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Cameroon Pidgin English: A comprehensive grammar
Miriam Ayafor and Melanie Green
[London Oriental and African Language Library 20] 2017
► pp. 309–314

Index

A

  • Accessibility Hierarchy 233, 239
  • acrolect 6, 21–22, 23
    • information structure 252
    • lexicon 76–77
    • phonetics and phonology 33–34, 35
    • syntax 94, 149, 164, 171, 172, 191, 202–203, 220, 222, 232
  • adjectives 63–66, 94–95
  • adstrate influence 59–61
  • adverbial clauses 168–170, 190, 229–232, 239–240, 246, 251–252, 256
  • adverbs 66–7, 122–123
  • African languages see West African languages
  • African Union 28
  • Afro-Asiatic languages 14
  • Aikhenveld, Alexandra 64, 197
  • alignment 161–163
  • Ammann, Andreas 144
  • Anchimbe, Eric A. 4, 20, 28
  • animacy 8, 104, 110–111, 127–128
  • anterior tense marker 134, 137–138
  • areal features (language typology) 2, 195, 219, 225, 234
  • arts 26–27
  • Aseh, Mildred 24
  • aspect 135, 140–144, 173, 175, 227, 228–229
    • aspectual SVC (serial verb construction) 201–203
    • in light verb constructions 210, 211
  • Atingdogbé, Gratian G. 3, 103, 105, 110, 116, 118, 120
  • Atlantic creole Englishes 1, 17
    • complement clauses 219–220
    • copular clauses 170–171
    • imperatives 181–182
    • information structure 242, 250, 257
    • interrogatives 184, 188–189
    • noun phrases 80, 81, 99
    • phonology 32, 184
    • preverbal particles 133, 137, 140, 141, 151
    • pronouns 103
    • word order 159
  • attributive adjectives 62, 63, 94–95
  • attributive clauses 151, 178–179, 188
  • Auwera, Johan van der 144, 180, 181, 183
  • Ayafor, Miriam 3, 5, 24, 43, 76–77
  • Ayisi, Florence 4, 24, 27

B

  • Babungo (Niger-Congo) 234
  • Bakker, Peter 136, 141, 143
  • Bantu languages 14, 188, 234, 242
  • basilect 21–22, 23, 25, 76–77, 149
  • Bazergui, Nives 3
  • Beasts of No Nation (play) 27
  • Bellama, David 3, 171
  • benefactives 200
  • Benue-Congo languages 21
  • Besong, Bate 27
  • Beyer, Klaus 147
  • bi copular clause 171–173, 187, 193, 243–244
  • Bible 4, 25–26, 279–281
  • Bickel, Balthasar 100
  • Bickerton, Derek 85, 151, 234
  • Bitjaa Kody, Zachée Denis 19
  • Brazilian Portuguese 234
  • Britain (Great Britain) 16, 17–18, 19
  • broadening (semantic broadening) 57–58
  • Bruyn, Adrienne 213, 249
  • BUCREP (Bureau Centrale des Recensements et des Etudes de Population) 13–15
  • Butake, Bole 27
  • Butt, Miriam 207, 208

