In recent years, the concept of unarticulated constitutes has generated a fierce debate both in the philosophy of language and in linguistic semantics and pragmatics. By unarticulated constituent is meant a propositional (or conceptual) constituent of a sentence that is communicated by the speaker in uttering that sentence, but is not linguistically represented in that uttered sentence. The main aim of this article is to provide a neo-Gricean pragmatic analysis of unarticulated constituents, showing that the current existing mechanism of neo-Gricean pragmatic theory can handle unarticulated constituents in a straightforward and elegant way. Second, I defend the neo-Gricean position that the pragmatic enrichment of unarticulated constituents is nothing but a neo-Gricean, pre-semantic conversational implicature. And third and finally, I briefly evaluate an alternative, formal syntactico-semantic analysis of unarticulated constituents.
2.4Two types of proposition with unarticulated constituents
Type (i)Propositions that need to be completed
Type (ii)Propositions that need to be expanded
3.A formal syntactico-semantic account of unarticulated constituents
4.A neo-Gricean pragmatic analysis of unarticulated constituents
4.1Classic Gricean pragmatics
4.2Horn’s bipartite neo-Gricean model
4.3Levinson’s trinitarian neo-Gricean pragmatic model
4.4Unarticulated constituents in neo-Gricean pragmatics
Type (i) propositions
Type (ii) propositions
5.Pragmatic enrichment of unarticulated constituents: Explicature, the pragmatically enriched said, conversational impliciture or conversational implicature?
1981It-clefts, informativeness and logical form: Radical pragmatics. In Cole, Peter (ed.), Radical pragmatics, 1–61. New York: Academic Press.
Bach, Kent
1994Conversational impliciture. Mind & Language 9(2). 124–162.
Bach, Kent
2000Quantification, qualification and context: A reply to Stanley and Szabó. Mind & Language 15(2–3). 262–283.
Bach, Kent
2004Pragmatics and the philosophy of language. In Horn, Laurence R. & Ward, Gregory (eds.), The handbook of pragmatics, 463–487. Oxford: Blackwell.
Bach, Kent
2012Context dependence. In Garcia-Carpintero, Manuel & Kolbel, Max (eds.), The Continuum companion to the philosophy of language, 153–184. London: Continuum.
Bezuidenhout, Anne
2017Contextualism and semantic minimalism. In Huang, Yan (ed.), The Oxford handbook of pragmatics, 21–46. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Borg, Emma
2005Saying what you mean: Unarticulated constituents and communication. In Elugardo, Reinaldo & Stainton, Robert J. (eds.), Ellipsis and nonsentential speech, 237–262. Dordrecht: Springer.
Cappelen, Herman & Lepore, Ernie
2007The myth of unarticulated constituents. In O’Rourke, Michael & Washington, Corey (eds.), Situating semantics: Essays on the philosophy of John Perry, 199–214. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Carston, Robyn
2002Thoughts and utterances: The pragmatics of explicit communication. Oxford: Blackwell.
Carston, Robyn
2010Explicit communication and ‘free’ pragmatic enrichment. In Soria, Belén & Romero, Esther (eds.), Explicit communication: Robyn Carston’s pragmatics (Palgrave Studies in Pragmatics, Language and Cognition), 217–285. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chomsky, Noam
1995The minimalist program. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Cohen, L. Jonathan
1971Some remarks on Grice’s views about the logical particles of natural language. In Bar-Hillel, Yehoshua (ed.), Pragmatics of natural languages, 50–68. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
Crimmins, Mark
1992Talk about beliefs. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Grice, H. P.
1975Logic and conversation. In Cole, Peter & Morgan, Jerry L. (eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts, 41–58. London: Academic Press.
Grice, H. P.
1989Studies in the way of words. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Hall, Alison
2008Free enrichment or hidden indexicals?Mind & Language 23(4). 426–456.
Heim, Irene & Kratzer, Angelika
1998Semantics in generative grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.
Horn, Laurence R.
1984Toward a new taxonomy for pragmatic inference: Q-based and R-based implicature. In Schiffrin, Deborah (ed.), Meaning, form, and use in context: Linguistic applications, 11–42. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
Horn, Laurence R.
2004Implicature. In Horn, Laurence R. & Ward, Gregory (eds.), The handbook of pragmatics, 3–28. Oxford: Blackwell.
Horn, Laurence R.
2007Neo-Gricean pragmatics: A Manichaean manifesto. In Burton-Roberts, Noel (ed.), Pragmatics, 158–183. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Horn, Laurence R.
2012Implying and inferring. In Allan, Keith & Jaszczolt, Kasia M. (eds.), The Cambridge handbook of pragmatics, 69–86. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huang, Yan
1991A neo-Gricean pragmatic theory of anaphora. Journal of Linguistics 27(2). 301–335.
Huang, Yan
1992aAgainst Chomsky’s typology of empty categories. Journal of Pragmatics 17(1). 1–29.
Huang, Yan
1992bHanyu de kongfanchou [Empty categories in Chinese]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language] 1992(5). 384–393.
Huang, Yan
1994/2007The syntax and pragmatics of anaphora: A study with special reference to Chinese (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 70). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huang, Yan
2000Anaphora: A cross-linguistic study (Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Huang, Yan
2004Anaphora and the pragmatics-syntax interface. In Horn, Laurence R. & Ward, Gregory (eds.), The handbook of pragmatics, 288–314. Oxford: Blackwell.
Huang, Yan
2005Pragmatic intrusion into what is said: Explicature, pragmatically enriched ‘said’, implicIture or implicAture? (Paper presented at the 27th Annual Meeting of the German Linguistic Society, Cologne, 23–26 February 2005.)
Huang, Yan
2007Pragmatics (Oxford Textbooks in Linguistics). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Huang, Yan
2011Types of inference: Entailment, presupposition, and implicature. In Bublitz, Wolfram & Norrick, Neal R. (eds.), Foundations of pragmatics (Handbook of Pragmatics 1), 397–422. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Huang, Yan
2012Relevance and neo-Gricean pragmatic principles. In Schmid, Hans-Jörg (ed.), Cognitive pragmatics (Handbook of Pragmatics 4), 25–46. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Huang, Yan
2013aMicro- and macro-pragmatics: Remapping their terrains. International Review of Pragmatics 5(1). 129–162.
Huang, Yan
2013bBayesian probabilistic model of discourse anaphoric comprehension, linguistic typology, and neo-Gricean pragmatics. Theoretical Linguistics 39(1–2). 95–108.
Huang, Yan
2013cDe se attitude/belief ascription and neo-Gricean truth-conditional pragmatics: Logophoric expressions in West African languages and long-distance reflexives in East, South, and Southeast Asian languages. In Feit, Neil & Capone, Alessandro (eds.), Attitude de se: Linguistics, epistemology, metaphysics, 185–209. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Huang, Yan
2013dLogophoricity and neo-Gricean truth-conditional pragmatics. In Capone, Alessandro & Lo Piparo, Franco & Carapezza, Marco (eds.), Perspectives on linguistic pragmatics (Perspectives in Pragmatics, Philosophy & Psychology 2), 217–241. New York: Springer.
Huang, Yan
2014Pragmatics (Oxford Textbooks in Linguistics). 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press.
Huang, Yan
2015Neo-Gricean pragmatic theory of conversational implicature. In Heine, Bernd & Narrog, Heiko (eds.), The Oxford handbook of linguistic analysis, 615–639. 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press.
Huang, Yan
2016Pragmatics: Language use in context. In Allan, Keith (ed.), The Routledge handbook of linguistics, 205–220. Oxford: Routledge.
Huang, Yan
2017aImplicature. In Huang, Yan (ed.), The Oxford handbook of pragmatics, 155–179. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Huang, Yan
2017bNeo-Gricean pragmatics. In Huang, Yan (ed.), The Oxford handbook of pragmatics, 47–78. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(ed.)2017dThe Oxford handbook of pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Katz, Jerrold J.
1972Semantic theory. New York: Harper & Row.
King, Jeffrey C.
2007The nature and structure of content. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
King, Jeffrey C. & Stanley, Jason
2005Semantics, pragmatics, and the role of semantic content. In Szabó, Zoltán Gendler (ed.), Semantics versus pragmatics, 111–164. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Kripke, Saul
1977Speaker’s reference and semantic reference. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 2(1). 255–276.
Kripke, Saul A.
1980Naming and necessity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Levinson, Stephen C.
1987Pragmatics and the grammar of anaphora: A partial pragmatic reduction of Binding and Control phenomena. Journal of Linguistics 23(1987). 379–434.
