Index
A
- absolute negators
54, 58–60, 93–4, 129
- accommodation, negative
7, 11, 119–20, 145, 191
- Accommodation, Rule of (Lewis)
110, 119
- actors, in advertisements
168–9
- actual absence
see possible presence and actual absence
- advertising
14, 130, 150–1, 152, 161–73, 173–6, 179, 204
- affirmation
21, 51, 192
- and approximate negators
2, 72–4, 91
- cognitive processing of
24–7, 32
- affixal/morphological negators
49, 54, 57, 60–6
- in anaphoric reference
29–30
- in embedded negation
30, 155, 184–5
- in mayoral election campaign
180–2, 187, 192, 195, 197
-
almost
2, 15–16, 73, 74, 92, 93, 94–5, 156–7, 180
see also approximate/quasi negators
- alternativity
7–8, 10–11, 42–3, 79–80, 87–9
see also duality
- ambiguity and presupposition
107–9
- analytic syntactic negators
184–5, 187, 192, 195, 196–7, 204
- anaphoric reference
25, 27–30
- antiperspirant advertising
150–1, 163, 167–8, 176, 204
- approximate/quasi negators
54, 58, 71–4, 156–7, 181, 184–5, 187, 192, 197
see also almost
- Austen, Jane, Sense and Sensibility
8
B
- background knowledge
11, 117–18, 135, 137, 138–43, 158–9
- and ideology
136, 144–6, 148
- in mayoral election campaign
185–6
- background norms
35–7, 43, 154–5, 158–9, 164–5, 170–2
- ‘backstage’ cognitive processes
22–3
- Bauer, L. and Huddleston, R.
63, 65
- Berry, Sian
178, 182, 183, 185, 186, 197
- ‘bleaching’ of semantic content
68–9, 79
- Braun shaver advert
164–5
C
- candidates for London mayoral elections
182, 183–99
see also Berry, Sian; Johnson, Boris; Livingstone, Ken; Paddick, Brian
- cause and effect expectations in science
153
- ‘characterisation’ variation
85–6
- chocolate advertising
170–2
- ‘classification’ variation
85–6
- Clinton, Hillary
13–14, 155
- clown imagery
1, 134, 144, 147, 169, 183, 186–7, 190–2
- cognitive linguistics and processing negation
21–7
- ‘common sense’ notions
12–14
- complementarity
62, 64, 65, 84–6, 93
- conceptual practice, negation as
13, 41–4, 104, 106–7, 109, 134, 189, 190–1, 196–200, 203
- conditionality
76, 79–82, 92–3
- Conservative Party, UK
178, 201
- constraints, discourse
46, 82, 88–9
- containment and boundedness
77–8
- context
198, 204
- contextual negators
180, 181, 182, 184, 187, 191, 204
- and implicatures
98–107, 121–34
- processing times and plausibility of
23–5
- and retention of negated concepts
31–2
- contextual frames theory
22
- contrary antecedents/contrariness
28
- conventional implicatures
101–4, 107–9
- conversational implicatures
98–101, 126, 134
- co-operation, linguistic
133
- Co-operative Principle (CP) (Grice)
98–101, 126, 204
- co-text
87, 116, 125, 127, 197, 198
- counterfactuality
42, 47, 79–82
- ‘covertly negative lexical items’ (Huddleston and Pullum)
70–1
- critical linguistics
12–13
- ‘crook, I am not a’ (Nixon)
10
- cultural knowledge
117–18
see also background knowledge
- cultural norms
154–5, 159, 171–2
D
- Dancygier, B.
