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Part of
Assessing L2 Listening: Moving towards authenticity
Gary J. Ockey and Elvis Wagner
[
Language Learning & Language Teaching
50] 2018
◄
previous
Index
A
accent
7, 22, 69–70 , 73, 76–77 , 81, 83–88 , 90–95 , 97–112 , 114–116 , 118–125 , 249–250 , 252, 254
familiarity
73–74 ; , 98, 100–101 ; , 112, 113, 249
see also
unfamiliar accent
accentedness
7, 70, 114–116 , 118–120 , 123–125 , 250
adaptation
7, 75, 97–98 , 103, 109–111
alpha level
36, 119–120 , 214
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
117–119 , 197–198 , 200
Aptis
147, 208
articulation rate
27, 70–71 , 117, 121–122 , 209, 216–218 , 252
AS unit
209–212
assimilation
15–16 , 23, 45
audio–only texts
129, 131–138 , 140–144 , 159, 161, 163, 173–175 , 250
audio-visual texts
2, 7, 129–134 , 137–144 , 247, 250–251
auditory
7, 130, 145, 157
authentic tasks
9, 67, 179
authenticated spoken texts
6, 29–41
authenticity
1–5 , 7, 10, 25, 32, 35–37 , 40–42 , 60, 83, 95, 130, 206, 247–249 , 254–255
of interaction
224
B
backchannels
18, 33–34 , 37, 39–40
Bayesian Network
9, 228–231 , 234, 244–245 , 253
between-item multidimensional model
234, 236–237 , 240, 242
body language
132, 134, 159, 183, 195
Bonferroni adjustments
36, 119, 209
C
Cambridge General English examinations
71, 208
ceiling effect
70, 75, 198
cognitive validity
23, 213, 218
colloquial listening
17, 22–23 , 33–34 , 37–38 , 56–58 , 60–61 , 248
Common European Framework of References (CEFR)
30, 101, 183, 205, 213
communicative competence
2, 15, 26, 144, 184, 248, 253–254 , 256
communicative language teaching (CLT)
2, 254
comparative fit index (CFI)
54–55 , 57–58
comprehensibility
7, 68–72 , 78–79 , 83, 86, 114–116 , 118–125 , 250
comprehension
1–2 , 6–7 , 9, 13, 16, 19–24 , 26, 31, 38–39 , 45, 47–48 , 61, 70–77 , 79–81 , 83, 85, 99, 101, 105, 107, 109–111 , 113–114 , 125–126 , 129, 131–132 , 135–136 , 139–141 , 145, 152–154 , 157, 161–162 , 173–174 , 180–185 , 187–192 , 196–197 , 201–203 , 209–210 , 216, 227, 229–232 , 235, 243, 245, 251
Concentric Circles Model
125
connected speech
6, 15–17 , 20, 22–27 , 31, 33–34 , 37–41 , 45–47 , 59–62 , 135, 248
narrative dictation (CSN)
47, 49–61 ;
see also
conversation connected-speech dictation
consonant clusters
99, 117
construct
1, 3, 6, 8, 14, 24, 26–27 , 29, 38–40 , 42, 50–51 , 53, 59, 61, 80–81 , 93, 97, 111, 129–131 , 134, 139, 143–144 , 158–159 , 161–162 , 166, 173–175 , 179, 181–185 , 187–190 , 192, 202–204 , 225, 229, 247–250 , 252–253 , 255–256
irrelevant variance
27, 131, 143, 158, 247–248 , 250, 253
of L2 listening
24, 29, 129–131 , 143, 158, 247–249 , 255
underrepresentation
24, 40, 131, 134, 158–159 , 247–249
validity
3, 14, 24, 27, 29, 42, 130–131 , 143, 174, 247–249
context visuals
133–138
continuum of spoken texts
13–14 , 24, 129
conversation connected-speech dictation
6, 46–53 , 55–56 , 58–60 , 62, 75
cued retrospective reporting
8, 145, 147, 156, 159–160
D
deletion
15, 45, 117, 121–122
DELTA (Diagnostic English Language Tracking Assessment)
98, 100, 112
difficulty (listening)
98–99 , 104–105 , 209, 213
discourse patterns (discursive)
18–19 , 25
E
ecological validity
113, 125, 144, 249, 252
effect size
36, 38–39 , 136–137 , 170, 198, 201
EIKEN
22–23 , 25
elision
16, 23, 117
English as a Lingua Franca (ELF)
67, 97, 111
English as an International Language (EIL)
113
see also
World Englishes
enunciation
15–16 , 62
epenthesis
117
eta-square
35, 198, 200–201
examiner intervention
9, 205, 206, 208–213 , 215, 218–219 , 223, 224, 252
expanding circle
