Cover not available
Article published In:
Language and Linguistics
Vol. 20:3 (2019) ► pp.493–513

甘青方言格標記「哈」的來源

| Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

本文探討甘青方言格標記「哈」的來源。首先梳理學界的兩種主要觀點，即頓詞說和方位詞說，進而提出本文的假設：「哈」本字是漢語的「下」，在和藏語的接觸中，首先用如與格標記並標記部分「賓語」，進而擴展到整個賓語，成為賓格標記，從而形成共時層面不見於藏語和阿爾泰語的與格-賓格同形的狀態。在共時的甘青方言的格系統中，「哈」是早期和藏語接觸的產物，離格標記、部分方言的工具格標記和反身領屬標記等是後期和阿爾泰語接觸的產物。

Keywords: 甘青方言, 格標記, 來源, 語言接觸
Article outline
  • 1.引言
  • 2.已有觀點
    • 2.1頓詞說
      • 2.1.1 Dede (2007)
      • 2.1.2 Xu (2015)
    • 2.2方位詞說
      • 2.2.1「哈」源自「上」
      • 2.2.2「哈」源自「下」
  • 3.「哈」的來源
    • 3.1從「下」到「哈」
    • 3.2藏語還是阿爾泰語？
    • 3.3「哈/下」的演變路徑
    • 3.4甘青方言格系統的接觸層次
  • 4.結語
  • 謝辭
  • 笔记
  • 引用文獻
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at [email protected].

Article language: Chinese

Published online: 14 July 2019
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00042.zho
References

