Part of
Dimensions of L2 Performance and Proficiency: Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in SLAEdited by Alex Housen, Folkert Kuiken and Ineke Vedder
[Language Learning & Language Teaching 32] 2012
► pp. 21–46
Edited by Alex Housen, Folkert Kuiken and Ineke Vedder
[Language Learning & Language Teaching 32] 2012
► pp. 21–46
Defining and operationalising L2 complexity
This chapter takes a critical look at complexity in L2 research. We demonstrate several problems in the L2 literature in terms of how complexity has been defined and operationalised as a construct. In the first part of the chapter we try to unravel its highly complex, multidimensional nature by presenting a taxonomic model that identifies major types, dimensions and components of L2 complexity, each of which can be independently analysed or measured. The second part evaluates how complexity has been measured in empirical SLA research. Using the taxonomy of L2 complexity from part 1 as a framework, we inventory the measures of L2 complexity that have been used in a sample of forty recent L2 studies. Next we discuss the construct validity of several widely used measures of grammatical complexity by identifying their underlying logic as well as the methodological and practical challenges that their computation presents.
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2021. The effect of two feedback strategies on EFL writing quality from the perspective of syntactic complexity. CASALC Review 11:1 ► pp. 69 ff.
Qian, Leyi, Yan Cheng & Yali Zhao
2021. Use of Linguistic Complexity in Writing Among Chinese EFL Learners in High-Stakes Tests: Insights From a Corpus of TOEFL iBT. Frontiers in Psychology 12
Rahayu, Famala Eka Sanhadi
2021. Lexical Complexity of Students' Oral Performance on PechaKucha. PAROLE: Journal of Linguistics and Education 11:2 ► pp. 189 ff.
Révész, Andrea
2021. Methodological Approaches to Investigating Task-Based Language Teaching. In The Cambridge Handbook of Task-Based Language Teaching, ► pp. 605 ff.
Révész, Andrea
2021. Exploring task-based cognitive processes. TASK. Journal on Task-Based Language Teaching and Learning 1:2 ► pp. 266 ff.
Révész, Andrea
2023. Coding Second Language Data Validly and Reliably. In Current Approaches in Second Language Acquisition Research, ► pp. 257 ff.
Vandeweerd, Nathan, Alex Housen & Magali Paquot
2021. Applying phraseological complexity measures to L2 French. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 7:2 ► pp. 197 ff.
Vandeweerd, Nathan, Alex Housen & Magali Paquot
2023. Comparing the longitudinal development of phraseological complexity across oral and written tasks. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 45:4 ► pp. 787 ff.
Yu, Qiaona
2021. An Organic Syntactic Complexity Measure for the Chinese Language: The TC-Unit. Applied Linguistics 42:1 ► pp. 60 ff.
Zalbidea, Janire
2021. ON THE SCOPE OF OUTPUT IN SLA. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:1 ► pp. 50 ff.
Amelohina, Victoria, Florentina Nicolás-Conesa & Rosa M. Manchón
2020. Chapter 7. Effects of task repetition with the aid of direct and indirect written corrective feedback. In Writing and Language Learning [Language Learning & Language Teaching, 56], ► pp. 145 ff.
Bi, Peng
2020. Revisiting genre effects on linguistic features of L2 writing: A usage‐based perspective. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 30:3 ► pp. 429 ff.
Cao, Ruochen, James Walsh, Andrew Cunningham, Mark Kohler, Ross T. Smith & Bruce H. Thomas
2020. Examining Computer–Supported 3D Event Recreation for Enhancing Cognitive Load, Memorability, and Engagement. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 4:3 ► pp. 37 ff.
Cisneros Estupiñán, Mireya, Giohanny Olave Arias & María Alicia Serna Pinto
2020. Un estudio lexicométrico a la escritura de los aspirantes a un postgrado en lingüística. Lingüística y Literatura 41:77 ► pp. 32 ff.
Collentine, Karina & Joseph Collentine
2020. Chapter 3. A corpus analysis of the structural elaboration of Spanish heritage language learners. In Variation and Evolution [Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 29], ► pp. 56 ff.
Dutra, Deise P., Jessica M.S. Queiroz, Luciana D. de Macedo, Danilo D. Costa & Elisa Mattos
2020. Adjectives as nominal pre-modifiers in chemistry and applied linguistics research articles. In Advances in Corpus-based Research on Academic Writing [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 95], ► pp. 206 ff.
