Semantics in generative grammar
A critical survey
I provide a critical survey of the role that semantics took in the several models of generative grammar, since the 1950s until the Minimalist Program. I distinguish four different periods. In the first section, I focus on the role of formal semantics in generative grammar until the 1970s. In Section 2 I present the period of linguistic wars, when the role of semantics in linguistic theory became a crucial topic of debate. In Section 3 I focus on the formulation of conditions on transformations and Binding Theory in the 1970s and 1980s, while in the last Section I discuss the role of semantics in the minimalist approach. In this section, I also propose a semantically-based model of generative grammar, which fully endorses minimalism and Chomsky’s later position concerning the primary role of the semantic interface in the Universal Grammar modelization (Strong Minimalist Thesis). In the Discussion, I point out some theoretical problems deriving from Chomsky’s internalist interpretation of model-theoretic semantics.
Article outline
- 1.The semantic component in the first phase of generative grammar
- 2.The linguistic wars
- 3.The Extended Standard Theory
- 4.The semantic turn of generative grammar
- Discussion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
-
References
References
Allen, J.
1984 Towards a General Theory of Action and Time.
Artificial Intelligence, 231, 123–54.


Anderson, S. R.
1971 On the Role of Deep Structure in Semantic Interpretation.
Foundations of Language, 71, 387–96.

Anderson, S. R.
1977 On the Notion of Subject in Ergative Languages. In
C. Li &
S. Thompson (Eds.),
Subject and Topic, 1–23. New York: Academic Press.

Antinucci, F.
1976 Le due anime di Noam Chomsky.
Lingua e stile, 111, 167–87.

Asher, N. & Lascarides, A.
2003 Logics of Conversation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bach, E.
1986 The algebra of events.
Linguistics and Philosophy, 91, 5–16.

Baker, M.
1988 Incorporation: A Theory of Grammatical Function Changing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bar-Hillel, Y.
1953 On Recursive Definitions in Empirical Science.
Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Philosophy, 51, 160–5.

Bar-Hillel, Y.
1954 Logical Syntax and Semantics.
Language, 30 (2), 230–7.


Beaver, D. I.
2001 Presupposition and Assertion in Dynamic Semantics. Standford: CSLI.

Berwick, R. C., Friederici, A. D., Chomsky, N. & Bolhuis, J. J.
2013 Evolution, brain, and the nature of language.
Trends in Cognitive Science, 17 (2), 89–98.


Berwick, R. & Chomsky, N.
2016 Why Only Us. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.


Blutner, R.
1998 Lexical pragmatics.
Journal of Semantics, 151, 115–62.


Boeckx, C.
2008 Bare Syntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bonomi, A.
1983 Linguistica e logica. In
C. Segre (Ed.),
Intorno alla linguistica, 148–71. Milano: Feltrinelli.

Borer, H.
2005a In Name Only: Structuring Sense Volume I. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Borer, H.
2005b The Normal Course of Events: Structuring Sense Volume II. Oxford: Oxford University Press.


Borer, H.
2013 Taking Form: Structuring Sense Volume III. Oxford: Oxford University Press.


Alexiadou, A., Borer, H. & Shaefer, F.
(Eds.) 2015 The Roots of Syntax and the Syntax of Roots. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bresnan, J.
1970 On Complementizers: Towards a Syntactic Theory of Complement Types.
Foundations of Language, 61, 297–321.

Bresnan, J.
1972 The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Bresnan, J.
1978 A Realistic Transformational Grammar. In
M. Halle,
J. Bresnan &
J. Miller (Eds.),
Linguistic Theory and Psychological Reality, 1–59. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Bresnan, J.
2001 Lexical Functional Syntax. Oxford: Blackwell.

Carnap, R.
1937 The Logical Syntax of Language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Carnap, R.
1952 Meaning Postulates.
Philosophical Studies, 31, 65–73.


