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Article published In:
Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
Vol. 45:1 (2022) ► pp.22–71

Syntactic change in Palaungic

Exploring the origins of an atypical Austroasiatic relative construction

| University of Zurich
| University of Zurich

The relative constructions in several Palaungic languages (Htanaw, Wa, Lawa, Rumai Palaung, Samlong Palaung, and Rucing Palaung), here shown to be participant nominalizations, display striking mutual similarities, while conspicuously diverging from the dominant relativization strategy within the Austroasiatic family. Instead of the common n [rel (s) v (o)] pattern, the Palaungic constructions examined exhibit the following structural features: (a) rel invariably precedes the verb complex directly; (b) internal constituent order is vs(o), with the exception of Htanaw. An unusual functional trait is additionally found in the three Palaung varieties: the construction only performs object relativization. By placing the findings in a diachronic perspective, we propose two new pathways of branch-internal syntactic change that may explain this unusual synchronic status. Among these, the lexical-to-clausal-nominalization pathway in particular offers a plausible alternative scenario to the earlier hypothesis that such verb-initial structures are inherited from Proto-Austroasiatic (Jenny 2020). Furthermore, a tentatively suggested etymological origin of the relativizer, pAA *pa ‘place’, provides an account of the narrow semantics in Palaung.

Keywords: Austroasiatic, Palaungic, relative clause, nominalization, word order, syntactic change, syntactic reconstruction
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Language background
    • 2.1Classification and data sources
    • 2.2Language contact
    • 2.3Relevant grammatical features of Palaungic
      • 2.3.1Noun phrase
      • 2.3.2Simple sentences
      • 2.3.3Complex sentences
  • 3.Relativization in Palaungic
    • 3.1Palaungic pV(N) relativization as nominalization
    • 3.2Additional functions of pV(N) construction
  • 4.Relativization in Austroasiatic
    • 4.1Major construction: n [(rel) v (o)] / n [(rel) (s) v]
    • 4.2Minor constructions: v s order, rel adjacent to v
    • 4.3Summary of constructions and functions
  • 5.Towards a diachronic account
    • 5.1Syntactic cognacy
      • 5.1.1Lexical cognacy of pV(N)
      • 5.1.2A Proto-Palaungic construction?
    • 5.2Syntactic change in pV(N) constructions
      • 5.2.1Inheritance hypothesis
      • 5.2.2Nominalization hypothesis
        • i.Nominalization by pV(N)
        • ii.Zero-nominalization
      • 5.2.3Antitopic hypothesis
    • 5.3An etymological proposal: pV/pV(N) < ‘place’
  • 6.Discussion
  • 7.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
Published online: 2 June 2022
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.21004.lee
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List of cited corpus texts

DSJ Differences_Seat_Journal (based on task from Skopeteas et al. 2006)
LT Little_Tiger (children’s story, free narrative)
Sxx elicitation session no. xx
Trad1 Traditional_Story1 (folktale, free narrative)
Trad2 Traditional_Story2 (folktale, free narrative)
Vid Video_Commentary (conversation between four speakers while watching same video)