Cover not available
Article published In:
Language and Linguistics
Vol. 21:3 (2020) ► pp.467–511

潮陽地區四降調系統的變異及演化

| Foshan University

本文在地域上將粵東潮陽地區分為郊區與中心區，基於陰上調的讀音差異，將發音人區分為老派和新派，通過詳細考察這「兩區四派」共81位發音人的聲調材料，發現該地區的聲調在地域及年齡上的共時變異可用兩條鏈式演化加以解釋：一是陰上調的槽形鏈移，陰上由高緩降演變為高平（或中平），繼而演變為微升（或高升）；二是陰上、陽去、陰平參與的拉鏈鏈移，該鏈移由陰上的變化啟動，利用聲調的人際差異可確定聲調的演化方向。本文還以潮陽郊區方言23位老派發音人為例，分析其聲調系統中四個降調的對立實質，發現斜率是兩個高降調（高緩降與高直降）的最主要的區別特徵，時長則是重要的伴隨特徵。潮陽地區四降調系統的演化過程體現了漢語方言聲調發展的一個趨勢，即朝著曲拱對立更為豐富的格局發展。

Keywords: 聲調演化, 槽形鏈移, 拉鏈鏈移, 年齡變異, 地域變異
Article outline
  • 1.引言
  • 2.潮陽「兩區四派」的聲調模式
  • 3.陰上調的槽形鏈移
    • 3.1潮陽郊區四個降調的對立
    • 3.2陰上調在年齡及地域上的變異
    • 3.3槽形鏈移
  • 4.潮陽中心區新派的聲調變異及演化
    • 4.1棉城型：拉鏈還是推鏈？
    • 4.2達濠型：如何處理陰平與陽去的對立？
  • 5.結論：潮陽地區四降調系統演化的啟示
  • 謝辭
  • 筆記
  • 參考文獻
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at [email protected].

Article language: Chinese

Published online: 16 July 2020
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00068.zha
References