Carnie, A.
2013 Syntax: A Generative Introduction. Malden: Blackwell.

Casalegno, P.
1997 Filosofia del linguaggio. Firenze: La Nuova Italia Scientifica.

Chierchia, G.
1988 Structured Meaning, Thematic Roles and Control. In
G. Chierchia,
B. Partee &
T. Raymond (Eds.),
Properties, Types and Meaning, Vol. 21, 131–66. Reidel: Kluwer.


Chierchia, G.
1989 A Semantics for Unaccusatives and its Syntactic Consequences. Ithaca: Cornell University. Manuscript.

Chierchia, G.
1995 Dynamics of Meaning: Anaphora, Presupposition, and the Theory of Grammar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.


Chierchia, G.
2004 Scalar implicatures, polarity, and the syntax-pragmatics interface. In
A. Belletti (Ed.),
Structures and Beyond: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Vol. 31. New York: Oxford University Press.

Chierchia, G. & McConnell-Ginet, S.
2000 Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to Semantics, 2nd Edition. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Chomsky, N.
1955 Logical Syntax and Semantics: Their Linguistic Relevance.
Language, 31 (1), 36–45.


Chomsky, N.
1955/1975 The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory. Chicago-London: The University of Chicago Press.

Chomsky, N.
1957 Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton.


Chomsky, N.
1965 Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Chomsky, N.
1970 Remarks on nominalization. In
R. Jacobs &
P. Rosenbaum (Eds.),
Readings in English Transformational Grammar, 184–221. Waltham: Ginn.

Chomsky, N.
1972 Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar. Berlin: De Gruyter.


Chomsky, N.
1973 Conditions on Transformations. In
S. R. Anderson &
P. Kiparsky (Eds.),
A Festschrift for Moris Halle, 232–86. New York: Holti, Rinehart & Winston.

Chomsky, N.
1975 Reflections on Language. New York: Pantheon Books.

Chomsky, N.
1976 Conditions on Rules of Grammar.
Linguistic Analysis, 21, 303–51.

Chomsky, N.
1977 On wh-Movement. In
P. W. Culicover,
T. Wasow &
A. Akmajian (Eds.),
Formal Syntax, 71–132. New York: Academic Press.

Chomsky, N.
1981 Lectures on Government and Binding. The Pisa Lectures. Holland: Foris Publications.

Chomsky, N.
1986a Knowledge of Language. New York: Praeger.

Chomsky, N.
1986b Barriers. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Chomsky, N.
1993 A minimalist program for linguistic theory. In
K. L. Hale &
S. J. Keyser (Eds.),
The view from Building 20: Essays in linguistics in honor of Sylvain Bromberger, 1–5. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Chomsky, N.
1994 Bare Phrase Structure.
MIT Occasional Papers in Linguistics, 51.

Chomsky, N.
1995 The Minimalist Program. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Chomsky, N.
2000 New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.


Chomsky, N.
2002 On Nature and Language.
A. Belletti &
L. Rizzi (Eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Chomsky, N.
2003 Reply to Ludlow. In
N. Hornstein &
L. Antony (Eds.),
Chomsky and His Critics, 287–95. Oxford: Blackwell.

Chomsky, N.
2004 Beyond Explanatory Adequacy. In
A. Belletti (Ed.),
Structures and Beyond. The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Vol. 31, 104–31. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Chomsky, N.
2005 Three Factors in Language Design.
Linguistic Inquiry, 36, 1, 1–22.


Chomsky, N.
2006 Language and Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Chomsky, N.
2007 Approaching UG from Below. In
U. Sauerland &
H-M. Gärtner (Eds.),
Interfaces + Recursion = Language?, 1–29. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyeter.

Chomsky, N.
2008a Foreword. In
Moro, A. 2008
The Boundaries of Babel: The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible Languages. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Chomsky, N.
2008b On Phases. In
C. P. Otero &
R. Freidin (Eds.),
Foundational Issues in Linguistic Theory: Essays in Honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud, 133–66. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.


