Article published In:
Language, Interaction and AcquisitionVol. 7:2 (2016) ► pp.145–179
A comparison of maternal and child language in normally-hearing and hearing-impaired children with cochlear implants
Liesbeth Vanormelingen | Computational Linguistic and Psycholinguistics Research Centre, University of Antwerp
The present study examines the amount of input and output in congenitally hearing-impaired children with a cochlear implant (CI) and normally-hearing children (NH) and their normally-hearing mothers. The aim of the study was threefold: (a) to investigate the input provided by the two groups of mothers, (b) to investigate the output of the two groups of children, and (c) to investigate the influence of the mothers’ input on child output and expressive vocabulary size. Mothers are less influenced by their children’s hearing status than the children are: CI children are more talkative and slower speakers. Mothers influenced their children on most parameters, but strikingly, it was not maternal talkativeness as such, but the number of maternal turns that is the best predictor of a child’s expressive vocabulary size.
References
Aubuchon, A.M., Pisoni, D.B., & Kronenberger, W.G
(2015) Verbal processing speed and executive functioning in long-term cochlear implant users. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 581, 151–162. 
Baayen, R.H., Davidson, D.J., & Bates, D.M
(2008) Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 591, 390–412.
Bergeson, T.R., Miller, R.J., & McCune, K
(2006) Mothers’ speech to hearing-impaired infants and children with cochlear implants. Infancy, 10(3), 221–240.
Bernstein Ratner, N
(1992) Measurable outcomes of instructions to modify normal parent-child verbal interactions: Implications for indirect stuttering therapy. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35(1), 14–20.
Boons, T., Brokx, J., Dhooge, I., Frijns, J., Peeraer, L., Vermeulen, A., Wouters, J., & van Wieringen, A
(2012) Predictors of spoken language development following pediatric cochlear implantation. Ear & Hearing, 33(5), 627–639.
Boons, T., De Raeve, L., Langereis, M., Peeraer, L., Wouters, J., & van Wieringen, A
(2013) Expressive vocabulary, morphology, syntax and narrative skills in profoundly deaf children after early cochlear implantation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 341, 2008–2022.
Bradham, T., & Jones, J
(2008) Cochlear implant candidacy in the United States: Prevalence in children 12 months to 6 years of age. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 721, 1023–1028.
Burkholder, R.A., & Pisoni, D.B
(2003) Speech timing and working memory in profoundly deaf children after cochlear implantation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 851, 63–88.
Caselli, C., Rinaldi, P., Varuzza, C., Giuliani, A., & Burdo, S
(2012) Cochlear implant in the second year of life: Lexical and grammatical outcomes. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 551, 382–394.
Clark, E.V
(2010) Adult offer, word-class, and child uptake in early lexical acquisition. First Language, 30(3−4), 250–269.
Clement, C.J
(2004) Development of vocalizations in deaf and normally hearing children. Unpublishd PhD dissertation. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Utrecht.
Clement, C.J., den Os, E.A., & Koopmans-van Beinum, F.J
(1994) The development of vocalizations of deaf and normally hearing infants. Proceedings of the Institute of Phonetic Science Amsterdam, 181, 65–76.
Colletti, V., Carner, M., Miorelli, V., Guida, M., Colletti, L., & Fiorino, F
(2005) Cochlear implantation at under 12 months: Report on 10 patients. The Laryngoscope, 1151, 445–449.
Coplan, J
(1995) Normal speech and language development: An overview. Pediatrics in Review, 161, 91–100.
Cosetti, M., & Waltzman, S.B
(2012) Outcomes in cochlear implantation: Variables affecting performance in adults and children. Otolaryngology Clinics North America, 45(1), 144–171.
De Raeve, L., & van Hardeveld, R
(2012) Prevalence of cochlear implants in Europe: what do we know and what can we expect? Journal of Hearing Science, 3(4), 9–16.
De Raeve, L., & Wouters, A
(2013) Accessibility to cochlear implants in Belgium: State of the art on selection, reimbursement, habilitation, and outcomes in children and adults. Cochlear Implant International, 141, S18–S25.
Duchesne, L., Sutton, A., & Bergeron, F
(2009) Language achievement in children who received cochlear implants between 1 and 2 years of age: Group trends and individual patterns. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 14(4), 465–485.