EGUCHI, MASAKI & KRISTOPHER KYLE
2020. Continuing to Explore the Multidimensional Nature of Lexical Sophistication: The Case of Oral Proficiency Interviews. The Modern Language Journal 104:2 ► pp. 381 ff.
Goutéraux, Pascale
2020. Appropriation de formes syntaxiques complexes à l’oral : constats et propositions. Linx :81
Ivaska, Ilmari & Silvia Bernardini
2020. Constrained language use in Finnish: A corpus-driven approach. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 43:1 ► pp. 33 ff.
Khushik, Ghulam Abbas & Ari Huhta
2020. Investigating Syntactic Complexity in EFL Learners' Writing across Common European Framework of Reference Levels A1, A2, and B1. Applied Linguistics 41:4 ► pp. 506 ff.
Khushik, Ghulam Abbas & Ari Huhta
2022. Syntactic complexity in Finnish-background EFL learners’ writing at CEFR levels A1–B2. European Journal of Applied Linguistics 10:1 ► pp. 142 ff.
Ochoa Sierra , Ligia & Alberto Cueva Lobelle
2020. COMPLEJIDAD LINGÜÍSTICA: REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA. Signo y Pensamiento 39:77
PARK, HAE IN, MEGAN SOLON, CARLY HENDERSON & MARZIEH DEHGHAN–CHALESHTORI
2020. The Roles of Working Memory and Oral Language Abilities in Elicited Imitation Performance. The Modern Language Journal 104:1 ► pp. 133 ff.
Polat, Nihat, Laura Mahalingappa & Rae L Mancilla
2020. Longitudinal Growth Trajectories of Written Syntactic Complexity: The Case of Turkish Learners in an Intensive English Program. Applied Linguistics 41:5 ► pp. 688 ff.
Rosmawati, R.
2020. Chapter 5. Profiling the dynamic changes of syntactic complexity in L2 academic writing. In Complex Dynamic Systems Theory and L2 Writing Development [Language Learning & Language Teaching, 54], ► pp. 109 ff.
Shahmirzadi, Niloufar
2020. CAF Profiles of Iranian Writers: What We Learn from Them and Their Limitations. In The Assessment of L2 Written English across the MENA Region, ► pp. 93 ff.
Sun, He, Weimin Toh & Rasmus Steinkrauss
2020. Instructional strategies and linguistic features of kindergarten teachers’ shared book reading: The case of Singapore. Applied Psycholinguistics 41:2 ► pp. 427 ff.
Sun, Peijian Paul
2020. Speech Competence and Speech Performance: A Literature Review. In Chinese as a Second Language Multilinguals’ Speech Competence and Speech Performance, ► pp. 31 ff.
Sánchez, Alberto J., Rosa M. Manchón & Roger Gilabert
2020. Chapter 6. The effects of task repetition across modalities and proficiency levels. In Writing and Language Learning [Language Learning & Language Teaching, 56], ► pp. 121 ff.
Wang, Yu & Shoucun Tao
2020. Chapter 3. The dynamic co-development of linguistic and discourse-semantic complexity in advanced L2 writing. In Complex Dynamic Systems Theory and L2 Writing Development [Language Learning & Language Teaching, 54], ► pp. 49 ff.
Zalbidea, Janire & Cristina Sanz
2020. Does learner cognition count on modality? Working memory and L2 morphosyntactic achievement across oral and written tasks. Applied Psycholinguistics 41:5 ► pp. 1171 ff.
Agebjörn, Anders
2019. Chapter 7. Grammatical accuracy and complexity in a speaking proficiency test. In Teachability and Learnability across Languages [Processability Approaches to Language Acquisition Research & Teaching, 6], ► pp. 137 ff.
Asgari, Majid & Sakineh Jafari
2019. The effect of task modality and discourse mode on EFL learners’ narrative task performance. Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics 8:2 ► pp. 270 ff.
