To be specified published in:
Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism
Vol. 3:2 (2013) ► pp. 213–232
squibs

Examining second language development using event-related potentials

A cross-sectional study on the processing of gender and number agreement

| University of Kansas
| University of Kansas
| University of Kansas

This cross-sectional study examines the role of L1-L2 differences and structural distance in the processing of gender and number agreement by English-speaking learners of Spanish at three different levels of proficiency. Preliminary results show that differences between the L1 and L2 impact L2 development, as sensitivity to gender agreement violations, as opposed to number agreement violations, emerges only in learners at advanced levels of proficiency. Results also show that the establishment of agreement dependencies is impacted by the structural distance between the agreeing elements for native speakers and for learners at intermediate and advanced levels of proficiency but not for low proficiency. The overall pattern of results suggests that the linguistic factors examined here impact development but do not constrain ultimate attainment; for advanced learners, results suggest that second language processing is qualitatively similar to native processing.

Keywords: Event-related potentials, second language acquisition, second language processing, agreement, gender, number, transfer, structural distance
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.The N400 and P600 in native and non-native processing
  • 3.Present Study
  • 3.1Method and preliminary results
  • 4.Discussion
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 17 May 2013
https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.3.2.04gab
References
Alemán Bañón, J., Fiorentino, R., & Gabriele, A
(2012) The processing of number and gender agreement in Spanish: An event-related potential investigation of the effects of structural distance. Brain Research, 14561, 49–63.. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Alemán Bañón, J., Fiorentino, R., & Gabriele, A.
submitted). Morphosyntactic processing in advanced L2 learners: An event-related potential investigation of the effects of L1-L2 similarity and structural distance.
Angrilli, A., Penolazzi, B., Vespignani, F., De Vincenzi, M., Job, R., Ciccarelli, L., Palomba, D., & Stegagno, L
(2002) Cortical brain responses to semantic incongruity and syntactic violation in Italian language: An event-related potential study. Neuroscience Letters, 322(1), 5–8. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Barber, H., & Carreiras, M
(2005) Grammatical gender and number agreement in Spanish: An ERP comparison. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(1), 137–153. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bentin, S
(1987) Event-related potentials, semantic processes, and expectancy factors in word recognition. Brain and Language, 31(2), 308–327. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bond, K., Gabriele, A., Fiorentino, R., & Alemán Bañón, J
(2011) Individual differences and the role of the L1 in L2 processing: An ERP investigation. In J. Herschensohn & D. Tanner (Eds.), Proceedings of the 11th Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Conference (pp. 17–30). Cambridge, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Bornkessel, I., & Schlesewsky, M
(2006) The extended argument dependency model: A neurocognitive approach to sentence comprehension across languages. Psychological Review, 113(4), 787–821. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bruhn de Garavito, J., & White, L
(2002) The L2 acquisition of Spanish DPs. The status of grammatical features. In A.T. Pérez-Leroux & J. Liceras (Eds.), The acquisition of Spanish morphosyntax: The L1/L2 connection (pp. 153–178). Dordrecht: Kluwer. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, S
(2001) Input and evidence: The raw material of second language acquisition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Carstens, V
(2000) Concord in minimalist theory. Linguistic Inquiry, 31(2), 319–355. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Clahsen, H., & Felser, C
(2006) Continuity and shallow structures in language processing. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27(1), 107–126. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Clahsen, H., Felser, C., Neubauer, K., Sato, M., & Silva, R
(2010) Morphological structure in native and nonnative language processing. Language Learning, 60(1), 21–43. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Coulson, S., King, J.W., & Kutas, M
(1998) Expect the unexpected: Event-related brain response to morphosyntactic violations. Language and Cognitive Processes, 13(1), 21–58. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Dekydtspotter, L
(2001) The Universal Parser and interlanguage: Domain-specific mental organization in the comprehension of combien interrogatives in English-French interlanguage. Second Language Research, 17(2), 91–143.Google Scholar
Epstein, S., Flynn, S., & Martohardjono, G
