Code-blending with depicting signs
Bimodal bilinguals sometimes use code-blending, simultaneous production of (parts of) an utterance in both speech and sign. We ask what spoken language material is blended with entity and handling depicting signs (DS), representations of action that combine discrete components with iconic depictions of aspects of a referenced event in a gradient, analog manner. We test a semantic approach that DS may involve a demonstration, involving a predicate which obligatorily includes a modificational demonstrational component, and adopt a syntactic analysis which crucially distinguishes between entity and handling DS. Given the model of bilingualism we use, we expect both DS can be produced with speech that occurs in the verbal structure, along with vocal gestures, but speech that includes a subject is only expected to be blended with handling DS, not entity. The data we report from three Codas, native bimodal bilinguals, from the United States and one from Brazil conform with this prediction.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Background and predictions
- 2.1Code-blending
- 2.2Depicting signs
- 2.3Code-blended structures with DS
- 3.Method
- 3.1Participants
- 3.2Data collection
- 3.3Data coding
- 4.Results
- 4.1Verb production
- 4.2Where does code-blending occur?
- 4.3Grammatical categories blended with DS
- 5.Discussion and conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
-
References
References (33)
References
Benedicto, E., & Brentari, D. (2004). Where did all the arguments go? Argument-changing properties of classifiers in ASL. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 221, 743–810. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Berent, G. P. (2013). Sign language–spoken language bilingualism and the derivation of bimodally mixed sentences. In T. K. Bhatia & W. C. Ritchie (Eds.), The Handbook of Bilingualism and Multilingualism, Second Edition (pp. 351–374). Malden, MA: Blackwell.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bishop, M. (2010). Happen can’t hear: An analysis of code-blends in hearing, native signers of American Sign Language. Sign Language Studies, 11(2), 205–240. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Branchini, C. & Donati, C. (2016). Assessing lexicalism through bimodal eyes. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 1(1), 48. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Davidson, K. (2015). Quotation, demonstration, and iconicity. Linguistics and Philosophy, 381, 477–520. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
DeMatteo, A. (1977). Visual Imagery and Visual Analogues in American Sign Language. In L. Friedman (Ed.), On The Other Hand. New York: Academic Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Donati, C. & Branchini, C. (2013). Challenging linearization: Simultaneous mixing in the production of bimodal bilinguals. In T. Biberauer & I. Roberts (Eds.), Challenges to linearization (pp. 93–128). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Emmorey, K. (Ed.) (2003). Perspectives on Classifier Constructions in Signed Languages. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Emmorey, K., & Herzig, M. (2003). Categorical versus gradient properties of classifier constructions in ASL. In K. Emmorey (Ed.), Perspectives on Classifier Constructions in Signed Languages (pp. 221–246). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Emmorey, K., Borinstein, H. B., Thompson, R. & Gollan, T. H. (2008). Bimodal bilingualism. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11(1), 43–61. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Emmorey, K., McCullough, S., Mehta, S. H., Ponto, L. B., & Grabowski, T. J. (2013). The biology of linguistic expression impacts neural correlates for spatial language. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25(4), 517–533. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Emmorey, K., Petrich, J. A. F., & Gollan, T. H. (2012). Bilingual processing of ASL-English code-blends: The consequences of accessing two lexical representations simultaneously. Journal of Memory and Language, 671, 199–210. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Emmorey, K., Giezen, M. R., & Gollan, T. H. (2016). Psycholinguistic, cognitive, and neural implications of bimodal bilingualism. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(2), 223–242. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Emmorey, K., Borinstein, H. B. & Thompson, R. (2005). Bimodal bilingualism: Code-blending between spoken English and American Sign Language. In J. Cohen, K. McAlister, K. Rolstad & J. MacSwan (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Engberg-Pedersen, E. (1993). Space in Danish Sign Language, Signum Verlag, Hamburg.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hochgesang, Julie A., Crasborn, Onno, & Lillo-Martin, Diane. (2018). ASL Signbank. New Haven, CT: Haskins Lab, Yale University. [URL]
Klima, E. S., & Bellugi, U. (1979). The signs of language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Koulidobrova, E. (2012). When the quiet surfaces: Transfer of Argument Omission in the Speech of ASL-English Bilinguals. PhD Dissertation. University of Connecticut. Storrs.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Koulidobrova, E. (2017b). Elide me bare: Null arguments in American Sign Language. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 351, 397–446. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lillo-Martin, D., Quadros, R. M. de, Koulidobrova, E., & Pichler, D. C. (2010). Bimodal bilingual cross-language influence in unexpected domains. In J. Costa, A. Castro, M. Lobo & F. Pratas (Eds.), Language Acquisition and Development: Proceedings of GALA 2009 (pp. 264–275). Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
McDonald, B. (1982). Aspects of the American Sign Language Predicate System. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, SUNY Buffalo.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Quadros, R. M. de (2017). Língua de herança: Língua Brasileira de Sinais. Porto Alegre: Editora Penso.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Quadros, R. M. de (2018). Bimodal bilingual heritage signers: A balancing act of languages and modalities. Sign Language Studies, 18(3), 355–384. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Quadros, R. M. de, Lillo-Martin, D. & Emmorey, K. (2016a). As línguas de bilíngues bimodais. Revista de Estudos Linguísticos da Universidade do Porto, 111, 139–160.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Quadros, R. M. de, Lillo-Martin, D. & Chen Pichler, D. (2016b). Bimodal Bilingualism: Sign Language and Spoken Language. In M. Marschark & P. E. Spencer (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies in Language: Research, Policy, and Practice (pp. 181–196). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schembri, A., Jones, C., & Burnham, D. (2005). Comparing action gestures and classifier verbs of motion: Evidence from Australian Sign Language, Taiwan Sign Language, and nonsigners’ gestures without speech. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 10(3), 272–290. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sehyr, Z. S., & Cormier, K. (2016). Perceptual categorization of handling handshapes in British Sign Language. Language and Cognition, 81, 501–532. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Supalla, T. (1982). Structure and Acquisition of Verbs of Motion and Location in American Sign Language. PhD Dissertation, University of California, San Diego.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zucchi, S., Cecchetto, C., & Geraci, C. (2012). Event descriptions and classifier predicates in sign languages. Presentation at FEAST in Venice, 21 June 2011.
Zwitserlood, I. (2012). Classifiers. In R. Pfau, M. Steinbach, & B. Woll (Eds.), Sign language: An international handbook (pp. 158–185). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (3)
Cited by three other publications
Giustolisi, Beatrice, Angélique Jaber, Chiara Branchini, Carlo Geraci & Caterina Donati
2024.
Processing code-blending beyond the lexical level: evidence for a double syntactic derivation?.
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition ► pp. 1 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
Müller de Quadros, Ronice, Diane Lillo-Martin & Marilyn Mafra Klamt
2023.
Blending Libras and Portuguese: Acceptability Variables. In
Formal Approaches to Languages of South America,
► pp. 107 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
Bragg, Danielle, Naomi Caselli, Julie A. Hochgesang, Matt Huenerfauth, Leah Katz-Hernandez, Oscar Koller, Raja Kushalnagar, Christian Vogler & Richard E. Ladner
2021.
The FATE Landscape of Sign Language AI Datasets.
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing 14:2
► pp. 1 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 5 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.