Chomsky, N.
2012 The Science of Language. Interviews with James McGilvray. Cambridge (MA): Cambridge University Press.


Chomsky, N. & Halle, M.
1968 The Sound Pattern in English. New York: Harper & Row.

Chomsky, N., Halle, M. & Lukoff, F.
1956 On Accent and Juncture in English. In
M. Halle,
G. Horace,
H. G. Lunt,
H. McLean &
C. H. van Schooneveld (Eds.),
For Roman Jackobson, 65–80. The Hague: Mouton.

Chomsky, N. & Lasnik, H.
1977 Filters and Control.
Linguistic Inquiry, 81, 425–504.

Chomsky, N. & Lasnik, H.
1993 The Theory of Principles and Parameters. In
J. Jacobs,
A. von Stechow,
W. Sternefeld &
T. Vennemann (Eds.),
Syntax: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research, 506–69. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Chomsky, N., Gallego, Á J. & Ott, D.
Generative Grammar and the Faculty of Language: Insights, Questions, and Challenges. To appear in
Á. J. Gallego &
D. Ott Eds.
Generative Syntax: Questions, Crossroads, and Challenges Special issue of
Catalan Journal of Linguistics
Cipriani, E.
2017 Chomsky on Analytic and Synthetic Propositions.
Phenomenology and Mind, 121, 122–31.

Cipriani, E.
forthcoming.
Chomsky su riferimento e comunicazione.
Paradigmi.
Dąbrowska, E.
2015 What exactly is Universal Grammar, and has anyone seen it?.
Frontiers in Psychology, 61.


Davidson, D.
1967 The logical form of action sentences. In
N. Resch (Ed.),
The Logic of Decision and Action, 81–95.
Pittsburg: University of Pittsburg Press.

Davidson, D.
1980 Essays on action and events. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Davidson, D.
1986 A nice derangement of epitaphs. In
E. Lepore (Ed.),
Truth and Interpretation, 433–46. Oxford: Blackwell.

De Saussure, F.
1922 Cours de linguistique générale. Paris: Payot.

Delfitto, D., Graffi, G.
2005 Chomsky fra storia della scienza e filosofia del linguaggio. In
Nuovi orizzonti nello studio del linguaggio e della mente (it. trans.
Chomsky 2000a), 9–33. Milano: Il Saggiatore.

Di Sciullo, A. M.
2008 Interface Asymmetries.
Revue Canadienne de Linguistique, 53 (2/3), 139–42.


Di Sciullo, A. M. & Hills, V.
Eds.
Forthcoming Edges, Heads and Projections: Interface Properties Amsterdam John Benjamins
Dik, S. C.
1978 Functional Grammar. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

Dik, S. C.
1989 The Theory of Functional Grammar. Dordrecht: Foris.

Dougherty, R. C.
1970 Recent studies on language unviersals.
Foundations of Language, 51, 488–519.

Dowty, D.
1979 Word Meaning and Montague Grammar. The Semantics of Verbs and Times in Generative Semantics and in Montague’s PTQ. Dordrecht: Reidel.


Dowty, D.
1991 Thematic Proto-Roles and Argument Selection.
Language, 67 (3), 547–619.


Eberle, K.
1988 Partial Orderings and Aktionsarten in Discourse Representation Theory.
Proceedings of COLING-88, 160–5. Budapest.

Emonds, J. E.
1976 A Transformational Approach to English Syntax. Root, Structure Preserving, and Local Transformations. New York: Academic Press.

Faschilli, C.
2011 Il Meaning Transfer secondo il Generative Lexicon di Pustejovsky.
Esercizi filosofici, 61, 164–77.

Fauconnier, G.
1973 Points de vue récent sur les rapports entre la logique et la grammaire.
Langages, 301, 20–31.

