Table of contents
AcknowledgmentsXII
Abbreviations and notationsXIII
Introduction1
1.What is considered in this book?—Phrasemes1
2.What are phrasemes described for?—In order to be properly used by a formal model3
3.How are phrasemes described in this book?—By proposing a rigorous notional system for phraseology4
4.Particularities of this book4
5.What one cannot find in this book7
Notes7
Chapter 1.Phraseology as a linguistic discipline9
1.What is phraseology?9
2.Importance of phraseology12
3.Reasons for the existence of phrasemes16
3.1Insufficiency of available signifiers16
3.2Preference for ready-made expressions17
3.3Looking for a higher expressivity17
4.The tasks of phraseology18
4.1A deductive notional system for phraseology19
4.2Lexicographic description of phrasemes21
Notes22
Chapter 2.The notion of phraseme23
1.Two notions underlying the notion of phraseme: Constrained selection and compositionality23
1.1Constrained selection23
1.1.1Simplifications adopted23
1.1.2The notion of constrained selection24
1.2Compositionality27
1.2.1The notion of compositionality27
1.2.2No partial compositionality!32
1.2.3Compositionality and lexemization32
1.2.4Semantic pivot of a phrase34
2.The notion of phraseme and the universal typology of phrasemes36
Notes38
Chapter 3.Lexemic phrasemes and their typology40
1.The notion of lexemic phraseme40
2.Typology of lexemic phrasemes41
2.1Introductory remarks41
2.2Semantic-lexemic phrasemes: Idioms and collocations42
2.3Conceptual-lexemic phrasemes: Nominemes and clichés43
3.Lexemic phrasemes and degenerate lexemes45
Notes47
Chapter 4.Idioms-1: The theory49
1.The notion of idiom50
1.1The definition50
1.2Properties of an idiom51
2.The three major classes of idioms64
2.1Strong idioms64
2.2Semantic pivot; Semi-idioms66
2.3Weak idioms67
2.4Pseudo-lexemic idioms = idiomatic compounds270
3.Three general problems concerning idioms70
3.1“Artistic” deformation of idioms in speech71
3.2Regular grammatical transformations of idioms in language71
3.3Breaking down, or dissolution, of idioms; quasi-unilexemes81
4.Lexicographic description of idioms84
Notes89
Chapter 5.Idioms-2: Lexicographic description of three Russian idioms92
1.The Russian Idiom ˹užas kakoj˺1 ‘extreme(ly)’93
1.1The problem stated93
1.2The lexical status of the phrase užas kakoj [X(Σ)]: An Idiom94
1.3The syntactic structure of the idiom ˹užas kakoj˺195
1.4Lexicographic description of the idioms ˹užas kakoj˺1 and ˹užas kak˺195
1.5Other Russian expressions including the noun užasii.1 ‘horrorii’97
2.The Russian idiom ˹čto za˺ ‘what kind of’103
2.1The problem stated103
2.2The lexical status of the expression čto za [x]? An idiom104
2.3The syntactic structure of the idiom ˹čto za˺1 [X]105
2.4Lexicographic description of the idioms ˹čto za˺1 and ˹čto za˺2106
3.The Russian idiom ˹anjutiny glazki˺ ‘pansies’108
3.1The problem stated108
3.2Lexicographic description of the idiom ˹anjutiny glazki˺109
Notes109
Chapter 6.Collocations112
1.The notion of collocation112
1.1A collocation and its components112
1.2Properties of a collocation113
2.Major families of collocations117
3.Overview of collocations119
3.1Semantically motivated collocations119
3.2Syntactically motivated collocations125
3.3Number of collocations in a language126
3.4Collocations in the deep-syntactic structure127
4.Lexicographic description of collocations129
4.1Lexicographic description of semantically motivated collocations129
4.2Lexicographic description of syntactically motivated collocations133
Notes136
Chapter 7.Nominemes137
Chapter 8.Clichés141
1.The notion of cliché141
2.Four major classes of clichés142
2.1Clichés with a specific concrete referent: Proper nicknames (or descriptive complex proper names)143
2.2Clichés with a generic concrete referent: Termemes145
2.3Clichés with a specific abstract referent: Routine formulas, or formulemes148
2.4Clichés with a generic abstract referent: Sentencemes (from Lat. sententia ‘saying, maxim’)152
3.Lexicographic description of clichés156
Notes158
Chapter 9.Pragmatemes159
1.The notion of pragmateme159
2.Special linguistic communication situations161
3.Pragmatemes and phrasemes162
4.Four major types of pragmatemes163
Chapter 10.Morphemic phrasemes166
1.The notion of morphemic phraseme166
2.Semantic-morphemic phrasemes169
2.1Morphemic idioms169
2.2Morphemic collocations175
3.Conceptual-morphemic phrasemes178
3.1Morphemic nominemes178
3.2Morphemic clichés179
4.The place of morphemic phrasemes in language181
Notes182
Chapter 11.Syntactic phrasemes184
1.Introductory remarks184
2.Typical Russian syntactic phrasemes (= syntactic idioms)187
3.Syntactic idioms191
3.1The notion of syntactic idiom191
3.2Distinguish and avoid confounding!193
3.3Fictitious lexemes195
3.4An illustrative list of Russian syntactic idioms199
4.Lexicographic description of syntactic idioms: Three lexical entries203
Notes206
Conclusions209
J. Becker’s List210
Appendix.Lexical functions215
1.Lexical functions: The notion and typology215
2.Simple standard lexical functions218
2.1Paradigmatic lexical functions218
2.2Syntagmatic lexical functions222
3.Non-Standard lexical functions227
References229
Definition index239
Notion and term index (with a glossary)245
Index of lexical expressions277
Language index282
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