(1996) Second language acquisition: Theoretical and experimental issues in contemporary research. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 19(4), 677–714. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Federmeier, K.A., & Kutas, M
(1999) A rose by any other name: Long-term memory structure and sentence processing. Journal of Memory and Language, 41(4), 469–495. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Felser, C., Clahsen, H., & Münte, T
(2003) Storage and integration in the processing of filler-gap dependencies: An ERP study of topicalization and wh-movement in German. Brain and Language, 87(3), 345–354. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Foucart, A., & Frenck-Mestre, C
(2011) Grammatical gender processing in L2: Electrophysiological evidence of the effect of L1-L2 syntactic similarity. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 14(3), 379–399. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2012) Can late L2 learners acquire new grammatical features? Evidence from ERPs and eye-tracking. Journal of Memory and Language, 66(1), 226–248. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Franceschina, F
(2001) Morphological or syntactic deficits in near-native speakers? An assessment of some current proposals. Second Language Research, 17(3), 213–247.. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2005) Fossilized second language grammars: The acquisition of grammatical gender. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Friederici, A.D., Hahne, A., & Mecklinger, A
(1996) Temporal structure of syntactic parsing: Early and late event-related brain potential effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(5), 1219–1248.Google Scholar
Friederici, A.D., Pfeifer, E., & Hahne, A
(1993) Event-related brain potentials during natural speech processing: Effects of semantic, morphological and syntactic violations. Cognitive Brain Research, 1(3), 183–192. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Friederici, A.D., & Weissenborn, J
(2007) Mapping sentence form onto meaning: The syntaxsemantic interface. Brain Research, 1146(52), 50–58. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Frisch, S., Schlesewsky, M., Saddy, D., & Alpermann, A
(2002) The P600 as an indicator of syntactic ambiguity. Cognition, 85(3), B83–B92. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gabriele, A., Fiorentino, R., Alemán Bañón, J., & Bond, K
in progress). Tracking second language development using event-related potentials: An examination of linguistic and cognitive factors. Manuscript, University of Kansas.
Gillon Dowens, M., Guo, T., Guo, J., Barber, H., & Carreiras, M
(2011) Gender and number processing in Chinese learners of Spanish — Evidence from event-related potentials. Neuropsychologia, 49(7), 1651–1659. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gillon Dowens, M., Vergara, M., Barber, H., & Carreiras, M
(2010) Morphosyntactic processing in late second-language learners. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(8), 1870–1887. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gunter, T.C., Friederici, A.D., & Schriefers, H
(2000) Syntactic gender and semantic expectancy: ERPs reveal early autonomy and late interaction. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(4), 556–568. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gunter, T.C., Stowe, L.A., & Mulder, G
(1997) When syntax meets semantics. Psychophysiology, 34(6), 660–676. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hagoort, P
(2003) Interplay between syntax and semantics during sentence comprehension: ERP effects of combining syntactic and semantic violations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(6), 883–899. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hagoort, P., Brown, C.M., & Groothusen, J
(1993) The Syntactic Positive Shift (SPS) as an ERP measure of syntactic processing. Language and Cognitive Processes, 8(4), 439–484. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Haupt, F.S., Schlesewsky, M., Roehm, D., Friederici, A.D., & Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I
(2008) The status of subject-object reanalyses in the language comprehension architecture. Journal of Memory and Language, 59(1), 54–96. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, R
(1998) Explaining the difficulty of gender attribution for speakers of English. Paper presented at the 8th annual EUROSLA conference. Paris, France.Google Scholar
(2001) The theoretical significance of Universal Grammar in SLA. Second Language Research, 17(4), 345–367. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, R., & Chan, C.Y
(1997) The partial availability of Universal Grammar in second language acquisition: The ‘failed functional features hypothesis’. Second Language Research, 13(3), 187–226. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, R., & Franceschina, F
(2004) Explaining the acquisition and non-acquisition of determiner-noun gender concord in French and Spanish. In P. Prévost & J. Paradis (Eds.), The acquisition of French in different contexts (pp. 175–205). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, R., & Hattori, H