C

  • calques 60–61
  • Cameroon 13–29
    • education, languages and literacy 14–15, 23, 25–28
    • history 15–20
    • independence 19–20
    • maps 12f
    • media and public life 24–28
    • population 13–14
    • religion 14, 15, 17–18, 25–26
  • Cameroon French 25
  • Campbell, Lyle 249
  • case 9, 103–104, 161–163
  • category change 52–53
  • causatives 199–200, 214
  • Chadic languages 14, 133
  • Chafe, Wallace L. 241
  • Chibaka, Evelyn Fogwe 3, 103, 105, 110, 116, 118, 120
  • Chomsky, Noam 124
  • clefts 242, 250–252
  • clipping 50
  • clusters (consonant clusters) 38
  • coining 49
  • colonial period 15–19
  • comitative SVC (serial verb construction) 201
  • Company of Adventurers of London Trading 17
  • comparatives 204–205, 214
  • complement clauses 166–167, 218–229
  • complementiser particle 74, 213–214, 219–225, 227
  • Comrie, Bernard 161, 233, 234, 239
  • concessive clauses 232
  • conditional clauses 232
  • conjunctions 75
  • consonants 6, 35–36, 38, 46t
  • constituent order see word order
  • co-ordination 10, 215–217, 244
  • copular clauses 72–73, 170–179
    • identity copula 171–173, 187, 193, 243–244
    • interrogatives 192–194
    • locative/existential copula 167, 168, 173–175, 187, 193–194, 230, 244, 247
    • negation 150–151, 175
    • non-verbal copula 73, 150, 164, 175–178, 192–193, 259–260
    • 'zero-copula' clause 64, 170, 178–179
  • Corbett, Greville G. 79
  • corpus data 4–6, 263–281
    • dialogue 275–279
    • glossing/translation 5–6
    • monologues 263–275
    • written text 279–281
  • Creissels, Denis 234, 241, 249
  • creolisation 20–21
  • Cristofaro, Sonia 219, 229

D

  • Dahl, Östen 138
  • Daniel, Michael 103
  • data collection 4–6
    • elicited data 5, 152, 218, 238–239, 251, 255
    • glossing/translation 5–6
  • declaratives 159–161
  • degree SVC (serial verb construction) 204–205, 214
  • deiy copular clause 167, 168, 173–175, 187, 193–194
  • deletion (consonants) 38
  • demonstrative pronouns 116–117
  • deontic modality 144, 145–146, 203–204, 214
  • desiderative predicates 224, 225–226
    • determiners 68–69, 85–94
    • definite determiner 86
    • demonstrative determiners 90–91
    • indefinite determiners 86–87, 148–149
    • interrogative determiners 93–94
    • possessive determiner 91–93, 119
    • quantificational determiners 87–90, 126–127
  • Devlin, Thomas 6, 41–42
  • devoicing 36
  • Diessel, Holga 116
  • Dike, K. Onwuka 17
  • diphthongs 6, 31, 33–34
  • direct object constructions 53–54, 97, 113, 115, 235–237, 250–251, 254–5, 257
  • directives 161
  • ditransitive clauses 54–55, 111–112, 165–166, 200
  • Dixon, Robert M. W. 64
  • Dobrushina, Nina 183
  • double negation 147, 149
  • double object construction 165–166, 167, 258
  • Dryer, Matthew S. 79, 147, 159, 164, 184, 188, 233
  • du LVC (light verb construction) 211
  • Duala (Niger-Congo) 25
  • durative aspect 142
  • Dwyer, David 3, 40
  • dynamic modality 144, 145–146

E

  • echo questions 194
  • education 14–15, 23, 28
  • Egbokhare, Francis O. 16
  • elicited data 5, 152, 218, 238–239, 251, 255
  • embedded clauses 143, 168–170, 203–204, 244, 252, 259
  • English 15, 23–24, 33–34, 208 ; see also Britain (Great Britain)
  • epenthesis 34, 38
  • epistemic modality 144, 146–147
  • event modality 144, 145–146
  • event structure 205–207, 210, 211
  • Ewe/Kwa (Niger-Congo) 196
  • Ewondo Populaire (Pidgin Ewondo) 25
  • exclamations 161
  • existential sentences 148, 150, 194
  • expletive subjects 164

F

  • Faraclas, Nicholas 1, 2, 39–40, 98, 100, 104, 123, 134, 171, 180, 184, 189, 197, 199, 200, 204, 216, 217, 220, 221, 223, 250, 261
  • fear predicates 218, 224, 226
  • Féral, Carole de 3, 166, 243
  • finite complement clauses 219–225
  • Finney, Malcolm Awadajin 17
  • focus 11, 109, 117, 121–122, 126, 136–139, 150, 163, 192–193, 241–242, 249–261
    • fronting 252–257
    • in-situ focus 257–260
  • Fonka, Hans 24
  • French 15, 19–20, 23–24
  • Fulfulde (Niger-Congo) 25
  • future time 137, 138–139