Fillmore, C. J.
1968 The case for case. In
E. Bach &
R. T. Harms (Eds.),
Universals in Linguistic Theory, 1–88. London: Holt, Rinehart and Wilson.

Fillmore, C. J.
1977 The case for case reopened. In
P. Cole &
J. M. Sadock (Eds.),
Grammatical Relations, Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 81, 58–82. New York: Academic Press.


Fodor, J.
1975 The Language of Thought. Hassocks: Harvester.

Fodor, J.
1990 A Theory of Content and Other Essays. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Fodor, J.
1998 Concepts. Where cognitive science went wrong. Oxford: Clarendon Press.


Fodor, J. D., Fodor, J. A. & Garrett, M. F.
1975 The Psychological Unreality of Semantic Representation.
Linguistic Inquiry, 61, 515–32.

Fodor, J. A., Garrett, M. F., Walker, E. C. T. & Parkes, C. H.
1980 Against definitions.
Cognition, 81, 263–367.


Fox, D.
2002 On Logical Form. In
R. Hendrick (Ed.),
Minimalist Syntax, 82–124. Oxford: Blackwell.

Frege, G.
1892 Über Sinn und Bedeutung.
Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik, 1001, 25–50.

Gallego, Á. J.
2013 A Configurational Approach to the Left Periphery. Paper presented at the 23rd Colloquium of Generative Grammar. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Gallego, Á. J.
2016 The Basic Elements of the Left Periphery. Ms. UAB.

Gazdar, G.
1979a Pragmatics: Implicature, Presupposition, and Logical Form. New York: Academic Press.

Gazdar, G.
1979b A solution to the projection problem. In
C. K. Oh &
D. A. Dinneen (Eds.),
Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 11: Presupposition. New York: Academic Press.


Gazdar, G., Klein, E. H., Pullum, G. K. & Sag, I. A.
1985 Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.

Graffi, G.
1973 Equivalenti o inconciliabili? Su alcuni sviluppi recenti della linguistica trasformazionale. In
U. Vignuzzi,
G. Ruggero &
R. Simone (Eds.),
Teoria e storia degli studi linguistici, 281–338. Roma: Bulzoni.

Graffi, G.
2008 Che cos’è la grammatica generativa?. Roma: Carocci.

Graffi, G.
2013 Due secoli di pensiero linguistico. Roma: Carocci.

Grodzinsky, Y.
2000 The neurology of syntax: Language use without Broca’s area.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 231, 1–71.


Gruber, J.
1976 Lexical structure in syntax and semantics. New York: North Holland.

Grunau, J. J. M.
1985 Towards a systematic theory of the semantic role inventory.
Papers from the 20th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 144–59.

Guerts, B.
2009 Scalar Implicatures and Logical Pragmatics.
Mind & Language, 24 (1), 51–79.


Haegeman, L.
1994 Introduction to Government and Binding Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.

Hale, K. & Keyser, S. J.
1993 On argument structure and the lexical expression of syntactic relations. In
K. Hale &
S. J. Keyser (Eds.),
The view from Building 20: Essays in honor of Sylvain Bromberger. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Hale, K. & Keyser, S. J.
2001 Prolegomenon to a Theory of Argument Structure. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Hall-Partee, B.
1973 Deletion and variable binding. Mim. Linguistic Agency at the University of Trier.

Halle, M., Bresnan, J. & Miller, G. A.
(Eds.) 1978 Linguistic Theory and Psychological Reality. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Heim, I.
1982 The Semantics of Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases. University of Massachussetts. PhD Thesis.

Hinzen, W.
2016 On the grammar of the referential dependence.
Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rethoric, 46 (59), 11–33.


Hinzen, W. & Sheehan, M.
2015 The Philosophy of Universal Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Horn, L. R.
1972 On the Semantic Properties of Logical Operators in English. Los Angeles: University of California.

Hornstein, N.
1999 Movement and Control.
Linguistic Inquiry, 30 (1), 69–96.