Fagan, M.K
(2009) Mean length of utterance before words and grammar: Longitudinal trends and developmental implications of infant vocalizations. Journal of Child Language, 36(3), 495–527.
Geers, A.E., & Nicholas, J.G
(2013) Enduring advantages of early cochlear implantation for spoken language development. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 561, 643–653.
Gifford, R.H
(2011) Who is a cochlear implant candidate? The Hearing Journal, 64(6), 16–22.
Guitar, B., & Marchinkoski, L
(2001) Influence of mothers’ slower speech on their children’s speech rate. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 441, 853–861.
Hart, B., & Risley, T.R
(1995) Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brooks.
(1999) The social world of learning to talk. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brooks.
Henning, A., Striano, T., & Lieven, E.V.M
(2005) Maternal speech to infants at 1 and 3 months of age. Infant Behavior and Development, 281, 519–536.
Hoff, E., & Naigles, L
(2002) How children use input to acquire a lexicon. Child Development, 731, 418–433.
Hox, J
(2008) Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications. Hove: Psychology Press.
Huttenlocher, J., Haight, W., Bryk, A., Seltzer, M., & Lyons, T
1991 Early vocabulary growth: relation to language input and gender. Development Psychology, 271, 236–248.
Iyer, S.N., & Oller, D.K
(2008) Prelinguistic vocal development in infants with typical hearing and infants with severe-to-profound hearing loss. The Volta Review, 1081, 115–138.
Kelly, E.M
(1994) Speech rates and turn-taking behaviors of children who stutter and their fathers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 371, 1284–1294.
Kondaurova, M.V., Bergeson, T.R., & Xu, H
(2013) Age-related changes in prosodic features of maternal speech to prelingually deaf infants with cochlear implants. Infancy, 18(5), 825–848.
Koopmans-van Beinum, F.J., Clement, C.J., & van den Dikkenberg-Pot, I
(2001) Babbling and the lack of auditory speech perception: A matter of coordination? Developmental Science, 4:11, 61–70.
Lederberg, A.R., & Everhart, V.S
(1998) Communication between deaf children and their hearing mothers: The role of language, gesture, and vocalizations. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 411, 887–899.
Long, D.J
(2012) Longitudinal data analysis for the behavioral sciences using R. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
MacWhinney, B
(2015) The CHILDES project: Tools for analyzing talk. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Moeller, M.P., Hoover, B., Putman, C., Arbataitis, K., Bohnenkamp, G., Peterson, B., Wood, S., Lewis, D., Pittman, A., & Stelmachowicz, P
(2007) Vocalizations of infants with hearing loss compared with infants with normal hearing: Part I – phonetic development. Ear & Hearing, 281, 605–627.
Molemans, I
(2011) Sounds like babbling. A longitudinal investigation of aspects of the prelexical speech repertoire in youn children acquiring Dutch: Normally hearing children and hearing-impaired children with a cochlear implant. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Antwerp.
Newport, E., Gleitman, H., & Gleitman, L
(1977) Mother, I’d rather do it myself: Some effects and non-effects of maternal speech style. In C. Snow & C. Ferguson (eds.), Talking to children: Language input and acquisiton (pp. 109–149). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nicholas, J.G., & Geers, A.E
(2007) Will they catch up? The role of age at cochlear implantation in the spoken language development of children with severe to profound hearing loss. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 501, 1048–1062.
Niparko, J.K., Tobey, E.A., Thal, D.J., Eisenberg, L.S., Wang, N.-Y., Quittner, A.L., & Fink, N.E
(2010) Spoken language development in children following cochlear implantation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 303(15), 1498–1506.
Oller, D.K., & Eilers, R.E
(1988) The role of audition in infant babbling. Child Development, 59(22), 441–449.
Oller, D.K., Eilers, R.E., Neal, A.R., & Cobo-Lewis, A.B
(1998) Late onset canonical babbling: A possible early marker of abnormal development. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 103(3), 249–263.
Pan, B.A., Rowe, M.L., Singer, J.D., & Snow, C.E
(2005) Maternal correlates of growth in toddler vocabulary production in low-income families. Child Development, 76(4), 763–782.
Pancsofar, N., & Vernon-Feagans, L
(2006) Mother and father language input to young children: contributions to later language development. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27(6), 571–587.