(2006) Interpretation of English multiple wh-questions by Japanese speakers: A missing uninterpretable feature account. Second Language Research, 22(3), 269–301.. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, R., & Casillas, G
(2008) Explaining frequency of verb morphology in early L2 speech. Lingua, 118(4), 595–612. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, R., & Liszka, S
(2004) Locating the source of defective past tense marking in advanced L2 English speakers. In R. van Hout, A. Hulk, F. Kuiken, & R. Towell (Eds.), The interface between syntax and lexicon in second language acquisition (pp. 21–44). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Kaan, E., Harris, A., Gibson, E., & Holcomb, P
(2000) The P600 as an index of syntactic integration difficulty. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(2), 159–201. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Klein, E., & Martohardjono, G
(1999) Investigating second language grammars: Some conceptual and methodological issues in generative SLA research. In E. Klein & G. Martohardjono (Eds.), The development of second language grammars: A generative approach (pp. 3–34). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kolk, H.H.J., Chwilla, D.J., Van Herten, M., & Oor, P.J.W
(2003) Structure and limited capacity in verbal working memory: A study with event-related potentials. Brain and Language, 85(1), 1–36. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kotz, S.A
(2009) A critical review of ERP and fMRI evidence on L2 syntactic processing. Brain and Language, 109(2–3), 68–74. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kutas, M., & Federmeier, K.D
(2000) Electrophysiology reveals semantic memory use in language comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(12), 463–470. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S.A
(1980) Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science, 207(4427), 203–205. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1983) Event-related brain potentials to grammatical errors and semantic anomalies. Memory & Cognition, 11(5), 539–550. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1984) Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association. Nature, 307(5947), 161–163. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lau, E.F., Phillips, C., & Poeppel, D
(2008) A cortical network for semantics: (De)constructing the N400. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(12), 920–933. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lau, E.F., Stroud, C., Plesch, S., & Phillips, C
(2006) The role of structural prediction in rapid syntactic analysis. Brain & Language, 98(1), 74–88. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Martín-Loeches, M., Nigbur, R., Casado, P., Hohlfeld, A., & Sommer, W
(2006) Semantics prevalence over syntax during sentence processing: A brain potential study of noun-adjective agreement in Spanish. Brain Research, 1093(1), 178–189. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, C
(2008) Morphological variability in the comprehension of agreement: An argument for representation over computation. Second Language Research, 24(4), 459–486. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
McLaughlin, J., Tanner, D., Pitkänen, I., Frenck-Mestre, C., Inoue, K., Valentine, G., & Osterhout, L
(2010) Brain potentials reveal discrete stages of L2 grammatical learning. Language Learning, 60(Supplement 2), 123–150. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Molinaro, N., Barber, H.A., & Carreiras, M
(2011) Grammatical agreement processing in reading: ERP findings and future directions. Cortex, 47(8), 908–930. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Montrul, S
(2005) The acquisition of Spanish: Morphosyntactic development in monolingual and bilingual L1 acquisition and adult L2 acquisition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Montrul, S., Foote, R., & Perpiñán, S
(2008) Gender agreement in adult second language learners and Spanish heritage speakers: The effects of age and context of acquisition. Language Learning, 58(3), 503–553. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Morgan-Short, K., Sanz, C., Steinhauer, K., & Ullman, M
(2010) Second language learning of gender agreement in explicit and implicit training conditions: An event-related potential study. Language Learning, 60(1), 154–193.. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Morgan-Short, K., Steinhauer, K., Sanz, C., & Ullman, M. T
(2012) Explicit and implicit second language training differentially affect the achievement of native-like brain activation patterns. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(2), 933–947. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Mueller, J.L
(2005) Electrophysiological correlates of second language processing. Second Language Research, 21(2), 152–174. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Myles, F., Hooper, J., & Mitchell, R