G

  • gapping 97, 233–234, 236, 239–240, 254–255
  • General Population and Housing Census 2005 13–15
  • genitive relatives 238–239
  • German 18–19
  • get LVC (light verb construction) 212
  • Ghanaian Pidgin English 16, 39
  • gif LVC (light verb construction) 209–210
  • Gilman, Charles 3
  • Givón, Talmy 197
  • glides 34
  • glossing/translation 5–6
  • Gomes, Fernando 16
  • Good Nyus fo Ol Pipol 4, 26, 279–281
  • Goussev, Valentin 183
  • grammatical functions 9, 163–170
    • Accessibility Hierarchy 233, 239
    • objects 164–166, 235–238
    • subjects 163–164, 176–178, 197–207, 234–235
  • grammaticalisation 133–134, 212–214
  • Grassfields languages 234
  • Green, Melanie 43–44, 47, 53, 56, 213
  • Greenberg, J. H. 233
  • Gwei, Solomon N. 18

H

  • habitual aspect 141, 142
  • Hagen, Gunther von 18
  • Hancock, Ian F. 2, 17, 48, 52, 58
  • Harries-Delisle, Helga 241
  • Harris, Alice C. 249
  • Haspelmath, Martin 80, 86, 87, 91, 104, 105, 126–127, 165, 184, 189, 225, 233, 239, 261
  • 'headless' relative clauses 97, 176–177, 235, 237, 252
  • Heine, Bernd 213
  • history 15–20
  • Holm, John 1, 2, 32, 35, 37, 47–48, 59, 80, 81, 99, 103, 133, 137, 140, 147, 151, 159, 170, 184, 189, 242
  • homophones 44–45, 52
  • Hopper, Paul 213
  • hortative clauses 183–184
  • Huber, Magnus 16, 17–18, 21, 159, 209

I

  • identity copula 171–173, 187, 193, 243–244
  • ideophones 49, 76
  • Iggesen, Oliver A. 79
  • imperative clauses 179–183
  • imperfective aspect 135, 141–143, 227, 228–229
  • indefinite determiners 86–87, 148–149
  • indefinite pronouns 126–131
  • independence 19–20
  • indigenous languages 14–15
  • indirect object construction 111–113, 114, 165–166, 189–190, 191, 237–238, 251, 255, 257–258
  • infinitive particle 98, 135–136, 152, 225–226
  • information structure 11, 104–105, 241–261
    • focus 109, 117, 121–122, 126, 136–139, 150, 163, 192–193, 241–242, 249–261
    • and intonation 42–43
    • topic 107–111, 151–152, 163, 241, 243–249
  • instrumental SVC (serial verb construction) 200–201, 239, 240
  • interjections 76
  • International Corpus of English (ICE) project 4
  • interrogatives 9–10, 42–43, 120–123, 160, 184–188
    • complement clauses 221–222
    • interrogative determiners 93–94
    • polar interrogatives 184–188
    • wh-fronting vs. wh-in-situ 188–194
  • intonation 9–10, 42–43, 180, 184–185, 187, 194
  • irrealis marker 138–139, 143–144, 197, 225, 227, 228
  • Islam 14
  • iterative aspect 142

J

  • James VI and I (King of England and Scotland) 17
  • Jumbam, Kenjo 26, 76–77

K

  • Kanuri (Saharan) 14
  • Kaufman, Terence 20–21
  • Keenan, Edward L. 233, 234, 239
  • knowledge predicates 219, 223–224, 226
  • König, Ekkehard 126
  • Kouega, Jean-Paul 3, 61
  • Krio (Indo-European) 17–18, 21, 39, 52, 197
  • Kuteva, Tania 213, 234
  • Kwa languages 197