Brezina, Vaclav & Gabriele Pallotti
2019. Morphological complexity in written L2 texts. Second Language Research 35:1 ► pp. 99 ff.
Cisneros Estupiñan, Mireya & Giohanny Olave Arias
2019. El léxico disciplinar en la educación universitaria.. Panorama Económico 27:1 ► pp. 249 ff.
Ehret, Katharina & Benedikt Szmrecsanyi
2019. Compressing learner language: An information-theoretic measure of complexity in SLA production data. Second Language Research 35:1 ► pp. 23 ff.
Fogal, Gary G. & Richard S. Pinner
2019. Exploring Literary Texts as a Tool for Developing L2 Oral Proficiency. In Literature, Spoken Language and Speaking Skills in Second Language Learning, ► pp. 202 ff.
Gilquin, Gaëtanelle
2019. Light verb constructions in spoken L2 English. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 5:2 ► pp. 181 ff.
Granena, Gisela
2019. COGNITIVE APTITUDES AND L2 SPEAKING PROFICIENCY. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 41:2 ► pp. 313 ff.
Housen, Alex, Bastien De Clercq, Folkert Kuiken & Ineke Vedder
2019. Multiple approaches to complexity in second language research. Second Language Research 35:1 ► pp. 3 ff.
Kuiken, Folkert & Ineke Vedder
2019. Syntactic complexity across proficiency and languages: L2 and L1 writing in Dutch, Italian and Spanish. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 29:2 ► pp. 192 ff.
Kuiken, Folkert & Ineke Vedder
2022. Chapter 14. Speaking. In Instructed Second Language Acquisition Research Methods [Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 3], ► pp. 329 ff.
Kuiken, Folkert & Ineke Vedder
2022. Measurement of functional adequacy in different learning contexts. TASK. Journal on Task-Based Language Teaching and Learning 2:1 ► pp. 8 ff.
Kuiken, Folkert, Ineke Vedder, Alex Housen & Bastien De Clercq
2019. Variation in syntactic complexity: Introduction. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 29:2 ► pp. 161 ff.
Mavrou, Irini & María Cecilia Ainciburu
2019. Medidas de longitud en la investigación empírica de
ASL. Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 32:1 ► pp. 125 ff.
Palfreyman, David M. & Suha Karaki
2019. Lexical sophistication across languages: a preliminary study of undergraduate writing in Arabic (L1) and English (L2). International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 22:8 ► pp. 992 ff.
Paquot, Magali
2019. The phraseological dimension in interlanguage complexity research. Second Language Research 35:1 ► pp. 121 ff.
Pérez-Paredes, Pascual & María Belén Díez-Bedmar
2019. Researching learner language through POS keyword and syntactic complexity analyses. In Learner Corpora and Language Teaching [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 92], ► pp. 101 ff.
Vercellotti, Mary Lou
2019. Finding variation: assessing the development of syntactic complexity in ESL Speech. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 29:2 ► pp. 233 ff.
Wang, Liping & Lawrence Jun Zhang
2019. Chapter 8. Peter Skehan’s influence in research on task difficulty. In Researching L2 Task Performance and Pedagogy [Task-Based Language Teaching, 13], ► pp. 183 ff.
Wulff, Stefanie & Stefan Th. Gries
2019. Particle Placement in Learner Language. Language Learning 69:4 ► pp. 873 ff.
Zareva, Alla
2019. Lexical complexity of academic presentations. Journal of Second Language Studies 2:1 ► pp. 71 ff.
Zareva, Alla
2019. Providing feedback on the lexical use of ESP students’ academic presentations: teacher training considerations. In ESP teaching and teacher education: current theories and practices, ► pp. 63 ff.
Zareva, Alla
2020. Lexical Profiles of Student Academic Presentations. In Speech Accommodation in Student Presentations, ► pp. 41 ff.
Barrot, Jessie S.
2018. Using the Sociocognitive-Transformative Approach in Writing Classrooms: Effects on L2 Learners’ Writing Performance. Reading & Writing Quarterly 34:2 ► pp. 187 ff.
Bernstein, Katie A.
2018. The Perks of Being Peripheral: English Learning and Participation in a Preschool Classroom Network of Practice. TESOL Quarterly 52:4 ► pp. 798 ff.
Bulté, Bram & Alex Housen
2018. Syntactic complexity in L2 writing: Individual pathways and emerging group trends. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 28:1 ► pp. 147 ff.
