Cover not available
Article published In:
Language and Linguistics
Vol. 25:3 (2024) ► pp.535–575

重慶方言句末語氣詞的意義功能及結構

| The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
ORCID logo | The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

本文分析重慶方言中七個句末語氣詞各自獨特的核心意義和功能並論證它們的結構位置。我們認為重慶方言的句末語氣詞可以分為三大類，符合Rizzi (1997)與Paul (2014)的CP分裂假說，它們在結構上分別在不同功能層中佔據中心語位置，其中重慶話的「lao」和普通話句末語氣詞「了」用法相同且佔據相同的位置，標示句子的限定性。「mai」、「ha」、「suo」三個疑問語氣詞標示疑問句，選擇陳述句為補足語構成是非問句，作為定義句子類型的Force中心語；但這三個疑問語氣詞分別表達命題和說話人預設之間不同的關聯。對於語法文獻中較少討論、與語篇相關的三個篇章語氣詞本文中也特別一併分析它們的語義及結構限制。本文主張重慶方言中篇章語氣詞在結構上受句法限制較小，因此可以運用在不同句子類型中，但語氣詞各有其核心語義：「haPRAG」用來緩和語氣，「sa」表示確認，「dema」是提示對話雙方的共知背景信息。重慶方言的考察對於語法本體研究中較少討論的篇章語氣詞提供了豐富有趣的資料。本研究的結果為CP分裂假說提供了跨語言的一致性的支持。此外，本文對不同類型語氣詞的核心語義的判定也可為未來研究漢語其他方言之間的區別與共性，或是對其他同樣有豐富句末語氣詞的語言研究及跨語言對比研究提供一定的基礎。

Keywords: 重慶方言, 句末語氣詞, CP 分裂假說, 語義
Article outline
  • 1.引言
  • 2.「lao」語義和結構位置
    • 2.1重慶話「lao」的語義
    • 2.2「lao」和「了」的結構位置
      • 2.2.1「了」/「lao」與無定疑問詞之間的轄域關係(scope)
      • 2.2.2「了」/「lao」跟「不」、「不是」之間的轄域關係
      • 2.2.3「了」/「lao」與「還是」(disjunction)選擇問句之間的關係
      • 2.2.4「了」/「lao」的結構位置
  • 3.疑問語氣詞
    • 3.1重慶話中的是非問句
    • 3.2疑問語氣詞的意義及功能
    • 3.3疑問語氣詞的結構位置
  • 4.句末篇章語氣詞
    • 4.1緩和語氣：「haPRAG」
    • 4.2表示確認：「sa」
    • 4.3提示共知背景：「dema」
  • 5.結語
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at [email protected].