7–8, 9, 47, 75, 80–1, 92
- definitions of negation
3–4, 13, 51–2
- other research approaches to
46–51
- denial
2, 28, 51, 52n7, 58, 113–14, 115, 116, 151–2
- deodorant advertising
150–1, 163, 167–8, 176, 204
- discursive deictic centre (O’Driscoll)
153–5
- distance, metaphorical
77, 90, 91–2, 93–5
- Donne, John, ‘No man is an island’
33
- ‘don’t mention the war’ (Fawlty Towers)
3
- ‘don’t vote for a joke’ (Livingstone)
147–8, 179
- double negation
42, 67, 90–1, 94
E
- election campaign for London mayor 2008
1–2, 110, 120, 133–4, 156–9, 177–201, 205
- projected expectations of
144–5, 147–8, 185–90, 193–5
- embedded negation
115, 155, 184, 192–3, 205
- morphological
30, 155, 184–5
- emphasis
122–3
- and negative force
79, 88–94
- Ernest Jones advertising
162
- erosion to strength of negators
79
- evaluation, use of negation in
8, 123n27, 132–3, 146–50, 169–70, 200
- in mayoral election campaign
185–9, 192–3, 196
-
Evening Standard
76, 123–4, 156, 178
- on Boris Johnson
126, 188–90, 192
- on Ken Livingstone
158, 179, 192, 193–5
- evoked possible presence
see possible presence and actual absence
- expectations created through negation
7, 8, 9, 203–4
- in critical linguistic approaches
12–13
- figure and ground model
36–7
- in ideal and actual readers/hearers
9, 11, 135, 136, 139–43, 151–5
- and the implied reader
15
- in linguistic polyphony
9–10
- nature of what is expected
115–21
- nature of who expects
105, 109–14
- in social assumptions
12–14
see also presupposition; projected expectations
- experimental research on processing negation
21, 23–7
- expletive negators
75, 76, 78–9, 94
F
-
fail
30, 53, 66–70, 92–3, 102–3, 198
-
Fawlty Towers (BBC sitcom)
3
- figure and ground model
35–7, 44
- financial services companies
168–70, 176
-
Financial Times
189, 190, 193, 195
- Finegold, Oliver
158, 159
- force, variable
15, 46, 72–4, 82, 89–95, 128–9, 155–8, 204
- former, affixes denoting
64–6
- forms, variable
15, 82, 128–9, 204
- Forster, E.M., A Passage to India
120
- ‘fuzzy negators’ (Tottie)
71–4
G
- gender and negation
170–2, 175
- Giora, R.
24, 26, 29, 31–2, 34–5, 41, 132
- Givón, T.
97
- on change and stasis
35–6, 43
- on expectations
105, 110, 114, 116, 117, 127
- on forms of negation
47, 50–1, 58, 102
- on negative force
91–3, 94, 157
- on scope of negation
83–4
- gradability
61
- with morphological negation
57, 64–5
- versus variable force
89–91
see also approximate/quasi negators
- grammatical occurences of negation
49, 67, 68–9, 77–9
- grammaticalised metaphors
2, 15, 53, 73, 75–9, 93–4, 122–3, 129
- Green Party, UK
178, 182, 197
- Grice, H. P.
33
- Co-operative Principle
98–101, 126, 204
- maxims
98–102, 126–7, 128, 132, 134, 147, 150
-
The Guardian
172, 188, 189
H
- Halliday, M. A. K. and Hasan, R.
27
- Halliday’s Systematic functional grammar
131n28
- Hamawand, Z.
61, 62–3, 65
- Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird
111–12, 118
- Hasson, U. and Glucksberg, S.
25
- Heller, Joseph, Catch-22
6, 7, 138–9
- Hidalgo-Downing, L.
6, 7, 11, 48, 50, 67, 95, 121, 135, 138–9
- Hodge, R. and Kress, G.
1, 13, 142, 204
-
Language as ideology
12, 14–15
- Horn, Lawrence
205
- on implicatures
102, 108, 122n23
-
A Natural History of Negation
3, 5n1
- Huddleston, R. and Pullum, G.
49–50, 51, 53–9, 70–2, 82, 83
I
- ideal readers/hearers
- construction of
11, 119–20, 133, 144, 150–1, 159, 200
- and expectations
109–14, 127
- overlap between
135, 136, 139–43, 151–5, 171, 172–3, 189–90
- ideology, role of negation in
11–15, 151–9, 204
- and background knowledge
136–7, 144–6, 148
- imperative structures
130–3, 146–50, 169–70, 179
- implicatures
3, 15–16, 49, 52–3, 66, 70–81, 97–112, 121–35
- and metaphoric interpretations
33–5
- and negative force
92, 94–5
- and negative imperatives
147–51
- and past tense conditionals
157–9
- implicit expectations
12–13, 117–19, 121
- ‘indirect negative expressions’ (Yamanashi)
77
- inherent negators
66–71, 83, 92–3, 130, 131
- institutions and advertising
168–70
- intention and imperatives
131–3, 146–7, 149–50
- interpersonality of imperatives
149
- interpreting negation
121–33
- intersubjectivity
39–41, 43, 44
-
The Irish Times
179, 195, 197
- ‘island, no man is an’ (Donne)
33
J
- Jeffries, L.