Pearson, B.Z., Fernandez, S.C., Lewedeg, V. & Oller, D.K
(1997) The relation of input factors to lexical learning by bilingual infants. Applied Psycholinguistics, 181, 41–58.
Pinheiro, J.C., & Bates, D.M
(2000) Mixed-effects models in S and S-plus. New York, NY: Springer.
Quené, H., & van den Bergh, H
(2004) On multi-level modeling of data from repeated measures designs: A tutorial. Speech Communication, 431, 103–121.
Quigley, J., & McNally, S
(2014) Maternal communcative styles in interaction with infant siblings of children with autism. Language, Interaction and Acquisition, 4(1), 51–69.
R Core Team
(2013) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from [URL]
Rowe, M.L
(2008) Child-directed speech: Relation to socioeconomic status, knowledge of child development and child vocabulary skill. Journal of Child Language, 351, 185–205.
Rowe, M.L., Raudenbush, S.W., & Goldin-Meadow, S
(2012) The pace of vocabulary growth helps predict later vocabulary skill. Child Development, 73(2), 508–525.
Ryalls, J., & Larouche, A
(1992) Acoustic integrity of speech production in children with moderate and severe hearing impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 351, 88–95.
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E.A., & Jefferson, G
(1974) A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Linguistic Society of America, 50(4, Part 1), 696–735.
Schauwers, K
(2006) Early speech and language development in deaf children with a cochlear implant: A longitudinal investigation. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Antwerp, Antwerp.
Schauwers, K., Gillis, S., Daemers, K., De Beukelaar, C., & Govaerts, P
(2004) Cochlear implantation between 5 and 20 months of age: The onset of babbling and the audiologic outcome. Otology and Neurology, 251, 263–270.
Schorr, E.A., Roth, F.P., & Fox, N.A
(2008) A comparison of the speech and language skills of chidlren with cochlear implants and children with normal hearing. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 29(4), 195–210.
Snow, C.E
1977 The development of conversation between mothers and babies. Journal of Child Language, 111, 247–271.
Svirsky, M., Robbins, A., Kirk, K., Pisoni, D., & Miyamoto, R
(2000) Language development in profoundly deaf children with cochlear implants. Psychological Science, 111, 153–158.
Tamis-LeMonda, C.S., Bornstein, M.H., Baumwell, L., & Damast, A
(1996) Responsive parenting in the second year: Specific influences on children’s language and play. Early Development and Parenting, 51, 167–171.
VanDam, M., Ambrose, S.E., & Moeller, M.P
(2012) Quantity of parental language in the home environments of hard-of-hearing 2-year-olds. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 17(4), 402–420.
Vanormelingen, L., De Maeyer, S., & Gillis, S
(2015) Interaction patterns of mothers of children with different degrees of hearing: Normally hearing children and congenitally hearing-impaired children with a cochlear implant. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 791, 520–526.
van den Berg, R
(2012) Syllables inside out. A longitudinal study of the development of syllable types in toddlers acquiring Dutch: A comparison between hearing impaired chldren with a cochlear implant and normally hearing children. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Antwerp.
van den Dikkenberg- Pot, I., Koopmans-van Beinum, F.J., & Clement, C.J
(1998) Influence of lack of auditory speech perception on sound productions of deaf infants. Paper presented at the IFA Proceedings.
Van Severen, L
(2012) A large-scale longitudinal survey of consonant development in toddlers’ spontaneous speech. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Antwerp.
Vihman, M., & McCune, L
1994 When is a word a word? Journal of Child Language, 211, 517–542.
Verhaert, N., Willems, M., Van Kerschaver, E., & Desloovere, C
(2008) Impact of early hearing screening and treatment on language development and education level: Evaluation of 6 years of universal newborn hearing screening (ALGO) in Flanders, Belgium. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 72(5), 599–608.
Verhoeven, J., De Pauw, G., & Kloots, H
(2004) Speech rate in a pluricentric language: A comparison between Dutch in Belgium and the Netherlands. Language and Speech, 47(3), 297–308.
Weisleder, A., & Fernald, A
(2013) Talking to children matters: Early language experience strengthens processing and builds vocabulary. Psychological Science, 241, 2143–2152.
Zimmerman, F.J., Gilkerson, J., Richards, J.A., Christakis, D.A., Xu, D., Gray, S., & Yapanel, U
(2009) Teaching by listening: The importance of adult-child conversations to language development. Pediatrics, 124(1), 342–349.