L

  • Lake God (play) 27
  • language policy 19, 24, 25
  • languages (of Cameroon) 14–15 ; see also typology
  • Lefebvre, Claire 196
  • Lewis, M. Paul 14
  • lexicon 16, 17–20, 47–77
    • French influences on 19
    • German influence on 18–19
    • lectal variation 20–22, 76–77
    • lexical verbs 146
    • semantic change 57–59
    • substrate/adstrate influences 21, 59–61
    • word classes 7, 51, 61–76, 178
  • Li, Charles N. 241
  • light verb construction 56–57, 195, 207–213
  • literacy rates 14, 15
  • literature 26–27
  • locatives 150–151, 167, 168, 173–175, 187, 193–194, 230, 239, 240, 244, 247, 256
  • Longinotto, Kim 4, 24, 27
  • Lukong and the Leopard (Jumbam) 26

M

  • Maddieson, Ian 31–32, 35, 37, 39
  • manipulative predicates 219, 226–227
  • manner adverbs/adverbial clauses 169, 231
  • maps 12f
  • Maslova, Elena 123
  • Maurer, Phillippe 39, 90, 103–104, 133–134, 136, 141, 147, 151, 181–182, 197, 200, 201, 250, 257
  • Mbangwana, Paul N. 16, 43
  • Mbassi-Manga, Francis 3, 40–41
  • media 24, 26
  • meik LVC (light verb construction) 208–209, 214
  • Menang, Thaddeus 3, 27, 31, 32, 33–34, 36, 40
  • Menget, John 27
  • Merrick, Joseph 18
  • mesolect 22, 76–77
  • Michaelis, Susanne Maria 170–171, 197, 219–220, 235
  • Migge, Bettina 21
  • Mimbo Hos (play) 27
  • missionaries 15, 17–18
  • modality and mood 136, 143–147, 152–157t, 173, 175, 178–179, 197
    • deontic/dynamic modality 144, 145–146, 203–204, 214
    • epistemic modality 144, 146–147
    • irrealis marker 138–139, 143–144, 197, 225, 227, 228
    • modal adverbs 169–170
    • modality SVC (serial verb construction) 203–204, 214
  • morphemes 73–74, 133–157t, 212–214
    • aspect 135, 140–144, 148, 227, 228–229
    • complementiser and relativiser 74, 213–214, 219–225, 227, 233
    • copular clauses 72–73
    • focus particle 11, 241–242, 249
    • infinitive particle 98, 135–136, 152, 225–226
    • modality/mood 136, 138–139, 143–147, 152–157t, 173, 175, 178–179, 197, 225, 227, 228
    • non-verbal copula 73, 150, 164, 175–178
    • novel combinations 49–50
    • order of co-occurring particles 151–157t
    • plural particle 70
    • tense/temporal reference 134–139, 151–157t, 173, 175, 178–179
  • morphology 7, 180
  • motion SVC (serial verb construction) 197–198, 214
  • Muysken, Pieter 123, 196

N

  • na particle (non-verbal copula) see non-verbal copula
  • narrowing (semantic narrowing) 58–59
  • national languages 19, 24, 25
  • Ndjonmbog, Joseph Roger 19
  • Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. 123
  • negation 147–157t, 160, 172–173, 181–184, 256–257
    • double negation 147, 149
  • Nelson, Gerald 4
  • Ngefac, Aloysius 3, 16, 28, 29
  • Nichols, Johanna 100
  • Niger-Congo languages 14, 21, 51, 99
  • Nigerian Pidgin English (NPE) 1–3f, 16, 21
    • adverbs and adverbial phrases 229
    • complement clauses 220, 221, 223, 225
    • co-ordination 216
    • imperatives 180
    • information structure 250, 261
    • interrogatives 189
    • noun phrases 86, 98, 100
    • particles 134, 184
    • phonology 32, 39–40, 42
    • pronouns 104–105, 123
    • relative clauses 236
    • serial verb construction 199, 200, 204
    • subjects 217
  • Nilo-Saharan languages 14
  • Nkemleke, Daniel A. 3
  • Nkengasong, J. Nkemngong 3, 4, 41
  • non-finite complement clauses 225–229
  • non-verbal clauses 147
  • non-verbal copula 73, 150, 164, 175–178, 192, 259–260
  • non-verbal predicates 166, 176–178
  • Noonan, Michael 218–219
  • nouns and noun phrases 7–8, 61–62, 79–101
    • case 161–163
    • complex noun phrases 176–178, 247
    • plural particle 70
    • possessives 91–93, 98–101
    • postmodifiers 96–98
    • premodifiers 94–95
  • numerals 69–70