- on ‘conceptual practice’
4
- on construction of ideal readers
114
- on language and ideology
12–15
- on potential presence
121–2
- on schema theory
135, 139–40
- on semantic negation
68, 69
- on textual vehicles
52, 79
- Johnson, Boris
1–2, 76, 116, 126–9, 134, 144, 147–8, 178, 182–93, 195–6, 198–200, 205
- ‘joke, don’t vote for a’ (Livingstone)
147–8, 179
- ‘joke, this election is not a’ (Livingstone)
1–2, 110, 120, 133–4, 144–5, 180
- Joyce, James, The Two Gallants
9, 10–11
K
- Karttunen, L. and Peters, S.
102–4, 106
- ‘king of France’ example of ambiguity
107–8
- Kiparsky, P. and Condoravdi, C.
79
- ‘knockout’ constraints (Tottie)
46, 88
L
- Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M.
78
- Leech, G.
100–1, 112, 125, 204
- Levine, W. H. and Hagaman, J.
25, 27
- lexicalisation
61, 62, 63
- Liberal-Democrat Party, UK
178, 197
- literal interpretations
33–5
- Livingstone, Ken
126, 129, 158–9, 177–8, 182–6, 192–6, 198–200, 205
- ‘don’t vote for a joke’
147–8, 179
- ‘this election is not a joke’
1–2, 110, 120, 133–4, 144–5, 180
- logic and negators
4, 67, 81, 90–1, 157
- logical double negation (LDN)
90–1
- logical presupposition
103, 105
- London mayoral election campaign 2008
1–2, 110, 120, 133–4, 144–5, 147–8, 156–9, 177–201, 205
M
- manner, maxims of (Grice)
98, 100–1, 126, 132, 147, 150
- maxims
98–102, 126–7, 128, 132, 134, 147, 150
- media, the
see press, use of negation in the
- mental spaces theory
7–9, 22, 37–44, 47
- metalinguistic and ordinary negation
50
- metaphors
32–3, 43
- in advertising
169, 172–3
- grammaticalised
2, 15, 53, 73, 75–9, 93–4, 122–3, 129
- modality
76, 79–82, 92–3, 146
- Moeschler, J.
121, 122n26, 124–6
- morphological negation
see affixal/morphological negators
- motivations for variability in forms of negation
45–6, 82–95
‘
- ‘nature is good’ concept
163
- Negative Polarity Items (NPIs)
49, 61, 68, 70–1, 75, 78, 90, 91, 94
- Nestlé Yorkie
170–2, 175, 190
- newspapers
see press, use of negation in the
- non-verbal negators
56–8, 59–60
- norms
- background
35–7, 43, 154–5, 158–9, 164–5, 170–2
-
not and no negation
see prototypical negators not and no
- noun phrase negators
58–60, 93–4
- NPIs
see Negative Polarity Items (NPIs)
O
- oppositional structures
124
- overlap between ideal and actual readers/hearers
135, 136, 139–43, 151–5, 171, 172–3, 189–90
- Oxford English Dictionary (OED)
52, 63n12, 65
P
- Paddick, Brian
178, 182, 183–5, 186, 196–9, 200, 205
- Pagano, A.
11, 109–10, 114, 116–17, 118–19, 120–1, 161
- Palacios Martinez, I. M.
