pour monolingues. Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence 63:7 ► pp. 431 ff. DOI logo
Schulz, Petra & Angela Grimm
2019. The Age Factor Revisited: Timing in Acquisition Interacts With Age of Onset in Bilingual Acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Smolander, Sini, Marja Laasonen, Eva Arkkila, Pekka Lahti‐Nuuttila & Sari Kunnari
2021. L2 vocabulary acquisition of early sequentially bilingual children with TD and DLD affected differently by exposure and age of onset. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 56:1 ► pp. 72 ff. DOI logo
Smyk, Ekaterina, M. Adelaida Restrepo, Joanna S. Gorin & Shelley Gray
2013. Development and Validation of the Spanish–English Language Proficiency Scale (SELPS). Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 44:3 ► pp. 252 ff. DOI logo
Sorenson Duncan, Tamara & Johanne Paradis
2020. How does maternal education influence the linguistic environment supporting bilingual language development in child second language learners of English?. International Journal of Bilingualism 24:1 ► pp. 46 ff. DOI logo
SORENSON DUNCAN, Tamara & Johanne PARADIS
2020. Home language environment and children's second language acquisition: the special status of input from older siblings. Journal of Child Language 47:5 ► pp. 982 ff. DOI logo
SOTO-COROMINAS, Adriana, Evangelia DASKALAKI, Johanne PARADIS, Magdalena WINTERS-DIFANI & Redab AL JANAIDEH
2022. Sources of variation at the onset of bilingualism: The differential effect of input factors, AOA, and cognitive skills on HL Arabic and L2 English syntax. Journal of Child Language 49:4 ► pp. 741 ff. DOI logo
Soto-Corominas, Adriana, Johanne Paradis, Brian V. Rusk, Stefka Marinova-Todd & Xuan Zhang
2020. ORAL LANGUAGE PROFILES OF ENGLISH SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS IN ADOLESCENCE. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42:4 ► pp. 697 ff. DOI logo
Sun, He
2019. Home Environment, Bilingual Preschooler’s Receptive Mother Tongue Language Outcomes, and Social-Emotional and Behavioral Skills: One Stone for Two Birds?. Frontiers in Psychology 10 DOI logo
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2022. Harmonious Bilingual Development: The Concept, the Significance, and the Implications. In Early Childhood Development and Education in Singapore [Empowering Teaching and Learning through Policies and Practice: Singapore and International Perspectives, 2], ► pp. 261 ff. DOI logo
Sun, He, Marc H. Bornstein & Gianluca Esposito
2021. The Specificity Principle in Young Dual Language Learners’ English Development. Child Development 92:5 ► pp. 1752 ff. DOI logo
Sun, He, Jiamin Low & Ivy Chua
2023. Maternal heritage language proficiency and child bilingual heritage language learning. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 26:7 ► pp. 861 ff. DOI logo
SUN, HE, RASMUS STEINKRAUSS, JORGE TENDEIRO & KEES DE BOT
2016. Individual differences in very young children's English acquisition in China: Internal and external factors. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19:3 ► pp. 550 ff. DOI logo
Sun, He, Rasmus Steinkrauss, Martijn Wieling & Kees de Bot
2018. Individual differences in very young Chinese children’s English vocabulary breadth and semantic depth: internal and external factors. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 21:4 ► pp. 405 ff. DOI logo
SUN, HE, BIN YIN, NUR FARINA BEGUM BINTE AMSAH & BETH ANN O'BRIEN
2018. Differential effects of internal and external factors in early bilingual vocabulary learning: The case of Singapore. Applied Psycholinguistics 39:2 ► pp. 383 ff. DOI logo
Talli, Ioanna & Stavroula Stavrakaki
2020. Short-term memory, working memory and linguistic abilities in bilingual children with Developmental Language Disorder. First Language 40:4 ► pp. 437 ff. DOI logo
TAO, LILY & QING CAI
2018. Effects of early home language environment II: Speech comprehension and cognitive functions. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21:3 ► pp. 537 ff. DOI logo
Tao, Lily, Qing Cai & Tamar H. Gollan
2021. Effects of cumulative language exposure on heritage and majority language skills. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 11:2 ► pp. 168 ff. DOI logo
THOMAS, ENLLI MÔN, NIA WILLIAMS, LLINOS ANGHARAD JONES, SUSI DAVIES & HANNA BINKS