O

  • objects 166–167, 218–229, 235–238, 250–251, 254–255
  • oblique relatives 238
  • orthography 43–45, 46t
  • Ozón, Gabriel 4, 43–44, 47, 53, 56, 213

P

  • Parkvall, Mikael 242
  • participant data 149, 172, 283t–291t
  • particles 9, 73–74, 133–157t, 212–214
    • aspect 135, 140–144, 148, 227, 228–229
    • complementiser and relativiser 74, 213–214, 219–225, 227, 233
    • copular clauses 72–73
    • focus particle 11, 241–242, 249
    • infinitive particle 98, 135–136, 152, 225–226
    • modality/mood 136, 138–139, 143–147, 152–157t, 173, 175, 178–179, 197, 225, 227, 228
    • non-verbal copula 73, 150, 164, 175–178
    • order of co-occurring particles 151–157t
    • plural particle 70
    • tense/temporal reference 134–139, 151–157t, 173, 175, 178–179
  • past time 136–137
  • Pentecostalism 26
  • perfective aspect 135, 140–141, 148
  • personal pronouns 103–116
  • Peter, Lothar 3, 243
  • phonetics and phonology 31–45
    • acrolectal influence 6
    • consonants 6, 35–36
    • intonation 9–10, 42–43, 180, 184–185, 187, 194
    • orthography 43–45, 46t
    • stress and tone 38–42, 52, 241–242
    • syllable structure 37–38
    • vowels 6, 31–34
  • Pidgin Ewondo (Ewondo Populaire) 25
  • plural particle 70
  • polar interrogatives 9–10, 184–188
  • Polinsky, Maria 195
  • politics and public life 27–28
  • polysemy 6, 47–48, 53–56, 58, 63, 213, 230, 231, 232
  • population 13–14
  • Portuguese 15, 16–17
  • possessives 98–101
    • genitive relative clause 238–239
    • possessive determiner 91–93, 119
    • possessive pronouns 118–120
  • postmodifiers 96–98
  • poverty 15
  • predicative complements 166–167, 218–229, 258–259
  • premodifiers 94–95
  • prepositions 70–72, 96, 256
    • prepositional complement 167–168, 248
    • stranding 191
  • preverbal particles see particles
  • progressive aspect 141–142
  • prohibitive clauses 181–183
  • pronouns 67–68, 103–131, 160
    • animacy 8, 104, 110–111, 127–128
    • case 162–163
    • demonstrative pronouns 116–117
    • doubling 258, 260
    • indefinite pronouns 126–131
    • interrogative pronouns 120–122
    • personal pronouns 103–116
    • possessive pronouns 118–120, 238–239
    • pro-drop phenomena 73, 164, 177–178, 187–188, 192, 216–217
    • reflexive/reciprocal pronouns 67–68, 123–126, 254
    • resumptive pronouns 96–98, 111, 234–240, 253, 254–255
    • and topic/focus 11, 104–105, 126, 151–152, 163, 243–245, 258, 260–261
  • propositional modality 144
  • prosody 38–43
  • Protestantism 14, 26
  • pseudoclefts 252
  • pseudopassive construction 261
  • purpose clauses 135, 229, 231