Published online: 2 July 2024
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00157.hsu
References
Biber, Douglas
2004 Historical patterns for the grammatical marking of stance: A cross-register comparison. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 5(1). 107–136. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Burton-Roberts, Noel
1989a On Horn’s dilemma: Presupposition and negation. Journal of Linguistics 25(1). 95–125. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1989b The limits to debate: A revised theory of semantic presupposition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chao, Yuen Ren
1968 A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen
1991 On the typology of wh-questions. Cambridge: MIT. (Doctoral dissertation.)
Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen & Huang, C.-T. James & Tang, Chih-Chen Jane
1997 Negative particle questions: A dielectical perspective. In Sun, Chaofen (ed.), Studies on the history of Chinese syntax (Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series 10), 65–112. Berkeley: Project on Linguistic Analysis, University of California.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam
1995 The Minimalist program. Cambridge: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chor, Winnie
2018 Sentence final particles as epistemic modulators in Cantonese conversations: A discourse-pragmatic perspective. Journal of Pragmatics 1291. 34–47. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chu, Chauncey C.
1998 A discourse grammar of Mandarin Chinese. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.Google Scholar
Clark, Herbert H.
1996 Using language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cui, Xiliang (崔希亮)
2011 The modality meaning and function of the inter-subjective marker “ha” in Mandarin Chinese 語氣詞「哈」的情態意義和功能. Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu 語言教學與研究 2011(4). 39–45.Google Scholar
Ducrot, Oswald
1972 Dire et ne pas dire, principes de sémantique linguistique. Paris: Hermann.Google Scholar
Erlewine, Michael Yoshitaka
2017 Low sentence-final particles in Mandarin Chinese and the Final-over-Final Constraint. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 26(1). 37–75. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fiengo, Robert & Huang, C.-T. James & Lasnik, Howard & Reinhart, Tanya
1988 The syntax of wh-in-situ. In Borer, Hagit (ed.), WCCFL 7: The Proceedings of the 7th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, 81–98. Stanford: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
Fung, Roxana Suk-Yee
2000 Final particles in standard Cantonese: Semantic extension and pragmatic inference. Columbus: The Ohio State University. (Doctoral dissertation.)
He, Yang (賀陽)
1994 Beijinghua de yuqici “ha” zi 北京話的語氣詞「哈」字. Fangyan 方言 1994(1). 60–63.Google Scholar
Hole, Daniel
2011 The deconstruction of Chinese shì...de clefts revisited. Lingua 121(11). 1707–1733. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Horn, Laurence R.
1985 Metalinguistic negation and pragmatic ambiguity. Language 61(1). 121–174. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hsu, Yu-Yin
2019 Information structure in Chinese discourse. In Shei, Chris (ed.), The Routledge handbook of Chinese discourse analysis, 130–144. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2023 Modal raising and focus marking in Chinese. Journal of Linguistics, 1–32. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Huang, C.-T. James
1988  Wǒ pǎo de kuài and Chinese Phrase Structure. Language 64(2). 274–311. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1991 Modularity and Chinese A-not-A questions. In Georgopoulos, Carol & Ishihara, Roberta (eds.), Interdisciplinary approaches to language: Essays in honor of S.-Y. Kuroda, 305–332. Dordrecht: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Huang, C.-T. James & Li, Yen-hui Audrey & Li, Yafei
2009 The syntax of Chinese. New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Huang, Rui-heng Ray
2010 Disjunction, coordination, and question: a comparative study. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal Universiy. (Doctoral dissertation.)
Krifka, Manfred
2008 Basic notions of information structure. Acta Linguistica Hungarica 55(3–4). 243–276. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Law, Ann
2002 Cantonese sentence-final particles and the CP domain. UCL Working Papers in Linguistics. 141(April 2002), 375–398.Google Scholar
Lee, Hun-Tak Thomas
1986 Studies on quantification in Chinese. Los Angeles: UCLA. (Doctoral dissertation.)
Leech, Geoffrey N.
1983 Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Li, Boya
2006 Chinese final particles and the syntax of the periphery. Leiden: Leiden University. (Doctoral dissertation.)
Li, Charles N. & Thompson, Sandra A.
1981 Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. University of California Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Li, Yen-hui Audrey
1992 Indefinite wh in Mandarin Chinese. East Asian Linguistics 1(2). 125–155. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lin, Jo-wang
2000 On the temporal meaning of the verbal -le in Chinese. Language and Linguistics 1(2). 109–133.Google Scholar
Liu, Hongxi (劉紅曦)
2000 An analysis of the monosyllabic mood words in Chongqing dialect 試析重慶方言的單音節語氣詞. Sichuan Sanxia Xueyuan Xuebao 四川三峽學院學報 2000(4). 43–47.Google Scholar