參考文獻

Bailey, Guy & Wikle, Tom & Tillery, Jan & Sand, Lori
1991 The apparent time construct. Language Variation and Change 3(3). 241–264. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Blevins, Juliette
2004 Evolutionary phonology: The emergence of sound patterns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Haudricourt, André-Georges
1954 De l’origine des tons envietnamien [The origin of tones in Vietnamese]. Journal Asiatique 2421. 69–82.Google Scholar
1970 Les Arguments géographiques, écologiques et sémantiques pour l’origine des thaï [Geographical, ecological and semantic arguments for the origin of Thai language]. In Readings on Asian topics: Papers read at the inauguration of the Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies 16–18 September 1968 (Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Monograph 1), 27–34. Lund: Studentlitteratur.Google Scholar
Hombert, Jean-Marie & Ohala, John J. & Ewan, William G.
1979 Phonetic explanations for the development of tones. Language 55(1). 37–58. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hong, Ying (洪英) & Lin, Wenfang (林文芳) & Zhu, Xiaonong (朱曉農)
2013 Gurao fangyan de sige jiangdiao 谷饒方言的四個降調 [The four falling tones in the Gurao dialect]. In Shi, Feng (石鋒) & Peng, Gang (彭剛) (eds.), Dajiang dongqu: Wang Shiyuan jiaoshou bashisui heshou wenji 大江東去：王士元教授八十歲賀壽文集 [Eastward flows the great rivers: Festschrift in honor of Professor William S-Y. Wang on his 80th birthday], 219–233. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press.Google Scholar
Jin, Jian (金健) & Shi, Qisheng (施其生)
2010 Shantou gurao fangyan duoge jiangdiao de shengxue fenxi he ganzhi yanjiu 汕頭谷饒方言多個降調的聲學分析和感知研究 [An acoustic analysis and perception research on the falling tones in the Shantou Gurao dialect]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 2010(6). 544–556.Google Scholar
Kirby, James P.
2014 Incipient tonogenesis in Phnom Penh Khmer: Acoustic and perceptual studies. Journal of Phonetics 431. 69–85. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Labov, William
1972 Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
1974 On the use of the present to explain the past. In Heilmann, Luigi (ed.), Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Linguists, 825–851. Bologna: Il Mulino.Google Scholar
1994 Principles of linguistic change, volume 1: Internal factors. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Li, Dechao
2017 The historical evolution of Chinese tones and their splitting and merger in contemporary dialects: The interaction between phonation, duration and pitch. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. (Doctoral dissertation.)Google Scholar
Li, Xinkui (李新魁)
1994 Guangdong de fangyan 廣東的方言 [Dialects in Guangdong Province]. Guangzhou: Guangdong People’s Publishing House.Google Scholar
Lin, Chunyu (林春雨) & Gan, Yu’en (甘于恩)
2016 Yuedong minyu shengdiao de dili leixingxue yanjiu 粵東閩語聲調的地理類型學研究 [Geographical study on the tonal typology of Min dialects in eastern Guangdong province]. Xueshu Yanjiu 學術研究 [Academic Research] 2016(5). 160–165.Google Scholar
Ohala, John J.
1974 Experimental historical phonology. In Anderson, John M. & Jones, Charles (eds.), Historical linguistics II. Theory and description in phonology, 353–389. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing.Google Scholar
1981 The listener as a source of sound change. In Masek, Carrie S. & Hendrick, Roberta A. & Miller, Mary Frances (eds.), Papers from the Parasession on Language and Behavior: Chicago Linguistic Society, May 1–2, 1981, 178–203. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
1989 Sound Change is Drawn from A Pool of Synchronic Variation, In Breivik, Leiv Egil & Jahr, Ernst Håkon (eds.), Language change: Contributions to the study of its causes, 173–198. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rose, Phil
1981 An acoustical based phonetic description of the syllable in the Zhenhai dialect. Cambridge: University of Cambridge. (Doctoral dissertation.)Google Scholar
Silva, David J.
2006 Acoustic evidence for the emergence of tonal contrast in contemporary Korean. Phonology 23(2). 287–308. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Svantesson, Jan-Olof & House, David
2006 Tone production, tone perception and Kammu tonogenesis. Phonology 23(2). 309–333. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Thurgood, Graham