Huybregts, R.
2017 Phonemic Clicks and the Mapping Asymmetry: How Language Emerged and Speech Developed.
Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews.


Idsardi, W. & Raimy, E.
2013 Three Types of Linearization and the Temporal Aspects of Speech. In
I. Roberts &
M. T. Biberauer (Eds.),
Challenges to Linearization, 31–56. Berlin: De Gruyter.


Jackendoff, R.
1972 Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Jackendoff, R.
1983 Semantics and Cognition. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Jackendoff, R.
1987 Consciousness and the Computational Mind. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Jackendoff, R.
1990 Semantic Structures. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Jackendoff, R.
1992 Languages of the Mind. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.


Jackendoff, R.
2010 Meaning and the Lexicon: The Parallel Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Johnson-Laird, P.
1983 Mental Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kamp, H.
1981 A Theory of Truth and Semantic Representation. In
J. Groenendijk,
T. M. V. Janssen &
M. Stockhorf (Eds.),
Formal Methods in the Study of Language. Amsterdam: Mathematical Center.

Kaplan, D.
1978 On the Logic of Demonstratives.
Journal of Philosophical Logic, VIII1, 81–98.

Kaplan, D.
1989 Demonstratives. In
J. Almog,
J. Perry &
H. Wettstein (Eds.),
Themes from Kaplan, 481–563. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kaplan, R. M. & Bresnan, J.
1982 Lexical-Functional Grammar: A formal system for grammatical representations. In
M. Halle,
J. Bresnan &
G. A. Miller (Eds.),
Linguistic Theory and Psychological Reality, 1–59. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Katz, J.
1966 The Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Katz, J.
1972 Semantic Theory. New York: Harper & Row.

Katz, J. & Postal, P. M.
1964 An Integrated Theory of Language Descriptions. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Katz, J. & Fodor, J. A.
1963 The Structure of a Semantic Theory.
Language, 391, 170–210.


King, J.
2007 The Nature and Structure of Content. Oxford: Oxford University Press.


Koster, J., Van Riemsdijk, H. & Vergnaud, J-R.
1978 GLOW Manifesto. In
Glow Newsletter, 11, 2–5.

Kowalski, R. & Sergot, M.
1986 A Logic-based Calculus of Events.
New Generation Computing, 41, 67–95.


Lakoff, G.
1970 Linguistics and Natural Logic.
Synthese, 221, 151–271.


Lakoff, G.
1971 On generative semantics. In
D. D. Steinberg &
L. A. Jakobovits (Eds.),
Semantics, 232–96. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lakoff, G.
1987 Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. Chicago: Chicago University Press.


Lakoff, G., Johnson, M.
1980 Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Lakoff, G. & Ross, J. R.
1976 Is Deep Structure Necessary?. In
J. D. McCawley (Ed.),
Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 2, Notes from the Linguistic Underground, 159–64. New York-San Francisco-London: Academic Press.


Larson, R. & Segal, G.
1995 Knowledge of Meaning. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.


Lees, R. J.
1957 Review of “Syntactic Structures” by Noam Chomsky.
Language, 33 (3), 375–408.


Lehmann, W. P.
1978 The Great Underlying Ground-Plains. In
W. P. Lehmann (Ed.),
Syntactic Typology. Studies in the Phenomenology of Language. Hassocks (Sussex): The Harvester Press

Levinson, S. C.
2000 Presumptive Meaning: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicatures. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.


Marconi, D.
1997 Lexical Competence. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Mates, B.
1950 Synonymity.
University of California publications in philosophy, 251, 201–26.

May, R.
1977 The Grammar of Quantification. PhD Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology

McCawley, J. D.
1968a Concerning the base component of a transformational grammar.
Foundations of Language, V1, 243–69.

McCawley, J. D.
1968b Lexical insertion in a transformational grammar without deep structure. In
B. J. Darden,
C. J. Bailey &
A. Davison (Eds.),
Papers from the Fourth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 71–80. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.