114, 118–119 , 123, 125
explicit items
131, 132, 167, 169, 172–175 , 251
eye tracking
8, 141–142 , 146–147 , 156, 159–160 , 251
F
FACETS
88–90 , 166, 169, 171, 198
facial expressions
132, 134–135 , 163, 170, 173
false starts
18–20 , 23, 27, 31, 33–34 , 41
filled pauses
19–20 , 22–23 , 33–34 , 37, 39–40 , 71, 117
flap
117, 122
fluency
19, 116, 184–185 , 188–189 , 191, 194–196 , 248
formal academic listening
56–58 , 60
four skills paradigm
179–182 , 191–192
functional load
71, 117, 121–122 , 124–125
G
GEPT
22, 25, 31, 34
gestures
132, 134, 141, 149–152 , 156–157 , 159, 163, 170, 251
Goodness-of-fit index (GFI)
54–55 , 57–58
graded Examinations in Spoken English (GESE)
205–207 , 211
group oral (discussion task)
179, 182–183 , 188–189 , 193–194 , 197, 199–200 , 202
H
hesitation phenomena
15, 18–27 , 39–41
high-stakes tests
5, 6, 21–26 , 45–47 , 72, 79, 84, 86, 113–115 , 133, 144, 175, 199, 248, 255–256
holistic rating scale
32, 186, 188, 205, 232
homogeneity of variance
118–120 , 200
I
IELTS
22, 74, 79, 99, 101, 133, 182, 189–190
implicit information
131–132 , 251
Implicit items
132, 167, 170–175 , 251
independent tasks
179–181 , 185–187 , 196, 202–203 , 232
inference
132, 163
infit
88, 91–94 , 167–169 , 172
informational density
205, 209, 212, 224
Inner Circle
113–114 , 119, 123, 125
insertion
45, 117
integrated task
185–186
intelligibility
7, 69–70 , 75, 98–100 , 103, 105, 110, 112
interaction
9, 18, 73, 138, 146, 166, 171–172 , 182–184 , 198, 200–201 , 205–208 , 211, 219, 223–224 , 227–230 , 244–245 , 252
interactional competence
180, 184, 188, 191–192 , 194, 202
interactive listening
77, 179, 183, 205
interactive task
179, 181, 190, 207
interviews
9, 103, 185, 207, 224
intonation
7, 45, 68, 116–117 , 124, 185
item difficulty
48, 58, 132, 161, 166, 175, 230
item fit
50, 58, 167–168
item preview
165
item response theory
229
item types
8, 78, 115, 133, 161–164 , 172–175 , 189, 250–251
K
Kruskal-Wallis H
118, 120
kurtosis
162, 198–200
L
language function
46, 209, 218–222 , 224
latent variable
46, 50, 55, 56, 58, 59, 229–230
Levene’s test
120, 200
lexical density
209, 212–213 , 252
likert scale
23, 69, 76, 78, 79, 100
lingua franca
67–68 , 72, 97, 99, 118
linking
15, 45, 186, 202, 205, 231
lip movements
134–135
listening comprehension
2, 6–7 ; , 9, 13, 16, 21–24 ; , 26, 31, 38, 70–74 ; , 77, 81, 83, 113–114 ; , 125–126 ; , 129, 131, 136, 139, 145, 157, 161–162 ; , 173–174 ; , 181–185 ; , 187–192 ; , 196, 201, 203, 209–210 ; , 243
see also
colloquial listening
listening demands
9, 97, 205–206 , 209, 224
listen-speak tasks
9, 186, 188, 202–203 , 227
local speech variety
69, 77, 84, 86, 92
LS Inhibitor model
230–237 , 240–245
M
Many Facet Rasch Measurement (MFRM)
88–91 , 165–166 , 169
mean length of filled pauses
71
measurement model
9, 227–228 , 230, 234, 243–244 , 253
MELAB
22
Moodle
147, 164
multiple-choice (MC)
3, 50, 59, 61, 72, 76, 98, 161, 163, 165, 173
multiple regression
121–122
N
negotiation of meaning
179
non-compensatory interaction
229
nonverbal
2, 8–9 , 129–132 , 134–136 , 138–139 , 142–145 , 158–159 , 161–163 , 170, 173–175 , 183, 251, 255–256
communication
8, 161
cues
163, 175, 251
note-taking
137, 141–142 , 153–155 , 157–158
O
one-on-one oral interview
181, 183, 187
oral presentation task
195, 198
order effect
115, 197
Outer Circle
114, 118–119
outfit
91–94 , 167–169 , 172
overfitting
50–51
P
Pearson Test of English (PTE)
22, 133–134
perceptions
37, 41, 101, 115, 125, 143, 157, 160, 209, 251
phonation-time ratio
71
phonetics
102, 106, 115, 217
phonology