Levinson, Stephen C.
2000Presumptive meanings: The theory of generalized conversational implicature. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
MacFarlane, John
2007Semantic minimalism and nonindexical contextualism. In Preyer, Gerhard & Peter, Georg (eds.), Context-sensitivity and semantic minimalism: New essays on semantics and pragmatics, 240–250. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Marti, Luisa
2006Unarticulated constituents revisited. Linguistics and Philosophy 29(2). 135–166.
Nunberg, Geoffrey
1995Transfers of meaning. Journal of Semantics 12(2). 109–132.
Partee, Barbara H.
1989Binding implicit variables in quantified contexts. In Wiltshire, Caroline & Graczyk, Randolph & Music, Bradley (eds.), CLS 25: Papers from the 25th Annual Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 342–365. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Perry, John
1986Thought without representation. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, supplementary volumes 601. 137–151.
Perry, John
1993The problem of the essential indexical: And other essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Perry, John
1998Indexicals, contexts, and unarticulated constituents. In Aliseda-Llera, Atocha & Van Glabbeek, Rob & Westerståhl, Dag (eds.), Computing natural language, 1–11. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Recanati, François
1993Direct reference: From language to thought. Oxford. Blackwell.
Recanati, François
2002Unarticulated constituents. Linguistics and Philosophy 25(3). 299–345.
Recanati, François
2004Literal meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Recanati, François
2007It is raining (somewhere). Linguistics and Philosophy 30(1). 123–146.
Recanati, François
2010Truth-conditional pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Saul, Jennifer M.
2002What is said and psychological reality: Grice’s project and relevance theorists’ criticisms. Linguistics and Philosophy 251. 347–372.
Schiffer, Stephen
1977Naming and knowing. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 2(1). 28–41.
Sennet, Adam
2011Unarticulated constituents and propositional structure. Mind & Language 26(4). 412–435.
Sperber, Dan & Wilson, Deirdre
1995Relevance: Communication and cognition. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
Stainton, Robert
2006Words and thoughts: Subsentences, ellipsis, and the philosophy of language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stanley, Jason
2000Context and logical form. Linguistics and Philosophy 23(4). 391–434.
Stanley, Jason
2002Making it articulated. Mind & Language 17(1–2). 149–168.
Stanley, Jason
2005Semantics in context. In Preyer, Gerhard & Peter, Georg (eds.), Contextualism in philosophy: Knowledge, meaning, and truth, 221–254. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Stanley, Jason & Szabó, Zoltán Gendler
2000aOn quantifier domain restriction. Mind & Language 15(2–3). 219–261.
Stanley, Jason & Szabó, Zoltán Gendler
2000bReply to Bach and Neale. Mind & Language 15(2–3). 295–298.
Taylor, Kenneth A.
2001Sex, breakfast, and descriptus interruptus. Synthese 128(1–2). 45–61.
Vicente, Begoña & Groefsema, Marjolein
2013Something out of nothing? Rethinking unarticulated constituents. Journal of Pragmatics 47(1). 108–127.
Walker, Ralph C. S.
1975Conversational implicatures. In Blackburn, Simon (ed.), Meaning, reference, and necessity: New studies in semantics, 133–181. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Westerståhl, Dag
1985Determiners and context sets. In van Benthem, Johan & ter Meulen, Alice (eds.), Generalized quantifiers in natural languages, 45–72. Dordrecht: Foris.
Cited by
Cited by 4 other publications
Glazkov, Alexey V.
2022. SITUATIONALITY AS A BASIS OF TEXT COHERENCE. Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (Russian philology) :1 ► pp. 13 ff.
Huang, Aijun & Stephen Crain
2014. Acquisition of the numerical wh-pronoun ji ‘how many’ in Mandarin Chinese. Lingua 145 ► pp. 122 ff.
Huang, Yan
2021. I like you may actually implicate ‘I love you’: A reconsideration of some scalar implicatures. In Inquiries in Philosophical Pragmatics [Perspectives in Pragmatics, Philosophy & Psychology, 28], ► pp. 33 ff.
Li, Xiaochen & Mingyou Xiang
2019. Semantic evolution at the microscopic level: the case of suoyi. Language Sciences 74 ► pp. 110 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 23 april 2022. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.