Bulté, Bram & Alex Housen
2020. Chapter 9. A critical appraisal of the CDST approach to investigating linguistic complexity in L2 writing development. In Complex Dynamic Systems Theory and L2 Writing Development [Language Learning & Language Teaching, 54], ► pp. 207 ff.
Byrnes, Heidi
2018. Advanced‐Level Grammatical Development in Instructed SLA. In The Handbook of Advanced Proficiency in Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 131 ff.
Heine, Lena, Madeleine Domenech, Lisa Otto, Astrid Neumann, Michael Krelle, Dominik Leiss, Dietmar Höttecke, Timo Ehmke & Knut Schwippert
2018. Modellierung sprachlicher Anforderungen in Testaufgaben verschiedener Unterrichtsfächer: Theoretische und empirische Grundlagen. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik 2018:69 ► pp. 69 ff.
Kreyer, Rolf & Steffen Schaub
2018. The development of phrasal complexity in German intermediate learners of English. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 4:1 ► pp. 82 ff.
KYLE, KRISTOPHER & SCOTT A. CROSSLEY
2018. Measuring Syntactic Complexity in L2 Writing Using Fine‐Grained Clausal and Phrasal Indices. The Modern Language Journal 102:2 ► pp. 333 ff.
Polio, Charlene & Hyung‐Jo Yoon
2018. The reliability and validity of automated tools for examining variation in syntactic complexity across genres. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 28:1 ► pp. 165 ff.
Wijers, Martje
2018. The Role of Variation in L2 Syntactic Complexity: A Case Study on Subordinate Clauses in Swedish as a Foreign Language. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 41:1 ► pp. 75 ff.
YOW, W. QUIN, JESSICA S. H. TAN & SUZANNE FLYNN
2018. Code-switching as a marker of linguistic competence in bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21:5 ► pp. 1075 ff.
Abrams, Zsuzsanna & David R. Byrd
2017. The effects of meaning-focused pre-tasks on beginning-level L2 writing in German: An exploratory study. Language Teaching Research 21:4 ► pp. 434 ff.
De Clercq, Bastien & Alex Housen
2017. A Cross‐Linguistic Perspective on Syntactic Complexity in L2 Development: Syntactic Elaboration and Diversity. The Modern Language Journal 101:2 ► pp. 315 ff.
De Clercq, Bastien & Alex Housen
2019. The development of morphological complexity: A cross-linguistic study of L2 French and English. Second Language Research 35:1 ► pp. 71 ff.
Fortune, Tara W. & Zhongkui Ju
2017. Assessing and Exploring the Oral Proficiency of Young Mandarin Immersion Learners. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 37 ► pp. 264 ff.
Kim, Hyunah
2017. 재미 한국어 계승어 학습자 작문에 나타난 통사 복잡성: Syntactic complexity in the writing of Korean heritage learners in the United States. The Korean Language in America 21:2 ► pp. 186 ff.
Kyle, Kristopher & Scott Crossley
2017. Assessing syntactic sophistication in L2 writing: A usage-based approach. Language Testing 34:4 ► pp. 513 ff.
Neary‐Sundquist, Colleen A.
2017. Syntactic complexity at multiple proficiency levels of L2 German speech. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 27:1 ► pp. 242 ff.
Révész, Andrea, Nektaria‐Efstathia Kourtali & Diana Mazgutova
2017. Effects of Task Complexity on L2 Writing Behaviors and Linguistic Complexity. Language Learning 67:1 ► pp. 208 ff.
Tragant, Elsa, Raquel Serrano & Àngels Llanes
2017. Learning English during the summer: A comparison of two domestic programs for pre-adolescents. Language Teaching Research 21:5 ► pp. 546 ff.
Vasylets, Olena, Roger Gilabert & Rosa M. Manchón
2017. The Effects of Mode and Task Complexity on Second Language Production. Language Learning 67:2 ► pp. 394 ff.
Ellis, Nick C.
2016. SALIENCE, COGNITION, LANGUAGE COMPLEXITY, AND COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 38:2 ► pp. 341 ff.
Ellis, Nick C.
2017. Cognition, Corpora, and Computing: Triangulating Research in Usage‐Based Language Learning. Language Learning 67:S1 ► pp. 40 ff.