Cited by
Cited by 19 other publications
Abu-Zhaya, Rana, Maria V. Kondaurova, Derek Houston & Amanda Seidl
2019. Vocal and Tactile Input to Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62:7 ► pp. 2372 ff. 
Boonen, Nathalie, Hanne Kloots & Steven Gillis
2020. Rating the overall speech quality of hearing-impaired children by means of comparative judgements. Journal of Communication Disorders 83 ► pp. 105969 ff.
Boonen, Nathalie, Hanne Kloots & Steven Gillis
2020. Identificeerbaarheid van kinderen met een gehoorbeperking. Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics 9:1-2 ► pp. 1 ff.
Boonen, Nathalie, Hanne Kloots, Jo Verhoeven & Steven Gillis
2019. Can listeners hear the difference between children with normal hearing and children with a hearing impairment?. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 33:4 ► pp. 316 ff.
Faes, Jolien, Joris Gillis & Steven Gillis
2017. The Effect of Word Frequency on Phonemic Accuracy in Children With Cochlear Implants and Peers With Typical Levels of Hearing. The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 22:3 ► pp. 290 ff.
Faes, Jolien & Steven Gillis
2019. Auditory brainstem implantation in children with hearing loss: Effect on speech production. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 119 ► pp. 103 ff.
Faes, Jolien & Steven Gillis
2019. Expressive Vocabulary Growth After Pediatric Auditory Brainstem Implantation in Two Cases' Spontaneous Productions: A Comparison With Children With Cochlear Implants and Typical Hearing. Frontiers in Pediatrics 7
Faes, Jolien & Steven Gillis
2021. Consonant and vowel production in the spontaneous speech productions of children with auditory brainstem implants. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 35:12 ► pp. 1132 ff.
Gabouer, Allison, John Oghalai & Heather Bortfeld
2020. Parental Use of Multimodal Cues in the Initiation of Joint Attention as a Function of Child Hearing Status. Discourse Processes 57:5-6 ► pp. 491 ff.
Kondaurova, Maria V., Nicholas A. Smith, Qi Zheng, Jessa Reed & Mary K. Fagan
2020. Vocal Turn-Taking Between Mothers and Their Children With Cochlear Implants. Ear & Hearing 41:2 ► pp. 362 ff.
Kondaurova, Maria V., Mark VanDam, Qi Zheng & Bianca Welikson
2023. Fathers’ unmodulated prosody in child-directed speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154:6 ► pp. 3556 ff.
Kondaurova, Maria V., Qi Zheng, Mark VanDam & Kaelin Kinney
2022. Vocal Turn-Taking in Families With Children With and Without Hearing Loss. Ear & Hearing 43:3 ► pp. 883 ff.
Lovcevic, Irena, Denis Burnham & Marina Kalashnikova
2022. Language development in infants with hearing loss: Benefits of infant-directed speech. Infant Behavior and Development 67 ► pp. 101699 ff.
Lovcevic, Irena, Marina Kalashnikova & Denis Burnham
2020. Acoustic features of infant-directed speech to infants with hearing loss. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 148:6 ► pp. 3399 ff.
Odijk, Lotte & Steven Gillis
2021. Tailoring the Input to Children's Needs: The Use of Fine Lexical Tuning in Speech Directed to Normally Hearing Children and Children With Cochlear Implants. Frontiers in Psychology 12
Odijk, Lotte & Steven Gillis
2023. Children steer the inflectional diversity of their parents: The role of word births and growing vocabulary. First Language 43:5 ► pp. 539 ff.
Park, Heesun & Youngmee Lee
2023. Korean Mothers’ Speech to Young Children with Cochlear Implants in Parent-Child Interaction. Communication Sciences & Disorders 28:4 ► pp. 862 ff.
Pettinato, Michèle, Ilke De Clerck, Jo Verhoeven & Steven Gillis
2017. Expansion of Prosodic Abilities at the Transition From Babble to Words: A Comparison Between Children With Cochlear Implants and Normally Hearing Children. Ear & Hearing 38:4 ► pp. 475 ff.
Vanormelingen, Liesbeth, Jolien Faes & Steven Gillis
2020. Language development in children from different SES backgrounds. Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics 9:1-2 ► pp. 132 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 3 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.