115, 123, 191
pitch range
70, 117, 121–123
posterior distribution
235–236
post-hoc analyses
119–120
pragmatic intentions
222
principle components analysis (PCA)
48, 55–56 , 59
prior distribution
235
proficiency level
30, 75, 112, 187, 206, 210, 223–224 , 252
prominent syllables
117, 121–122 , 124
prompt
103, 112, 159, 166, 179–180 , 189, 193, 196, 209, 216
pronunciation
7, 32, 35–37 , 40–41 , 43, 56, 62, 68–69 , 72, 79, 85–86 , 98–100 , 103, 105–106 , 108, 112, 114, 125, 153, 184–185 , 188–189 , 194–196 , 250
prosody
99–100
R
Rasch analysis
48, 50, 58
Rasch measurement
48, 50, 58, 88, 161, 165, 167, 198, 251
Rasch vertical rulers
52
Rating Scale model
88
real-world language
2, 5–6 , 13–28 , 29–43 , 62, 97, 247, 249, 254, 255, 256
reliability
5, 7, 10, 34, 36, 42, 51, 80, 83–84 , 91–94 , 116, 139, 149, 167, 172, 188–189 , 206, 224, 253–255
retrospective verbal report
101–102 , 142, 251
root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)
54–55 , 57–58 , 167
S
scripted texts
5, 14–15 , 21–22 , 27, 29, 32, 37–39 , 42, 248
segmentals
68, 70, 71, 79, 116, 117, 121, 124, 125
segmentation
105–106 , 110, 217
semi-scripted texts
5, 13, 21, 27
sentence repeat task
181
shared L1 effect
73, 76, 80
silent (unfilled) pauses
19, 20, 22, 27, 33, 34, 70, 116, 121–122 , 217
skewness
162, 198–200
socio-cognitive framework
208
speech community
68–70 , 77, 79, 92
speech rate
20, 22–23 , 27, 32–41 , 71, 115–117 , 123–124 , 208, 216
speech variety
6, 67, 69, 71–81 , 83–86 , 90–92 , 94, 113–114
spoken (oral) grammar
14, 17, 24, 25
stakeholders
68, 78–81 , 175, 192, 255
Standard American English
71, 117
standard speech variety
81, 84, 90–92 , 94
standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)
54–55 , 57–58
stimulated recall
101–104
strategies
7, 97–98 , 100–101 , 107, 110–111 , 180, 183–186 , 202, 245, 250
strength of Accent Scale
77, 84–88 , 90, 92–95
stress (lexical and sentence-level)
16, 116, 117, 121, 122, 124, 125
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
48, 53
suprasegmental features
68, 71, 72, 79, 106
syntactic complexity
209–211 , 252
T
target language use (TLU) domain
26–27 , 29, 134, 139, 143–144 , 158–159 , 248–253 , 255
technology
1, 8, 141–143 , 147, 159–160 , 247, 251
temporal
68, 70
test items
42, 132, 136, 147, 161, 186
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
22, 48, 74, 86, 115–117 , 126, 132–135 , 146, 162, 180, 186, 188, 194, 196–199 , 201–203 , 228, 232–233 , 235, 240, 243–245 , 253
ITP
162
test taker affect
129, 143–144
textbook texts
16–21 , 24, 26
TextInspector
210, 212, 217
textual
149–151 , 153–154 , 156, 251
threshold listening ability
9, 190, 230–231 , 240
tone choices
117, 122–123
tone unit
117
turn-taking
8, 18, 183
two-parameter logistic (2PL) model
230
U
underfitting
50–51
unidimensional model
234, 240–242
unidimensionality
50, 88, 167
unfamiliar accent
7, 80, 97–99 , 104–105 , 107, 109–112 , 114, 250
University Test of English as a Second Language (UTESL)
78
unscripted texts
13–14 , 18, 41
unscripted spoken language
19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 37, 40, 248
V
validity argument
14, 113
variation (in examiner interventions)
210, 212, 218
video listening tests
135, 140–142 ; , 173
see also
video-mediated listening
video production
175
video-mediated listening
8, 145, 162, 174, 251
viewing rate
140, 142
visual contextual information
135
visual cues
8, 130, 132, 161–162 , 174, 251
W
washback
13, 24–27 , 192, 255–256
word recognition
105, 106, 110
World Englishes
7, 113–114 , 116, 118, 123, 126