McCawley, J. D.
1968c The role of semantics in a grammar. In
E. Bach &
R. T. Harm (Eds.),
Universals in Linguistic Theory, 124–69. London: Holt, Rinehart and Wilson.

McCawley, J. D.
1970 Where do noun phrases come from?. In
R. Jacobs &
P. S. Rosenbaum (Eds.),
Readings in English Transformational Grammar, 166–83. Waltham: Ginn.

Moro, A.
2008 The Boundaries of Babel: The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible Languages. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.


Miller, G. A.
1986 Dictionaries in the mind.
Language and Cognitive Processes, 11, 171–85.


Miller, G. A. & Gildea, P. M.
1987 How children learn words.
Scientific American, 257 (3), 94–99.


Montague, R.
1970 Universal Grammar.
Theoria, 361, 373–98.


Montague, R.
1973 The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English. In
P. Suppes,
J. Moravcsik &
J. Hintikka (Eds.),
Approaches to Natural Language, 221–42. Dordrecht: Reidel.


Moravcsik, J.
1975 Aitia as Generative Factor in Aristotle’s Philosophy.
Dialogue, 141, 62–36.


Moravcsik, J.
1990 Thought and Language. London: Routledge.

Parikh, P.
2001 The Use of Language. Stanford: CSLI.

Parsons, T.
1980 Modifiers and Quantifiers in Natural Language.
Canadian Journal of Philosophy, VI1, 29–60.


Parsons, T.
1990 Events in the Semantics of English: A Study in Subatomic Semantics. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Partee, B.
1979 Semantics-Mathematics or Psychology?. In
R. Bauerle,
U. Egli &
von Stechov, A. (Eds.),
Semantics from Different Points of View, 1–14. New York: Springer.


Partee, B.
1981 Montague Grammar, Mental Representations and Reality. In
S. Kanger &
S. Öhman (Eds.),
Philosophy and Grammar, 59–78. New York: Springer.

Perlmutter, D. & Postal, P.
1984 The 1-advcancement exclusiveness law. In
D. Perlmutter &
C. G. Rosen (Eds.),
Studies in Relational Grammar, 2, 81–125. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Peterson, T. H.
1983 Semantic structure.
Journal of Linguistics, 19 (1), 79–114.


Piattelli Palmarini, M. & Cecchetto, C.
1997 The Problem of Meaning in Generative Grammar. In
C. Mandell &
A. McCabe (Eds.),
The Problem of Meaning: Behavioral and Cognitive Perspectives, 415–69. North-Holland: Elsevier.


Pietroski, P. M.
2004 Events and Semantic Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.


Pietroski, P. M.
2005 Meaning Before Truth. In
G. Preyer &
G. Peters (Eds.),
Contextualism in Philosophy, 253–300. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Pietroski, P. M.
2018 Conjoining Meanings: Semantics Without Truth Values. Oxford: Oxford University Press.


Pylkkanen, L.
2008 Mismatching Meanings in Brain and Behavior.
Language and Linguistics Compass, 2 (4), 712–31.


Pylkkanen, L. & McElree, B.
2006 An MEG Study of Silent Meaning.
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 191, 1905–21.


Postal, P. M.
1971 On the surface verb “remind”. In
C. J. Fillmore &
D. T. Langendoen (Eds.),
Studies in Linguistic Semantics, 180–270. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Postal, P. M. & Pullum, G. K.
1982 The Contraction Debate.
Linguistic Inquiry, 131, 122–38.

Pustejovsky, J.
1995 The Generative Lexicon. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Pustejovsky, J., Busa, F.
1995 Unaccusativity and Event Composition. In
M. Bertinetto,
V. Binachi,
J. Higginbotham &
M. Squartini (Eds.),
Temporal Reference: Aspect and Actionality. Torino: Rosenberg and Sellier.