2002 Vietnamese and tonogenesis: Revising the model and the analysis. Diachronica 19(2). 333–363. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wang, Caiyu
2015 Multi-register tone systems and their evolution on the Jianghan plain. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. (Doctoral dissertation.) DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wang, William S-Y.
1979 Language change: A lexical perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology 81. 353–371. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1982 Explorations in language evolution. Hyderabad: Department of Linguistics, Osmania University.Google Scholar
Wu, Fang (吳芳)
2011 Guangdong chaoyang minnan fangyan de yuyin fenqu 廣東潮陽閩南方言的語音分區 [Classification of southern Min dialects in Guangdong Chaoyang according to phonological characteristics]. Taiwan Yuwen Yanjiu 台灣語文研究 [Journal of Taiwanese Language and Literature] 6(2). 97–110.Google Scholar
Xu, Fuqiong (徐馥瓊)
2010 Yuedong Minyu yuyin yanjiu 粵東閩語語音研究 [A phonological study of Min dialect in eastern Guangdong]. Guangzhou: Sun Yat-Sen University. (Doctoral dissertation.)Google Scholar
Yang, Cathryn & Stanford, James N. & Yang, Zhengyu
2015 A sociotonetic study of Lalo tone split in progress. Asia-Pacific Language Variation 1(1). 52–77. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Jingfen
2017 Tonal patterns and tone evolution of Chaoshan Chinese. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. (Doctoral dissertation.) DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Jingfen (張靜芬) & Zhu, Xiaonong (朱曉農)
2017 Shengdiao da lianyi – cong huilai puning yidai de gongshi chayi kan shengdiao de xitong yanhua 聲調大鏈移——從惠來普寧一帶的共時差異看聲調的系統演化 [The great tonal chain shfit–exploring tonal evolution from synchronic patterns and variations in Huilai and Puning]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 2017(5). 522–535.Google Scholar
2018 Chaoshan rusheng: cong yingaoyangdi dao yindiyanggao 潮汕入聲：從陰高陽低到陰低陽高 [Checked tones of Chaoshan dialect: from “Yin-high vs. Yang-low” to “Yin-low vs. Yang-high”]. Yuyan Yanjiu 語言研究 [Studies in Language and Linguistics] 2018(4). 15–27.Google Scholar
Zhang, Shengyu (張盛裕)
1979a Chaoyang fangyan de liandu biandiao 潮陽方言的連讀變調 [Tone sandhi of Chaoyang dialect]. Fangyan 方言 [Dialect] 1979(2). 93–121.Google Scholar
1979b Chaoyang fangyan de wenbai yidu 潮陽方言的文白異讀 [Literary and colloquial readings of Chaoyang dialect]. Fangyan 方言 [Dialect] 1979(4). 241–267.Google Scholar
1981 Chaoyang fangyan de yuyin xitong 潮陽方言的語音系統 [The phonological system of Chaoyang dialect]. Fangyan 方言 [Dialect] 1981(1). 27–39.Google Scholar
2016 Chaoyang fangyan yanjiu 潮陽方言研究 [Research on Chaoyang dialect]. Beijing: Social Science Academic Press.Google Scholar
Zhu, Xiaonong (朱曉農)
2005 Shanghai shengdiao shiyanlu 上海聲調實驗錄 [An experimental study in Shanghai Tones]. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House.Google Scholar
2010a Yuyinxue 語音學 [Phonetics: An introduction]. Beijing: The commercial Press.Google Scholar
2010b Quanzhuo chishenglun: jianlun quanzhuo qinghua (xiaochi) disong gaobusong 全濁弛聲論:兼論全濁清化（消弛）低送高不送 [Slack voice: The phonetic nature of the voiced consonants in ancient Chinese]. Yuyan Yanjiu 語言研究 [Studies in Language and Linguistics] 2010(3). 1–19.Google Scholar
2012 Jiangdiao de zhonglei 降調的種類 [A classification of falling tones]. Yuyan Yanjiu 語言研究 [Studies in Language and Linguistics] 2012(2). 1–16.Google Scholar
2014 Shengdiao leixingxue dayao – Dui diaoxing de yanjiu 聲調類型學大要——對調型的研究 [An outline of tonal typology: A study of tonal types]. Fangyan 方言 [Dialect] 2014(3). 193–205.Google Scholar
2018 Yanhua bijiaofa: Ruhe jinxing shengdiao yanhua de yanjiu? 演化比較法：如何進行聲調演化的研究？ [The evolutionary comparative method: How to conduct studies of tonal evolution?]. Yuyan Kexue 語言科學 [Linguistic Sciences] 2018(2). 113–132.Google Scholar
Zhu, Xiaonong (朱曉農) & Li, Fei (李菲)
2016 Meizhou kefangyan de shuangxiang shengdiao da lianyi–Yi yanhua bijiaofa chongjian changguan yanhuashi yili 梅州客方言的雙向聲調大鏈移——以演化比較法重建常觀演化史一例 [Bidirectional tone shift in Meizhou Hakka: A case study with the evolutionary comparative method]. Yuwen Yanjiu 語文研究 [Linguistic Research] 2016(4). 1–8.Google Scholar
Zhu, Xiaonong (朱曉農) & Lin, Qing (林晴) & Pratchaya, Saengthong (趴差椏)
2015 Taiyu shengdiao de leixing he shunshizhen lianyi 泰語聲調的類型和順時針鏈移 [Thai tones: Tonotypes and clockwise chain shift]. Minzu Yuwen 民族語文 [Minority Languages of China] 2015(4). 3–18.Google Scholar