Q

  • quantificational determiners 87–90, 126–127
  • questions see interrogatives

R

  • reanalysis 52–56, 213
  • reason clauses 229, 232
  • reduplication 51–52
    • adjectives 63–64, 94–95
    • adverbs and adverbial phrases 66–67, 168
    • and focus 255–256, 258, 260
    • ideophones 49, 76
    • negation 128–129, 147, 149
  • reflexive/reciprocal pronouns 126
  • in topic phrases 248–249
  • reflexive/reciprocal pronouns 67–68, 123–126, 254
  • relative clauses 96–98, 143–144, 191, 233–240
  • adverbial relatives 239–240
    • direct object relatives 97, 113, 115, 235–237
    • ‘headless’ relative clauses 97, 176–177, 235, 237, 252
    • indirect object relatives 111–113, 114, 237–238
    • subject relatives 234–235
  • relativisation 233–234
  • relativiser particle 74, 233
  • religion 14, 15, 17–18, 24, 25–26
  • resumptive pronouns 96–98, 111, 234–240, 253, 254–255
  • Rivers Pidgin English 40
  • Roman Catholicism 14, 25–26
  • Royal African Company 17
  • Rubino, Carl 51, 52
  • Ryder, A. F. C. 16

S

  • Saker, Alfred 18
  • Sala, Bonaventure M. 3, 43, 51
  • Sankoff, Gillian 234
  • Schneider, Gilbert D. 3, 16, 104–105
  • Schröder, Anne 3, 15, 22–24, 134, 166
  • Schuchardt, Hugo 196
  • science 27
  • Seiss, Melanie 212
  • semantics 11, 104–105, 218–219, 229–232, 241–261
    • focus 109, 117, 121–122, 126, 136–139, 150, 163, 192–193, 241–242, 249–261
    • and intonation 9–10, 42–43
    • polysemy 6, 47–48, 53–56, 58, 63, 213, 230, 231, 232
    • semantic change 57–59
    • topic 107–111, 151–152, 163, 241, 243–249
  • serial verb construction 10, 160, 180–181, 195–207, 212–214
  • Shuwa Arabic 14
  • Sierra Leone 17
  • Siewierska, Anna 103
  • Simo Bobda, Augustin 3, 31
  • Singler, John V. 21
  • Sisters in Law (film, 2005) 4, 24, 27
  • slave trade 16–18
  • Smith, Norval 123
  • sociolinguistic variation 2, 6, 20–28
    • information structure 252
    • lexicon 20–22, 76–77
    • phonetics and phonology 33–34, 35
    • syntax 94, 149, 164, 171, 172, 191, 202–203, 220, 222, 232
  • Som Dey Bin Dey (Todd) 26
  • Song, Jae Jung 195
  • specific indefinite determiner 86–87
  • spelling 43–45, 46t
  • Spencer-Walters, Tom 209
  • Stassen, Leon 170
  • stativity 136–137, 142
  • stress 38–42
  • subjects 163–164, 166, 176–178, 217–218
    • and focus 253–254, 260
    • relative clauses 234–235
    • in serial verb constructions 197–207
  • subordination 11, 75, 202–203, 229–232, 234
  • substrate influence 21, 59–61, 196, 213
  • suprasegmental features 38–43
  • Surinam Creole 196
  • syllable structure 37–38
  • symmetrical SVC (serial verb construction) 205–207
  • syntax 9–11, 159–240
    • acrolectal influence 202–203, 252
    • adverbial clauses 168–170, 190, 229–232, 239–240, 246
    • clefts 242, 250–252
    • complement clauses 166–167, 218–229, 258–259
    • co-ordination 10, 215–217, 244
    • copular clauses 150–151, 164, 170–179, 230
    • declaratives 159–161
    • ditransitive clauses 54–55, 111–112, 165–166, 200
    • embedded clauses 143, 168–170, 203–204, 217–229, 244, 252, 259
    • imperative/prohibitive/hortative 179–184
    • interrogatives 9–10, 42–43, 93–94, 120–123, 160, 184–194, 221–222
    • light verb construction 56–57, 195, 207–213
    • negation 147–157t, 160, 172–173, 181–183
    • non-verbal clauses 73, 147, 150, 164, 175–178
    • noun phrases 79–101
    • pro-drop phenomena 73, 164, 177–178, 187–188, 192, 216–217
    • pseudopassive construction 261
    • relative clauses 96–98, 143–144, 191, 233–240
    • serial verb construction 10, 160, 180–181, 195–207, 212–214
    • substrate influence 196, 213
    • superstrate influence 209–210
    • word order 8–9, 159–161, 163–165, 188–194