引用文獻

Bickel, Balthasar
2004 The syntax of experiencers in the Himalayas. In Bhaskararao, Peri & Subbarao, Karumuri Venkata (eds.), Non-nominative subjects, 78–111. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Buhe (布和) & Liu, Zhaoxiong (劉照雄)
1982 Bao’anyu jianzhi 保安語簡志 [Descriptions of Bao’an]. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.Google Scholar
Chen, Liangyu (陳良煜)
2008 Hehuang Hanzu laiyuan yu Qinghai fangyan de xingcheng 河湟漢族來源與青海方言的形成 [The origin of Han nationality in He Huang and the form of Qinghai dialect], Qinghaishifandaxue Xuebao 青海師範大學學報 [Journal of Qinghai Normal University] 2008(6). 102–107.Google Scholar
Chen, Naixiong (陳乃雄)
1989 Wutunhua de dongci xingtai 五屯話的動詞形態 [The verbal morphology of Wutun]. Minzu Yuwen 民族語文 [Minority Languages of China] 1989(6). 26–37.Google Scholar
Dede, Keith
1999 An ablative postposition in the Xining dialect. Language Variation and Change 11(1). 1–17. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2007 The origin of the anti-ergative [Xa] in Huangshui Chinese. Language and Linguistics 8(4). 863–81.Google Scholar
Delancy, Scott
1984 Etymological notes on Tibeto-Burman case particles. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 8(1). 59–77.Google Scholar
Du, Xingzhou (都興宙)
2005  Yuanchao Mishi zhong “xing” de yongfa fenxi 《元朝秘史》中「行」的用法分析 [The usage analysis on “Xing” in the Secret History of Yuan Dynasty], Qinghai Minzuxueyuan Xuebao (Shehuikexue Ban) 青海民族學院學報(社會科學版) [Journal of Qinghai Nationalities University (Social Sciences)] 2005(1). 124–127.Google Scholar
Dwyer, Arienne M.
1995 From the Northwest China sprachbund: Xúnhuà Chinese dialect data. 從中國西北部的語言區域關係體：循化話語言材料. Yuen Ren Society Treasury of Chinese Dialect Data 元任學會漢語方言資料寶庫 11. 143–182.Google Scholar
Fried, Robert Wayne
2010 A grammar of Bao’an Tu: A mongolic language of Northwest China. Buffalo: University of Buffalo. (Doctoral dissertation.)Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph H.
1963 Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements. In Joseph Greenberg (ed.), Universals of language, 58–90. Cambridge: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Kuteva, Tania
2002 World lexicon of grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2005 Language contact and grammatical change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Heine, Bernd
2008 Contact-induced word order change without word order change. In Siemund, Peter & Kintana, Noemi (eds.), Language contact and contact languages, 33–60. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Janhunen, Juha & Peltomaa, Marja & Sandman, Erika & Dongzhou, Xiawu
2008 Wutun. München: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Janhunen, Juha Antero
2012 Mongolian. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jiang, Lansheng (江藍生)
1998 Houzhici hang kaobian 後置詞「行」考辯 [Textual research of the postposition “hang”]. Yuwen Yanjiu 語文研究 [Linguistic Research] 1998(1). 3–12.Google Scholar
Lanzhoudaxue Zhongwenxi Linxia Diaocha Yanjiu Zu (蘭州大學中文系臨夏調查研究組)
1996  Linxia fangyan 臨夏方言 [The dialect of Linxia]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University Press.Google Scholar
Li, Wei (李煒)
1993 Gansu Linxia yidai fangyan de houzhici “ha”“la” 甘肅臨夏一帶方言的後置詞「哈」「啦」 [On the postpositions of “ha”“la” in the Linxia district of Gansu]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 1993(6). 435–438.Google Scholar
Liu, Zhaoxiong (劉照雄)
1981  Dongxiangyu jianzhi 東鄉語簡志 [Descriptions of Dongxiang]. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.Google Scholar
Malchukov, Andrej & Narrog, Heiko
2008 Case polysemy. In Malchukov, Andrej & Spencer, Andrew (eds.), The Oxford handbook of case, 518–535. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Malchukov, Andrej & Spencer, Andrew
(eds.) 2008 The Oxford handbook of case. Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mo, Chao (莫超)
2010 Dongxiangzu hanyu zhong xie, you lada/ dala, aha de yongfa ji laiyuan 東鄉族漢語中「些」、「有」、「啦噠/噠啦」、「阿哈」的用法及來源 [Dongxiang language “xie”, “you”, “la da/dala”, “aha” usage and source]. Gansu Gaoshi Xuebao 甘肅高師學報 [Journal of Gansu Normal Colleges] 2010(6). 31–33.Google Scholar
Næss, Åshild
2008 Varieties of dative. In Malchukov, Andrej & Spencer, Andrew (eds.), The Oxford handbook of case, 572–580. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Poppe, Nicholas
1965 Introduction to Altaic languages. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Qinggeertai (清格爾泰)
1991  Mengguyu yufa 蒙古語語法 [The grammar of Mongolian]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House.Google Scholar
Ren, Bisheng (任碧生)
2004 Xining fangyan de qianzhi binyuju 西寧方言的前置賓語句 [Prepositional objective sentences of Xining dialect, Qinghai Province]. Fangyan 方言 [Dialect] 2004(4). 338–346.Google Scholar
2006 Qinghai fangyan yufa zhuanti yanjiu 青海方言語法專題研究 [Monographic study on the grammar of Qinghai dialects]. Xining: Qinghai People’s Publishing House.Google Scholar
Sandman, Erika
2016 A grammar of Wutun. Helsinki: University of Helsinki. (Doctoral dissertation.)Google Scholar
Slater, Keith W.
2003 A grammar of Mangghuer: A Mongolic language of China’s Qinghai-Gansu Sprachbund. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stolz, Thomas & Bakker, Dik & Salas Palomo, Rosa
(eds) 2008 Aspects of language contact. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vollmann, Ralf
2008 Descriptions of Tibetan ergativity: A historiographical account. Graz: Leykam Buchverlag.Google Scholar
Wang, Junhu (王軍虎)
1996 Xi’an fangyan cidian 西安方言詞典 [The dictionary of Xi’an dialect]. Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Press.Google Scholar
Wang, Peiji (王培基) & Wu, Xinhua (吳新華)
1981 Guanyu Qinghai kouyu yufa de jige wenti 關於青海口語語法的幾個問題 [Some issues on the grammar of Spoken Qinghai]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 1981(1). 50–53.Google Scholar
Wang, Shuangcheng (王雙成)
2011 Qinghai Xining fangyan de jiyulei shuangjiwu jiegou 青海西寧方言的給予類雙及物結構 [The giving-type ditransitive constructions in Xining dialect, Qinghai Province]. Fangyan 方言 [Dialect] (11). 14–19.Google Scholar
2012 Xining fangyan de jieci leixing 西寧方言的介詞類型 [The pattern of the adpositions in the Xi’ning dialect]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 2012(5). 469–478.Google Scholar
Wang, Yu (王昱)
(ed.) 2013 Qinghai jianshi (xiuding ban) 青海簡史（修訂版） [A brief history of Qinghai]. Revised edn. Xining: Qinghai People’s Publishing House.Google Scholar
Wu, Hugjiltu
2003 Bonan. In Janhunen, Juha (ed.), The Mongolic languages, 325–345. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wurm, Stephen A.
1997 Two Turkic-based hybrid languages in northwestern China. Turkic Languages 11. 241–253.Google Scholar
Xi, Yuanlin (席元麟)
1989 Hanyu Qinghai fangyan he tuzuyu de duibi 漢語青海方言和土族語的對比 [The comparative study between Qinghai dialects and Tu]. Qinghai Minzu Yanjiu 青海民族研究 [Qinghai Journal of Ethnology] 1989(1). 90–94.Google Scholar
Xu, Dan (徐丹)
2011 Tangwanghua de gebiaoji 唐汪話的格標記 [The case markers in the Tang Wang language]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 2011(2). 145–54.Google Scholar
2013 Gansu Tangwanghua de yuxu 甘肅唐汪話的語序 [On the word order of Tangwang dialect in Gansu Province]. Fangyan 方言 [Dialect] 2013(3). 206–214.Google Scholar
2014 Tangwanghua yanjiu 唐汪話研究 [Studies on Tangwang]. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.Google Scholar
Xu, Dan
2015 Sinitic languages of Northwest China: Where did their case marking come from? In Cao, Guangshun & Djamouri, Redouane & Peyraube, Alain (eds.), Languages in contact in North China: Historical and synchronic studies, 217–243. Paris: EHESS, Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale.Google Scholar
Xue, Caide (薛才德)
2006 Annan Shuimofang Hanyu yufa de jiechu bianyi 安南水磨房漢語語法的接觸變異 [On the contact changes of the Chinese grammar in Annan Shuimofang Villiage]. Yunnan Minzu Daxue Xuebao (Zhexue Shehuikexue Ban) 雲南民族大學學報（哲學社會科學版） [Journal of Yunnan Minzu University (Social Sciences)] 2006(5). 224–228.Google Scholar
Yang, Yonglong (楊永龍)
2014 Qinghai Minhe Gangouhua de duogongneng gebiaoji ha 青海民和甘溝話的多功能格標記「哈」 [The multi-functional case marker [xa] in Gangou Chinese dialect in Minhe Hui and Monguor Autonomous County, Qinghai Province]. Fangyan 方言 [Dialect] 2014(3). 230–241.Google Scholar
2015 Qinghai Gangouhua de fanshen lingshu biaoji “nang”: “zhuanyong daozhi de ganrao” de gean yanjiu 青海甘溝話的反身領屬標記「囊」：「轉用引發的干擾」的個案研究 [The reflexive possessive marker -naŋ(囊) in Gangou Chinese Dialect in Qinghai Province: A case of shift-induced interference in language contact]. Yuyan Yanjiu 語言研究 [Studies in Language and Linguistics] 2015(31). 48–56.Google Scholar
Yixiweisa Acuo/Yeshes Vodgsal Atshogs (意西微薩‧阿錯)
2003 Zang, Han yuyan zai “daohua” zhong de hunhe ji yuyan shendu jiechu yanjiu 藏、漢語言在「倒話」中的混合及語言深度接觸研究 [Research on mixing of Tibetan and Chinese in Daohua & relative languages deep-contact study]. Tianjin: Nankai University. (Doctoral dissertation.)Google Scholar
Yu, Zhihong (余志鴻)
1983 Yuandai Hanyu zhong de houzhici “hang” 元代漢語中的後置詞「行」 [On the postposition “hang” in the Chinese of Yuan Dynasty]. Yuwen Yanjiu 語文研究 [Linguistic Research] 1983(31). 48–50.Google Scholar
Zhang, Ansheng (張安生)
2016 Ganqing Hehuang fangyan de chabiju: Leixingxue he jiechu yuyanxue shijiao 甘青河湟方言的差比句——類型學和接觸語言學視角 [The comparative construction of He-Huang dialects in Gansu and Qinghai: Perspectives of typology and contact linguistics]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 2016(11). 3–19.Google Scholar
Zhang, Chengcai (張成材)
1998 Xining fangyan cidian 西寧方言詞典 [Xining dialect dictionary]. Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Press.Google Scholar
Zhang, Jingting (張競婷)
2013 Baoanzu Hanyu fangyan gefanchou yanjiu 保安族漢語方言格範疇研究 [The study of the case in the Chinese dialect used by the race of Baoan]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University. (Master’s thesis.)Google Scholar
Zhang, Wenxuan (張文軒) & Mo, Chao (莫超)
2009 Lanzhou fangyan cidian 蘭州方言詞典 [Lanzhou dialect dictionary]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.Google Scholar
Zhaonasitu (照那斯圖)
1981 Dongbu Yuguyu jianzhi 東部裕固語簡志 [Descriptions of Eastern Yugur]. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.Google Scholar
Zhou, Chenlei (周晨磊)
2016 Qinghai Zhoutunhua cankao yufa 青海周屯話參考語法 [The reference grammar of Zhoutun in Qinghai Province]. Tianjin: Nankai University. (Doctoral dissertation.)Google Scholar
Zhou, Chenlei
Forthcoming. A special case marking system in the Sinitic languages of northwest China. (Accepted by Journal of Chinese Linguistics.)
Zhou, Maocao (周毛草)
2003 Maqu Zangyu yanjiu 瑪曲藏語研究 [Studies on Machu Tibetan]. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.Google Scholar
Zhou, Yang (周洋)
2016 Xianggelilahua de gebiaoji “shang”: Jianlun cong fangweici dao gebiaoji de yufahualian 香格里拉話的格標記「上」——兼論從方位詞到格標記的語法化鏈 [The case marker shang in Shangri-La Mandarin dialect: On the grammaticalization chain from positional words to case markers]. Yuyan Yanjiu 語言研究 [Studies in Language and Linguistics]. 36(2).76–84.Google Scholar
Zu, Shengli (祖生利)
2000 Yuandai baihua beiwen yanjiu 元代白話碑文研究 [A study of vernacular inscriptions on tablets in Yuan Dynasty]. Beijing: Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. (Doctoral dissertation.)Google Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 1 other publications

Zhou, Chenlei
2024. Towards a new typology of comparative constructions in East Asian languages. Linguistic Typology 0:0 DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 3 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.