2014. Acquiring complex structures under minority language conditions: Bilingual acquisition of plural morphology in Welsh. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17:3 ► pp. 478 ff. DOI logo
Torregrossa, Jacopo, Maria Andreou, Christiane Bongartz & Ianthi Maria Tsimpli
2021. Bilingual acquisition of reference: The role of language experience, executive functions and cross-linguistic effects. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24:4 ► pp. 694 ff. DOI logo
Tsimpli, Ianthi Maria
2014. Early, late or very late?. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4:3 ► pp. 283 ff. DOI logo
Tsimpli, Ianthi Maria, Lina Mukhopadhyay, Anusha Balasubramanian & Jeanine Treffers-Daller
2024. Chapter 4. Microstructural properties in the narrative retellings of young English learners in EMI schools in India. In Multifaceted Multilingualism [Studies in Bilingualism, 66], ► pp. 68 ff. DOI logo
UNSWORTH, SHARON
2013. Assessing the role of current andcumulativeexposure in simultaneous bilingual acquisition: The case of Dutch gender. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16:1 ► pp. 86 ff. DOI logo
Unsworth, Sharon
2013. Current Issues in Multilingual First Language Acquisition. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 33 ► pp. 21 ff. DOI logo
Unsworth, Sharon
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UNSWORTH, SHARON
2016. Early child L2 acquisition: Age or input effects? Neither, or both?. Journal of Child Language 43:3 ► pp. 608 ff. DOI logo
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2014. The role of age of onset and input in early child bilingualism in Greek and Dutch. Applied Psycholinguistics 35:4 ► pp. 765 ff. DOI logo
Unsworth, Sharon, Vicky Chondrogianni & Barbora Skarabela
2018. Experiential Measures Can Be Used as a Proxy for Language Dominance in Bilingual Language Acquisition Research. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Uygun, Serkan
2022. Processing pro-drop features in heritage Turkish. Frontiers in Psychology 13 DOI logo
Valentini, Alessandra & Ludovica Serratrice
2021. What Can Bilingual Children Tell Us About the Developmental Relationship Between Vocabulary and Grammar?. Cognitive Science 45:11 DOI logo
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2021. Testing the validity of the Cross-Linguistic Lexical Task as a measure of language proficiency in bilingual children. Journal of Child Language 48:6 ► pp. 1101 ff. DOI logo
Verhagen, Josje, Folkert Kuiken & Sible Andringa
2022. Family language patterns in bilingual families and relationships with children’s language outcomes. Applied Psycholinguistics 43:5 ► pp. 1109 ff. DOI logo
Vida-Mannl, Manuela, Sarah Buschfeld & Patricia Ronan
2023. The Multilingual Individual: Who Is Multilingual and What Is Special?. In Multilingualism, ► pp. 45 ff. DOI logo
Willard, Jessica A., Birgit Leyendecker, Katharina Kohl, Lilly-Marlen Bihler & Alexandru Agache
2022. Does variation in early childhood education matter more for dual language learners’ than for monolingual children’s language development?. Applied Developmental Science 26:4 ► pp. 704 ff. DOI logo
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2017. Exploring minority language input sources as means of supporting the early development of second language vocabulary and grammar. Applied Psycholinguistics 38:4 ► pp. 855 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Exploring Individual Variation in Learner Corpus Research: Methodological Suggestions. In Learner Corpus Research Meets Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 191 ff. DOI logo
Zaretsky, Eugen & Benjamin P. Lange
2015. Ob Italienisch Deutsch fördert. Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics 4:1 ► pp. 122 ff. DOI logo
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2014.  Combined effects of age of onset and input on the development of different grammatical structures. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4:4 ► pp. 462 ff. DOI logo
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2023. Subordination in Turkish Heritage Children with and without Developmental Language Impairment. Languages 8:4 ► pp. 239 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2022. Bilingualism, Language Development and Processing across the Lifespan [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 15], DOI logo

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