6–7
- past tense modals
76, 79–82, 157–8
- ‘politics’ category of discourse
182
- polyphony-based approach
9–11, 112–13
- possible presence and actual absence
3, 35, 128, 176, 191, 203–4
- and background knowledge
143
- and negative force
15, 46, 94–5, 156–8
- in retention of negated concepts
27–8, 30
- and variable forms
82, 129
- pragmatic force
46, 54n8, 62, 72–4, 89, 94, 155–6, 204
- pragmatic forms of negators
75–81, 181, 185, 197
- pragmatic presupposition
104–6, 122–3, 125–8, 133, 189
- in advertising
169–70, 172–3
- prefixes
62–3, 93, 123n27
- press, use of negation in the
76, 123–4, 156, 172, 188–90, 192, 193–5, 197–9
- and ideology
145–6, 158–9, 177–9, 185–6, 205
- presupposition
25, 103–23, 133–4, 185, 200, 203–4
see also pragmatic presupposition
- problem-solution structures, advertisers’ use of
162–77, 204
- processing times and plausible context
23–5
- projected expectations
119–21, 135, 138–51, 200
- in advertising
161, 169–70, 172–3, 176
- in mayoral election campaign
144–5, 147–8, 185–90, 193–5
- prototypical negators not and no
18, 47–51, 53–60, 68–70, 81, 114, 129, 180, 204
Q
- quality, maxims of (Grice)
98
- quantity, maxims of (Grice)
98, 100, 126, 134, 147, 150
- quasi negators
see approximate/quasi negators
R
- reflected expectations
141, 143, 151–5
- relation, maxims of (Grice)
98, 127, 134
- Relevance Theory approach (Moeschler)
121, 122n26, 124–6
- removal, affixes denoting
64–6
- resonance, discourse
31–2
- Respect campaign
132–3, 148–50
- RESTAURANT schema (Schank and Abelson)
138, 141–2
- retention of negated concepts
25–7, 31–2, 41, 43, 132, 204
- reversal of polarity
4, 11, 35, 51–2, 55, 67, 81, 124, 127–8
- Riddle-Harding, J.
7–8, 9
- Rule of Accommodation (Lewis)
110, 119
see also accommodation, negative
S
-
Sanex Naturprotect
150–1, 163
- scalar implicatures
121–3
see also gradability
- Schank, R. and Abelson, R.
138
- schema theory
7, 11, 135, 138–42, 186
- science, expectations of
153
- scope of negation
46, 50, 64, 82–9, 182
- semantic negators
66–74, 180–1, 182, 185, 187–9, 192, 196–7
- Shakespeare, William, Julius Caesar
8, 87
- shared knowledge and expectations
see background knowledge
- Simpson, P.
16–17, 104, 107, 110, 136–7
- social norms
- and advertising
162, 164–5
- ‘common sense’ notions
12–14
- ‘society’ category of discourse
182
- spoken versus written discourse
88, 89–92, 98–101, 125–6, 179–82
- stasis and change
35–6, 44
- strong negative force
93–5
- ‘stylistic’ constraints
88
- Supplementary Vote system
178
- Sweetser, E.
7–9, 39, 42–3, 44, 47, 75, 80–1, 92, 143
- syntactic negators
53–60, 180–1, 192–3, 204
- analytic
184–5, 187, 192, 195, 196–7, 204
- synthetic
185, 187, 192, 197
- synthetic negators
- syntactic
185, 187, 192, 197
- verbal and non-verbal
53–4
T
-
The Telegraph
57, 59, 73–4, 76, 116
- textual vehicles
43, 45, 52–82, 134
- ‘them’ and ‘us’ constructions
149–51
- Tottie, G.
- on the Co-operative Principle
99–100
- on forms of negation
47, 50, 67
- ‘knockout’ constraints
46
- on the nature of who expects
112
- on spoken and written negation data
88–9, 180–2
- Trollope, Anthony, The Warden
8
‘
- Ungerer, F. and Schmidt, H.
37
- uninformativeness, sub-maxim of negative (Leech)
99–102
- urbandictionary.com
63n12
- ‘us’ and ‘them’ constructions
149–51
- utterance scope of variation
86–7
V
- Vander Linden, K. and Di Eugenio, B.
131, 132
- variable force
15, 46, 72–4, 82, 89–95, 128–9, 155–8, 204
- variable forms
15, 82, 128–9, 204
- verbal and non-verbal synthetic negators
53–4
- Verhagen, A.
28, 29–30, 39–41, 43, 105, 127
- Vestergaard, T. and Schrøder, K.
161, 162–3
- viewpoints, in linguistic polyphony
9–10, 112–13
W
- Warren Foundation
132–3, 148–50
-
Woman and Home magazine
146–7, 152
Y
- young people
132–3, 148–50