(1998) Rote or rule? Exploring the role of formulaic language in classroom foreign language learning. Language Learning, 48(3), 323–364. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ojima, S., Nakata, H., & Kakigi, R
(2005) An ERP study of second language learning after childhood: Effects of proficiency. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(8), 1212–1228. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Osterhout, L., McLaughlin, J., Kim, A., Greenwald, R., & Inoue, K
(2004) Sentences in the brain: Event-related potentials as real-time reflections of sentence comprehension and language learning. In M. Carreiras & C. CliftonJr., (Eds.), The on-line study of sentence comprehension: Eyetracking, ERP, and beyond (pp. 271–308). Brighton: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Osterhout, L., McLaughlin, J., Pitkänen, I., Frenck-Mestre, C., & Molinaro, N
(2006) Novice learners, longitudinal designs, and event-related potentials: A paradigm for exploring the neurocognition of second-language processing. Language Learning, 56(1), 199–230. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Osterhout, L., & Holcomb, P.J
(1992) Event-related brain potentials elicited by syntactic anomaly. Journal of Memory and Language, 31(6), 785–806. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Osterhout, L., & Hagoort, P
(1999) A superficial resemblance does not necessarily mean you are part of the family: Counterarguments to Coulson, King & Kutas (1998) in the P600/SPS-P300 debate. Language and Cognitive Processes, 14(1), 1–14. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, C., Kazanina, N., & Abada, S.H
(2005) ERP effects of the processing of syntactic longdistance dependencies. Cognitive Brain Research, 22(3), 407–428. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Rossi, S., Gugler, M.F., Friederici, A., & Hahne, A
(2006) The impact of proficiency on syntactic second-language processing of German and Italian: Evidence from event-related potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(12), 2030–2048. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sabourin, L., & Stowe, L
(2008) Second language processing: When are first and second languages processed similarly? Second Language Research, 23(3), 397–430. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, B.D., & Sprouse, R
(1996) L2 cognitive states and the Full Transfer/Full Access model. Second Language Research, 12(1), 40–72. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Steinhauer, K., White, E.J., & Drury, J
(2009) Temporal dynamics of late second language acquisition: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Second Language Research, 25(1), 13–41. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Tagliaferri, B
(2005) Paradigm. www​.paradigmexperiments​.com. Perception Research Systems.Google Scholar
Tanner, D., Osterhout, L., & Herschensohn, J
(2009) Snapshots of grammaticalization: Differential electrophysiological responses to grammatical anomalies with increasing L2 exposure. In J. Chandlee, & M. Franchini, S. Lord, & G.-M. Rheiner (Eds.), Proceedings of the 33rd Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 528–539). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Tokowicz, N., & MacWhinney, B
(2005) Implicit and explicit measures of sensitivity to violations in second language grammar: An event-related potential investigation. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27(2), 173–204. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Tolentino, L., & Tokowicz, N
(2011) Across languages, space, and time: A review of the role of cross-language similarity in L2 (morpho)syntactic processing as revealed by fMRI and ERP methods. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 33(1), 91–125. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Tsimpli, I., & Dimitrakopoulou, M
(2007) The interpretability hypothesis: Evidence from whinterrogatives in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 23(2), 215–242.. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Van Petten, C., & Kutas, M
(1990) Interactions between sentence context and word frequency in event-related brain potentials. Memory and Cognition, 18(4), 380–393. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Weber, K., & Lavric, A
(2008) Syntactic anomaly elicits a lexico-semantic (N400) ERP effect in the second language but not the first. Psychophysiology, 45(6), 920–925. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Wen, Z., Miyao, M., Takeda, A., Chu, W., & Schwartz, B.D
(2010) Proficiency effects and distance effects in non-native processing of English number agreement. In K. Franchini, K. Iserman, & L. Keil (Eds.), Proceedings of the 34th Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 445–456). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
White, L
(2003) Second language acquisition and Universal Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
White, L., Valenzuela, E., Koslowska-Macgregor, M., & Leung, Y.-K. I