Liu, Ligang (劉黎崗)
2012 The structure and function of topic in oral Chongqing dialect 重慶話口語中話題的結構與功能. Shanghai: Shanghai International Studies University. (Doctoral dissertation.)
Moeschler, Jacques
2019 Non-lexical pragmatics: Time, causality and logical words. Berlin: De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Myers, Ethan C.
2015 Sentence final particles in Shanghainese: Navigating the left periphery. West Lafayette: Purdue University. (Master’s thesis.)
Pan, Victor Junnan
2018 Derivation of the apparent narrow scope of sentence-final particles in Chinese: A reply to Erlewine (2017). Studies in Chinese Linguistics 39(2). 99–126. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pan, Victor Junnan & Paul, Waltraud
2016 Why Chinese SFPs are neither optional nor disjunctors. Lingua 1701. 23–34. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Paul, Waltraud
2014 Why particles are not particular: Sentence-final particles in Chinese as heads of a split CP. Studia Linguistica 68(1). 77–115. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Paul, Waltraud & Whitman, John
2008  Shi...de focus clefts in Mandarin Chinese. The Linguistic Review 25(3–4). 413–451. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Peng, Jinwei (彭錦維)
2001 Chongqinghua yuqici de tedian 重慶話語氣詞的特點. Xi’nan Minzu Xueyuan Xuebao (Zhexue Shehui Kexue Ban) 西南民族學院學報（哲學社會科學版） 2001(S2). 55–57.Google Scholar
Peng, Yongzhao (彭永昭)
1988 Chongqing fangyan zhong de jige yuqici 重慶方言中的幾個語氣詞. Chongqing Shiyuan Xuebao (Shehui Kexue Ban) 重慶師院學報（社會科學版） 1988(2). 69–72.Google Scholar
Qiang, Xingna (強星娜)
2008 Knowledge status and the Chinese indicative sentence final particle ma 知情狀態與直陳語氣詞「嘛」. Chinese Teaching in the World 世界漢語教學 2008(2). 54–63.Google Scholar
Qu, Chengxi (屈承熹)
2008 Guanlian lilun yu Hanyu jumo xuci de yupian gongneng 關聯理論與漢語句末虛詞的語篇功能. Huadong Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Zhexue Shehui Kexue Ban) 華東師範大學學報（哲學社會科學版） 2008(3). 12–18.Google Scholar
Rizzi, Luigi
1997 The fine structure of the left periphery. In Haegeman, Liliane (ed.), Elements of grammar: Handbook in generative syntax, 281–337. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shao, Jingmin (邵敬敏) & Wang, Yiguang (王宜廣)
2010 The functional value of pseudo-denial of the pattern bushi A, ershi B 「不是A，而是B」句式假性否定的功能價值. Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue 世界漢語教學 2010(3). 325–333.Google Scholar
Soh, Hooi Ling
2009 Speaker presupposition and Mandarin Chinese sentence-final -le: A unified analysis of the “change of state” and the “contrary to expectation” reading. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 27(3). 623–657. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2018 Mandarin Chinese sentence final de as a marker of private evidence. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3. 22: 1–14. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Soh, Hooi Ling & Gao, Meijia
2006 Perfective aspect and transition in Mandarin Chinese: An analysis of double -le sentences. In Denis, Philippe (ed.), Proceedings of the 2004 Texas Linguistics Society Conference: Issues at the semantics-pragmatics interface, 107–122. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Sperber, Dan & Wilson, Deirdre
1986 Relevance: Communication and cognition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sundaresan, Sandhya
2014 Making sense of silence: Finiteness and the (OC) pro vs. pro distinction. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 32(1). 59–85. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tang, Sze-Wing (鄧思穎)
2010 A syntactic analysis of clause types and mood in Chinese 漢語句類和語氣的句法分析. Hanyu Xuebao 漢語學報 2010(1). 59–63.Google Scholar
2014 Predicative utterance particles in Cantonese 粵語謂詞性語氣詞. In Ho, Che-wah (何志華) & Feng, Shengli (馮勝利) (eds.), Moving forward – Studies on Chinese linguistics and philology 繼承與拓新：漢語語言文字學研究, 427–444. Hong Kong: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
2015 Yueyu yufa jiangyi 粵語語法講義. Hong Kong: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
2016 Sentence-final particles as conjuncts under the Cartographic Approach 製圖理論與助詞的聯合結構說. Yuyan Yanjiu Jikan 語言研究集刊 2016(1).1–10.Google Scholar
Teng, Shou-hsin
1978 Negation in Chinese: Mandarin and Amoy. Journal of the American Oriental Society 98(1). 50–60. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yang, Xiaodong & Wiltschko, Martina
2016 The confirmational marker ha in Northern Mandarin. Journal of Pragmatics 1041. 67–82. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yeh, Ling-hsia
1995 Focus, metalinguistic negation and contrastive negation. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 23(2). 42–75.Google Scholar
Yin, Shichao (尹世超)
1999 Shuo yuqici “ha” he “ha” zi ju 說語氣詞「哈」和「哈」字句. Fangyan 方言 1999(2). 95–103.Google Scholar
Zhang, Niina Ning
2019 Sentence-final aspect particles as finite markers in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 57(5). 967–1023. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhao, Chunli (趙春利) & Yang Caiying (楊才英)
2016 On the relevance between cognition and emotion of the sentence-final particle “MA” 句末助詞「嘛」的認知與情感的關聯性研究. Waiguoyu 外國語 2016(5). 32–45.Google Scholar
Zhu, Dexi (朱德熙)
1982 Yufa jiangyi 語法講義. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar