Article published in:
Language, Interaction and Acquisition
Vol. 7:2 (2016) ► pp. 145–179

A comparison of maternal and child language in normally-hearing and hearing-impaired children with cochlear implants

| Computational Linguistic and Psycholinguistics Research Centre, University of Antwerp
| Training and Education Sciences, University of Antwerp
The present study examines the amount of input and output in congenitally hearing-impaired children with a cochlear implant (CI) and normally-hearing children (NH) and their normally-hearing mothers. The aim of the study was threefold: (a) to investigate the input provided by the two groups of mothers, (b) to investigate the output of the two groups of children, and (c) to investigate the influence of the mothers’ input on child output and expressive vocabulary size. Mothers are less influenced by their children’s hearing status than the children are: CI children are more talkative and slower speakers. Mothers influenced their children on most parameters, but strikingly, it was not maternal talkativeness as such, but the number of maternal turns that is the best predictor of a child’s expressive vocabulary size.
Keywords: talkativeness, speech rate, cochlear implantation, child-directed speech, language development
Published online: 21 February 2017
https://doi.org/10.1075/lia.7.2.01van
References
Aubuchon, A.M., Pisoni, D.B., & Kronenberger, W.G
(2015) Verbal processing speed and executive functioning in long-term cochlear implant users. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 581, 151–162. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Baayen, R.H., Davidson, D.J., & Bates, D.M
(2008) Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 591, 390–412. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bergeson, T.R., Miller, R.J., & McCune, K
(2006) Mothers’ speech to hearing-impaired infants and children with cochlear implants. Infancy, 10(3), 221–240. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein Ratner, N
(1992) Measurable outcomes of instructions to modify normal parent-child verbal interactions: Implications for indirect stuttering therapy. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35(1), 14–20. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Boons, T., Brokx, J., Dhooge, I., Frijns, J., Peeraer, L., Vermeulen, A., Wouters, J., & van Wieringen, A
(2012) Predictors of spoken language development following pediatric cochlear implantation. Ear & Hearing, 33(5), 627–639. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Boons, T., De Raeve, L., Langereis, M., Peeraer, L., Wouters, J., & van Wieringen, A
(2013) Expressive vocabulary, morphology, syntax and narrative skills in profoundly deaf children after early cochlear implantation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 341, 2008–2022. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bradham, T., & Jones, J
(2008) Cochlear implant candidacy in the United States: Prevalence in children 12 months to 6 years of age. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 721, 1023–1028. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Burkholder, R.A., & Pisoni, D.B
(2003) Speech timing and working memory in profoundly deaf children after cochlear implantation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 851, 63–88. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Caselli, C., Rinaldi, P., Varuzza, C., Giuliani, A., & Burdo, S
(2012) Cochlear implant in the second year of life: Lexical and grammatical outcomes. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 551, 382–394. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Clark, E.V
(2010) Adult offer, word-class, and child uptake in early lexical acquisition. First Language, 30(3−4), 250–269. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Clement, C.J
(2004) Development of vocalizations in deaf and normally hearing children. Unpublishd PhD dissertation. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Utrecht.Google Scholar
Clement, C.J., den Os, E.A., & Koopmans-van Beinum, F.J
(1994) The development of vocalizations of deaf and normally hearing infants. Proceedings of the Institute of Phonetic Science Amsterdam, 181, 65–76.Google Scholar
Colletti, V., Carner, M., Miorelli, V., Guida, M., Colletti, L., & Fiorino, F
(2005) Cochlear implantation at under 12 months: Report on 10 patients. The Laryngoscope, 1151, 445–449. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Coplan, J
(1995) Normal speech and language development: An overview. Pediatrics in Review, 161, 91–100. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cosetti, M., & Waltzman, S.B
(2012) Outcomes in cochlear implantation: Variables affecting performance in adults and children. Otolaryngology Clinics North America, 45(1), 144–171. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
De Raeve, L., & van Hardeveld, R
(2012) Prevalence of cochlear implants in Europe: what do we know and what can we expect? Journal of Hearing Science, 3(4), 9–16.Google Scholar
De Raeve, L., & Wouters, A
(2013) Accessibility to cochlear implants in Belgium: State of the art on selection, reimbursement, habilitation, and outcomes in children and adults. Cochlear Implant International, 141, S18–S25. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Duchesne, L., Sutton, A., & Bergeron, F
(2009) Language achievement in children who received cochlear implants between 1 and 2 years of age: Group trends and individual patterns. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 14(4), 465–485. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Fagan, M.K
(2009) Mean length of utterance before words and grammar: Longitudinal trends and developmental implications of infant vocalizations. Journal of Child Language, 36(3), 495–527. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Geers, A.E., & Nicholas, J.G
(2013) Enduring advantages of early cochlear implantation for spoken language development. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 561, 643–653. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gifford, R.H
(2011) Who is a cochlear implant candidate? The Hearing Journal, 64(6), 16–22. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Guitar, B., & Marchinkoski, L
(2001) Influence of mothers’ slower speech on their children’s speech rate. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 441, 853–861. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hart, B., & Risley, T.R
(1995) Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brooks.Google Scholar
(1999) The social world of learning to talk. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brooks.Google Scholar
Henning, A., Striano, T., & Lieven, E.V.M
(2005) Maternal speech to infants at 1 and 3 months of age. Infant Behavior and Development, 281, 519–536. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hoff, E., & Naigles, L
(2002) How children use input to acquire a lexicon. Child Development, 731, 418–433. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hox, J
(2008) Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications. Hove: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Huttenlocher, J., Haight, W., Bryk, A., Seltzer, M., & Lyons, T
1991 Early vocabulary growth: relation to language input and gender. Development Psychology, 271, 236–248. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Iyer, S.N., & Oller, D.K
(2008) Prelinguistic vocal development in infants with typical hearing and infants with severe-to-profound hearing loss. The Volta Review, 1081, 115–138. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, E.M
(1994) Speech rates and turn-taking behaviors of children who stutter and their fathers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 371, 1284–1294. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kondaurova, M.V., Bergeson, T.R., & Xu, H
(2013) Age-related changes in prosodic features of maternal speech to prelingually deaf infants with cochlear implants. Infancy, 18(5), 825–848. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Koopmans-van Beinum, F.J., Clement, C.J., & van den Dikkenberg-Pot, I
(2001) Babbling and the lack of auditory speech perception: A matter of coordination? Developmental Science, 4:11, 61–70. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lederberg, A.R., & Everhart, V.S
(1998) Communication between deaf children and their hearing mothers: The role of language, gesture, and vocalizations. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 411, 887–899. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Long, D.J
(2012) Longitudinal data analysis for the behavioral sciences using R. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
MacWhinney, B
(2015) The CHILDES project: Tools for analyzing talk. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Moeller, M.P., Hoover, B., Putman, C., Arbataitis, K., Bohnenkamp, G., Peterson, B., Wood, S., Lewis, D., Pittman, A., & Stelmachowicz, P
(2007) Vocalizations of infants with hearing loss compared with infants with normal hearing: Part I – phonetic development. Ear & Hearing, 281, 605–627. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Molemans, I
(2011) Sounds like babbling. A longitudinal investigation of aspects of the prelexical speech repertoire in youn children acquiring Dutch: Normally hearing children and hearing-impaired children with a cochlear implant. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Antwerp.Google Scholar
Newport, E., Gleitman, H., & Gleitman, L
(1977) Mother, I’d rather do it myself: Some effects and non-effects of maternal speech style. In C. Snow & C. Ferguson (eds.), Talking to children: Language input and acquisiton (pp. 109–149). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nicholas, J.G., & Geers, A.E
(2007) Will they catch up? The role of age at cochlear implantation in the spoken language development of children with severe to profound hearing loss. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 501, 1048–1062. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Niparko, J.K., Tobey, E.A., Thal, D.J., Eisenberg, L.S., Wang, N.-Y., Quittner, A.L., & Fink, N.E
(2010) Spoken language development in children following cochlear implantation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 303(15), 1498–1506. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Oller, D.K., & Eilers, R.E
(1988) The role of audition in infant babbling. Child Development, 59(22), 441–449. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Oller, D.K., Eilers, R.E., Neal, A.R., & Cobo-Lewis, A.B
(1998) Late onset canonical babbling: A possible early marker of abnormal development. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 103(3), 249–263. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Pan, B.A., Rowe, M.L., Singer, J.D., & Snow, C.E
(2005) Maternal correlates of growth in toddler vocabulary production in low-income families. Child Development, 76(4), 763–782.Google Scholar
Pancsofar, N., & Vernon-Feagans, L
(2006) Mother and father language input to young children: contributions to later language development. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27(6), 571–587. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, B.Z., Fernandez, S.C., Lewedeg, V. & Oller, D.K
(1997) The relation of input factors to lexical learning by bilingual infants. Applied Psycholinguistics, 181, 41–58. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Pinheiro, J.C., & Bates, D.M
(2000) Mixed-effects models in S and S-plus. New York, NY: Springer. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Quené, H., & van den Bergh, H
(2004) On multi-level modeling of data from repeated measures designs: A tutorial. Speech Communication, 431, 103–121. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Quigley, J., & McNally, S
(2014) Maternal communcative styles in interaction with infant siblings of children with autism. Language, Interaction and Acquisition, 4(1), 51–69. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
R Core Team
(2013) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from http://​www​.R​-project​.org/Google Scholar
Rowe, M.L
(2008) Child-directed speech: Relation to socioeconomic status, knowledge of child development and child vocabulary skill. Journal of Child Language, 351, 185–205. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, M.L., Raudenbush, S.W., & Goldin-Meadow, S
(2012) The pace of vocabulary growth helps predict later vocabulary skill. Child Development, 73(2), 508–525. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ryalls, J., & Larouche, A
(1992) Acoustic integrity of speech production in children with moderate and severe hearing impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 351, 88–95. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E.A., & Jefferson, G
(1974) A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Linguistic Society of America, 50(4, Part 1), 696–735. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schauwers, K
(2006) Early speech and language development in deaf children with a cochlear implant: A longitudinal investigation. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Antwerp, Antwerp.Google Scholar
Schauwers, K., Gillis, S., Daemers, K., De Beukelaar, C., & Govaerts, P
(2004) Cochlear implantation between 5 and 20 months of age: The onset of babbling and the audiologic outcome. Otology and Neurology, 251, 263–270. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schorr, E.A., Roth, F.P., & Fox, N.A
(2008) A comparison of the speech and language skills of chidlren with cochlear implants and children with normal hearing. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 29(4), 195–210. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Snow, C.E
1977 The development of conversation between mothers and babies. Journal of Child Language, 111, 247–271.Google Scholar
Svirsky, M., Robbins, A., Kirk, K., Pisoni, D., & Miyamoto, R
(2000) Language development in profoundly deaf children with cochlear implants. Psychological Science, 111, 153–158. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Tamis-LeMonda, C.S., Bornstein, M.H., Baumwell, L., & Damast, A
(1996) Responsive parenting in the second year: Specific influences on children’s language and play. Early Development and Parenting, 51, 167–171. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
VanDam, M., Ambrose, S.E., & Moeller, M.P
(2012) Quantity of parental language in the home environments of hard-of-hearing 2-year-olds. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 17(4), 402–420. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Vanormelingen, L., De Maeyer, S., & Gillis, S
(2015) Interaction patterns of mothers of children with different degrees of hearing: Normally hearing children and congenitally hearing-impaired children with a cochlear implant. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 791, 520–526. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
van den Berg, R
(2012) Syllables inside out. A longitudinal study of the development of syllable types in toddlers acquiring Dutch: A comparison between hearing impaired chldren with a cochlear implant and normally hearing children. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Antwerp.Google Scholar
van den Dikkenberg- Pot, I., Koopmans-van Beinum, F.J., & Clement, C.J
(1998) Influence of lack of auditory speech perception on sound productions of deaf infants. Paper presented at the IFA Proceedings.
Van Severen, L
(2012) A large-scale longitudinal survey of consonant development in toddlers’ spontaneous speech. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Antwerp.Google Scholar
Vihman, M., & McCune, L
1994 When is a word a word? Journal of Child Language, 211, 517–542. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Verhaert, N., Willems, M., Van Kerschaver, E., & Desloovere, C
(2008) Impact of early hearing screening and treatment on language development and education level: Evaluation of 6 years of universal newborn hearing screening (ALGO) in Flanders, Belgium. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 72(5), 599–608. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Verhoeven, J., De Pauw, G., & Kloots, H
(2004) Speech rate in a pluricentric language: A comparison between Dutch in Belgium and the Netherlands. Language and Speech, 47(3), 297–308. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Weisleder, A., & Fernald, A
(2013) Talking to children matters: Early language experience strengthens processing and builds vocabulary. Psychological Science, 241, 2143–2152. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, F.J., Gilkerson, J., Richards, J.A., Christakis, D.A., Xu, D., Gray, S., & Yapanel, U
(2009) Teaching by listening: The importance of adult-child conversations to language development. Pediatrics, 124(1), 342–349. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 14 other publications

Abu-Zhaya, Rana, Maria V. Kondaurova, Derek Houston & Amanda Seidl
2019. Vocal and Tactile Input to Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62:7 ► pp. 2372 ff. Crossref logo
Boonen, Nathalie, Hanne Kloots & Steven Gillis
2020. Identificeerbaarheid van kinderen met een gehoorbeperking. Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics 9:1-2 ► pp. 1 ff. Crossref logo
Boonen, Nathalie, Hanne Kloots & Steven Gillis
2020. Rating the overall speech quality of hearing-impaired children by means of comparative judgements. Journal of Communication Disorders 83 ► pp. 105969 ff. Crossref logo
Boonen, Nathalie, Hanne Kloots, Jo Verhoeven & Steven Gillis
2019. Can listeners hear the difference between children with normal hearing and children with a hearing impairment?. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 33:4 ► pp. 316 ff. Crossref logo
Faes, Jolien, Joris Gillis & Steven Gillis
2017. The Effect of Word Frequency on Phonemic Accuracy in Children With Cochlear Implants and Peers With Typical Levels of Hearing. The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 22:3 ► pp. 290 ff. Crossref logo
Faes, Jolien & Steven Gillis
2019. Auditory brainstem implantation in children with hearing loss: Effect on speech production. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 119 ► pp. 103 ff. Crossref logo
Faes, Jolien & Steven Gillis
2019. Expressive Vocabulary Growth After Pediatric Auditory Brainstem Implantation in Two Cases' Spontaneous Productions: A Comparison With Children With Cochlear Implants and Typical Hearing. Frontiers in Pediatrics 7 Crossref logo
Faes, Jolien & Steven Gillis
2021. Consonant and vowel production in the spontaneous speech productions of children with auditory brainstem implants. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 35:12 ► pp. 1132 ff. Crossref logo
Gabouer, Allison, John Oghalai & Heather Bortfeld
2020. Parental Use of Multimodal Cues in the Initiation of Joint Attention as a Function of Child Hearing Status. Discourse Processes 57:5-6 ► pp. 491 ff. Crossref logo
Lovcevic, Irena, Denis Burnham & Marina Kalashnikova
2022. Language development in infants with hearing loss: Benefits of infant-directed speech. Infant Behavior and Development 67 ► pp. 101699 ff. Crossref logo
Lovcevic, Irena, Marina Kalashnikova & Denis Burnham
2020. Acoustic features of infant-directed speech to infants with hearing loss. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 148:6 ► pp. 3399 ff. Crossref logo
Odijk, Lotte & Steven Gillis
2021. Tailoring the Input to Children's Needs: The Use of Fine Lexical Tuning in Speech Directed to Normally Hearing Children and Children With Cochlear Implants. Frontiers in Psychology 12 Crossref logo
Pettinato, Michèle, Ilke De Clerck, Jo Verhoeven & Steven Gillis
2017. Expansion of Prosodic Abilities at the Transition From Babble to Words: A Comparison Between Children With Cochlear Implants and Normally Hearing Children. Ear & Hearing 38:4 ► pp. 475 ff. Crossref logo
Vanormelingen, Liesbeth, Jolien Faes & Steven Gillis
2020. Language development in children from different SES backgrounds. Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics 9:1-2 ► pp. 132 ff. Crossref logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 05 april 2022. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.