(2004) Gender and number agreement in nonnative Spanish. Applied Psycholinguistics, 25(1), 105–133. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 24 other publications

Alemán Bañón, José, Robert Fiorentino, Alison Gabriele & Carrie Jackson
2018. Using event-related potentials to track morphosyntactic development in second language learners: The processing of number and gender agreement in Spanish. PLOS ONE 13:7 ► pp. e0200791 ff. Crossref logo
Bosch, Jasmijn E., Mathilde Chailleux, Jia’en Yee, Maria Teresa Guasti & Fabrizio Arosio
2022.  In The Acquisition of Gender [Studies in Bilingualism, 63], ► pp. 243 ff. Crossref logo
Clahsen, Harald & Claudia Felser
2018. SOME NOTES ON THE SHALLOW STRUCTURE HYPOTHESIS. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 40:3 ► pp. 693 ff. Crossref logo
COUGHLIN, CAITLIN E. & ANNIE TREMBLAY
2015. Morphological decomposition in native and non-native French speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18:3 ► pp. 524 ff. Crossref logo
DeLuca, Vincent, David Miller, Christos Pliatsikas & Jason Rothman
2019.  In The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Multilingualism, ► pp. 170 ff. Crossref logo
Duñabeitia, Jon Andoni, Maria Dimitropoulou, Margaret Gillon Dowens, Nicola Molinaro & Clara Martin
2016.  In Methods in Bilingual Reading Comprehension Research, ► pp. 265 ff. Crossref logo
Foucart, Alice
2021.  In Prediction in Second Language Processing and Learning [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 12], ► pp. 92 ff. Crossref logo
González Alonso, Jorge, José Alemán Bañón, Vincent DeLuca, David Miller, Sergio Miguel Pereira Soares, Eloi Puig-Mayenco, Sophie Slaats & Jason Rothman
2020. Event related potentials at initial exposure in third language acquisition: Implications from an artificial mini-grammar study. Journal of Neurolinguistics 56 ► pp. 100939 ff. Crossref logo
Herschensohn, Julia & Randall Gess
2018. Acquisition of L2 French Object Pronouns by Advanced Anglophone Learners. Languages 3:2 ► pp. 15 ff. Crossref logo
Hopp, Holger
2016. Learning (not) to predict: Grammatical gender processing in second language acquisition. Second Language Research 32:2 ► pp. 277 ff. Crossref logo
Hopp, Holger & Natalia Lemmerth
2018. LEXICAL AND SYNTACTIC CONGRUENCY IN L2 PREDICTIVE GENDER PROCESSING. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 40:1 ► pp. 171 ff. Crossref logo
Morgan-Short, Kara
2014. Electrophysiological Approaches to Understanding Second Language Acquisition: A Field Reaching its Potential. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 34 ► pp. 15 ff. Crossref logo
Paquet, Pierre-Luc
2018. Linear Distance: A Multi-Tiered Methodology in the Acquisition of Gender Agreement. SSRN Electronic Journal Crossref logo
Pereira Soares, Sergio Miguel & Jason Rothman
2021. Cognitive states in third language acquisition and beyond. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 11:1 ► pp. 89 ff. Crossref logo
Prego, Beatriz López & Alison Gabriele
2014.  Examining the impact of task demands on morphological variability in native and non-native Spanish*. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4:2 ► pp. 192 ff. Crossref logo
Roberts, Leah, Jorge González Alonso, Christos Pliatsikas & Jason Rothman
2018. Evidence from neurolinguistic methodologies: Can it actually inform linguistic/language acquisition theories and translate to evidence-based applications?. Second Language Research 34:1 ► pp. 125 ff. Crossref logo
Rothman, Jason, José Alemán Bañón & Jorge González Alonso
2015. Neurolinguistic measures of typological effects in multilingual transfer: introducing an ERP methodology. Frontiers in Psychology 6 Crossref logo
Rothman, Jason & Roumyana Slabakova
2018. THE GENERATIVE APPROACH TO SLA AND ITS PLACE IN MODERN SECOND LANGUAGE STUDIES. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 40:2 ► pp. 417 ff. Crossref logo
Shantz, Kailen & Darren Tanner
2020. Electrophysiology finds no inherent delay for grammatical gender retrieval in non-native production. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23:1 ► pp. 98 ff. Crossref logo
Shimanskaya, Elena & Tania Leal
2021. Feature Matching Does Not Equal Convergence: Acquisition of L2 French Accusative Pronouns by L1 Spanish Speakers. Languages 6:3 ► pp. 144 ff. Crossref logo
SHIMANSKAYA, ELENA & ROUMYANA SLABAKOVA
2017. Re-assembling objects: a new look at the L2 acquisition of pronominal clitics. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20:3 ► pp. 512 ff. Crossref logo
Spinner, Patti, Rebecca Foote & Rose Acen Upor
2018. Gender and number processing in second language Swahili. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8:4 ► pp. 446 ff. Crossref logo
Zalbidea, Janire
2017. ‘One Task Fits All’? The Roles of Task Complexity, Modality, and Working Memory Capacity in L2 Performance. The Modern Language Journal 101:2 ► pp. 335 ff. Crossref logo
Zhou, Peiyun, Susan Garnsey & Kiel Christianson
2019. Is imagining a voice like listening to it? Evidence from ERPs. Cognition 182 ► pp. 227 ff. Crossref logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 23 april 2022. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.