T

  • tag questions 185–187
  • Tarallo, Fernando 234
  • teik LVC (light verb construction) 210–211
  • tense and temporal reference 134–139, 151–157t, 173, 175, 178–179
    • adverbs and adverbial phrases 168–169, 229–230, 239, 256
    • anterior tense 134, 137–138
    • future 137, 138–139
    • past 136–137
  • texts see corpus data
  • Thomason, Sarah G. 20–21
  • Thompson, Sandra A. 241
  • Todd, Loreto 3, 4, 17, 19, 26, 43, 76–77, 110
  • Tok Pisin (Indo-European) 234
  • tone 38–42, 52, 241
  • topic 11, 104–105, 107–111, 151–152, 163, 241, 243–249
  • trade languages 24, 25
  • transcription/orthography 43–45, 46t
  • translation 5–6
  • Traugott, Elizabeth Closs 208, 213
  • triphthongs 34
  • Twi (Atlantic-Congo) 209
  • typology 2–3, 6–11
    • areal features 2, 195, 219, 225, 234
    • case 9, 103–104, 161
    • complex sentences 10–11, 215–216, 217, 218–220, 223, 225–226, 229, 233–234
    • copular clauses 170–171
    • creolisation and typological distance 20–21
    • grammatical functions 164, 165, 217
    • imperative/prohibitive/hortative clauses 10, 179–180, 181–182, 183–184
    • information structure 11, 241–242, 249–250, 257, 261
    • interrogatives 9–10, 188–189
    • light verb construction 195
    • morphology 7, 180
    • negation 147–148
    • nouns and noun phrases 7–8, 79, 81
    • particles 9, 134, 140, 144, 147–148, 212–213, 219–220, 223
    • phonetics and phonology 6, 31–32, 35, 37, 180, 184
    • pronouns 8, 103–104, 123, 126, 164
    • relative clauses 233–234, 235–236, 239
    • serial verb construction 10, 195–197, 200, 201
    • substrate/adstrate languages 20–21
    • wh-fronting vs. wh-in-situ 188–189
    • word classes 7, 51, 61, 63–64, 66, 69, 178
    • word order 8–9, 159

U

  • unemployment 15
  • University of Yaoundé 1 28

V

  • valency change 53–56, 198–201
  • Veenstra, Tonjes 196
  • Velupillai, Viveka 138, 195, 215
  • verbs 62–63
    • category change 52–53
    • classes 197, 205–207
    • copular verbs 72–73
    • grammaticalisation continuum 133–134, 212–214
    • infinitive 98, 135–136, 152
    • lexical verbs 146
    • light verb construction 56–57, 195, 207–213
    • serial verb construction 10, 160, 180–181, 195–207
    • stative vs. non-stative 136–137
    • valency change 53–56, 198–201
  • vowels 6, 31–34, 43–45

W

  • Weber, David J. 4, 5, 18, 19
  • West African languages 2, 80, 234, 241–242
  • West African Pidgin Englishes 1–3f, 17–18, 21
    • complement clauses 219–220
    • copular clauses 170–171
    • imperatives 181–182
    • information structure 242, 250, 257
    • interrogatives 184, 188–189
    • noun phrases 80, 81, 99
    • phonology 32, 39–40, 184
    • preverbal particles 133, 137, 140, 141, 151
    • pronouns 103
    • word order 159
  • Wichmann, Søren 56, 207
  • Wohlgemuth, Jan 56, 207
  • Wolf, Hans-Georg 3, 243
  • word classes 7, 51, 61, 63–64, 66, 69, 178
  • word order 8–9, 159–161, 163–165
    • focus fronting 252–257
    • wh-fronting vs. wh-in-situ 188–194
  • World Bank 28
  • writing system see orthography

Y

  • Yakpo, Kofi 1

Z

  • ‘zero-copula’ clause 64, 170, 178–179