Housen, Alex & Hannelore Simoens
2016. INTRODUCTION: COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVES ON DIFFICULTY AND COMPLEXITY IN L2 ACQUISITION. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 38:2 ► pp. 163 ff.
Lahmann, Cornelia, Rasmus Steinkrauss & Monika S. Schmid
2016. Factors Affecting Grammatical and Lexical Complexity of Long‐Term L2 Speakers’ Oral Proficiency. Language Learning 66:2 ► pp. 354 ff.
Lahmann, Cornelia, Rasmus Steinkrauss & Monika S. Schmid
2019. Measuring linguistic complexity in long‐term L2 speakers of English and L1 attriters of German. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 29:2 ► pp. 173 ff.
Morton, Tom
2016. Commentary on Young Dissertation Summary. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education 4:2 ► pp. 274 ff.
Murakami, Akira & Theodora Alexopoulou
2016. L1 INFLUENCE ON THE ACQUISITION ORDER OF ENGLISH GRAMMATICAL MORPHEMES. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 38:3 ► pp. 365 ff.
Plonsky, Luke & YouJin Kim
2016. Task-Based Learner Production: A Substantive and Methodological Review. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 36 ► pp. 73 ff.
Tagarelli, Kaitlyn M., Simón Ruiz, José Luis Moreno Vega & Patrick Rebuschat
2016. VARIABILITY IN SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 38:2 ► pp. 293 ff.
Yalçın, Şebnem & Nina Spada
2016. LANGUAGE APTITUDE AND GRAMMATICAL DIFFICULTY. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 38:2 ► pp. 239 ff.
Bartning, Inge, Klara Arvidsson & Fanny Forsberg Lundell
2015. Complexity at the phrasal level in spoken L1 and very advanced L2 French. Language, Interaction and Acquisition 6:2 ► pp. 181 ff.
Baten, Kristof & Gisela Håkansson
2015. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN GERMAN AND SWEDISH AS L2S. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 37:3 ► pp. 517 ff.
Chan, HuiPing, Marjolijn Verspoor & Louisa Vahtrick
2015. Dynamic Development in Speaking Versus Writing in Identical Twins. Language Learning 65:2 ► pp. 298 ff.
Daroczy, Gabriella, Magdalena Wolska, Walt Detmar Meurers & Hans-Christoph Nuerk
2015. Word problems: a review of linguistic and numerical factors contributing to their difficulty. Frontiers in Psychology 06
Gené-Gil, Maria, Maria Juan-Garau & Joana Salazar-Noguera
2015. Development of EFL writing over three years in secondary education: CLIL and non-CLIL settings. The Language Learning Journal 43:3 ► pp. 286 ff.
Pallotti, Gabriele
2015. A simple view of linguistic complexity. Second Language Research 31:1 ► pp. 117 ff.
Sadri Mirdamadi, Farhad & Nivja H. De Jong
2015. The effect of syntactic complexity on fluency: Comparing actives and passives in L1 and L2 speech. Second Language Research 31:1 ► pp. 105 ff.
Housen, Alex
2014. Difficulty and Complexity of Language Features and Second Language Instruction. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff.
Housen, Alex
2021. Difficulty and Complexity of Language Features and Second Language Instruction. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff.
Lintunen, Pekka & Mari Mäkilä
2014. Measuring Syntactic Complexity in Spoken and Written Learner Language: Comparing the Incomparable?. Research in Language 12:4 ► pp. 377 ff.
Pérez-Vidal, Carmen & Elisa Barquin
2014. Chapter 9. Comparing progress in academic writing after formal instruction and study abroad. In Language Acquisition in Study Abroad and Formal Instruction Contexts [AILA Applied Linguistics Series, 13], ► pp. 217 ff.
Michel, Marije C.
2013. The Use of Conjunctions in Cognitively Simple Versus Complex Oral L2 Tasks. The Modern Language Journal 97:1 ► pp. 178 ff.
VYATKINA, NINA
2012. The Development of Second Language Writing Complexity in Groups and Individuals: A Longitudinal Learner Corpus Study. The Modern Language Journal 96:4 ► pp. 576 ff.
VYATKINA, NINA
2013. Specific Syntactic Complexity: Developmental Profiling of Individuals Based on an Annotated Learner Corpus. The Modern Language Journal 97:S1 ► pp. 11 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 24 october 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.