Radford, A.
2004 English syntax: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Ramchand, G.
2014 Structural Meaning and Conceptual Meaning in Verb Semantics.
Linguistic Analysis, 391, 211–47.

Ramchand, G.
2017 The Event Domain. In
R. D’Alessandro &
I. Franco (Eds.),
The Verbal Domain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ramchand, G.
2018 Grammatical vs. Lexical Formatives. In
N. Hornstein,
H. Lasnik,
P. Patel-Grosz &
C. Yang (Eds.),
Syntactic Structures after 60 Years: The Impact of the Chomskian Revolution in Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.


Reinhart, T.
2000 The Theta system: syntactic realization of verbal concepts.
UiL-OTS Working Papers, University of Utrecht.

Reinhart, T.
2002 The Theta system: an overview.
Theoretical Linguistics, 28 (3), 229–90.

Reinhart, T., Everaert, M. & Marelj, M.
2016 Concepts, Syntax, and Their Interface: The Theta System. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.


Richards, N.
2010 Uttering Trees. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.


Rizzi, L.
1978 Chomsky e la semantica. In
Accademia della Crusca (Ed.),
Studi di grammatica italiana, Vol. 7, 161–82. Firenze: Accademia della Crusca.

Rizzi, L.
1990a Spiegazione e teoria grammaticale. Padova: Unipress.

Rizzi, L.
1990b Relativized Minimality. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Roberts, C.
1996 Information structure: towards an integrated formal theory of pragmatics. In
J. H. Yoon &
A. Kathol (Eds.),
OSU Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 49: Papers in Semantics. Columbus: The Ohio State University Department of Linguistics.

Ronat, M.
1972 A propos du verbe “remind” selon Postal.
Studi italiani di linguistica teorica e applicata, I1, 233–67.

Ross, J. R.
1967 Constraints on Variables in Syntax. PhD Dissertation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Šaumjan, S. K.
1965 Strukturnaja Linguistika. Moskow: Izdatel’svo ‘Nauka’.

Scheffler, I.
1955 On synonymy and indirect discourse.
Philosophy of Science, 22 (1), 39–44.


Soames, S.
2010 What is Meaning?. Princeton: Princeton University Press.


Speas, P. & Tenny, C.
2004 The interaction of clausal syntax, discourse roles, and information structure in questions. Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics of Questions, 16th European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information. Nancy (FR): Université Henri Poincaré.

Starosta, S.
1978 The one per cent solution. In
W. Abraham (Ed.),
Valence, semantic case and grammatical relations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.


Tenny, C. & Pustejovsky, J.
(eds.) 2000 Events as Grammatical Objects. Standford: Center for the Study of Language and Information.

Tesnière, L.
1959/1966 Éléments de syntaxe structural. Paris: C. Klincksieck.

Tomalin, M.
2007 Reconsidering recursion in syntactic theory.
Lingua, 1171, 1784–800.


van Rooy, R.
2003 Questioning to resolve decision problems.
Linguistics and Philosophy, 261, 727–63.


Weinreich, U.
1966 Explorations in Semantic Theory. In
T. A. Sebeok (Ed.),
Current Issues in Linguistics, Vol. 31, 395–478. The Hague: Mouton.

Wexler, S.
1995 The Semantic Basis of Argument Structure. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Wilks, Y.
1978 Making Preferences More Active.
Artificial Intelligence, 101, 75–97.

Williams, E.
1994 Thematic Structure in Syntax. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.

Wojtasiewicz, O. A.
1978 The Predicate Calculus with Extra-Logical Constants as an Instrument of Semantic Description.
Studia Logica: An International Journal of Symbolic Logic, 37 (1), 103–14.


Cited by
Cited by 1 other publications
Cipriani, Enrico
2021.
On Chomsky's notion of explanatory adequacy.
Language and Linguistics Compass 15:11

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 24 march 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.