Based on comparative data from 64 modern Tai varieties, we propose that Proto-Tai had three distinct negators, namely *ɓawB, *mi and *pajB. These morphemes were distinguished from each other in terms of aspect. Moreover, we show that the Old Thai language represented by the literary classic Lilit Phra Lo, and the modern Tai dialect of Bao Yen are attestations of the reconstructed system. PT *ɓawB and *mi were probably used to negate stative verbs and dynamic verbs with volitional and habitual reading. In contrast, *pajB probably co-occurred with dynamic verbs as well as stative verbs interpreted as change of state. It is however unclear what the difference between *ɓawB and *mi was.
(ed.)2008Photchananukrom phasa thin tai phutthasakkarat 2550 chabap chaloem phrakiat Phrabat Somdet Phra Chao Yuhua nai warokat charoen phrachonphansa 80 phansa [The 2550BE dictionary of the Southern dialect in the occasion of His Majesty’s 80th anniversary]. Nakhon Si Thammarat: Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University; Southern Development Foundation; Institute for Southern Thai Studies.
Bickner, R.J
1991An introduction to the Thai poem “Lilit Phra Law” (The Story of King Law). Dekalb, IL: Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies.
Burusphat, S
2006The elision of negative morphemes in Tai languages. In J.G. Harris, S. Burusphat & J.E. Harris (eds.), Studies in Tai and Southeast Asian Linguistics (pp. 205–224). Bangkok: Ekphimthai Ltd.
Chamberlain, J.R
1975A new look at the history and classification of the Tai languages. In J.G. Harris & J.R. Chamberlain (eds.), Studies in Tai Linguistics in Honor of William J. Gedney. (pp. 49–66). Bangkok: Central Institute of English Language.
2001Grammaticalization and Tai syntactic change. In M.R.K. Tingsabadh & A.S. Abamson (eds.), Essays in Tai Linguistics (pp. 139–176). Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
Edmondson, J.A., & Solnit, D.B
1997Introduction. In J.A. Edmondson & D.B. Solnit (eds.), Comparative Kadai: The Tai Branch (pp. 1–26). Arlington, TX: The Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
Enfield, N.J
2003Linguistic epidemiology: semantics and grammar of language contact in mainland Southeast Asia. London; New York: Routledge Curzon.
Gedney, W.J
1989aEvidence for another series of voiced initials in Proto-Tai. In R.J. Bickner, J. Hartmann, T.J. Hudak & P. Peyasantiwong (eds.), Selected Papers on Comparative Tai Studies: William J. Gedney. (pp. 229–270). Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies: The University of Michigan.
Gedney, W.J
1989bFuture directions in Comparative Tai Linguistics. In R.J. Bickner, J. Hartmann, T.J. Hudak & P. Peyasantiwong (eds.), Selected papers on Comparative Tai Studies (pp. 7–116). Ann Arbor: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, the University of Michigan.
Gedney, W.J
1989cSpeculations on early Tai tones. In R.J. Bickner, J. Hartmann, T.J. Hudak & P. Peyasantiwong (eds.), Selected papers on Comparative Tai Studies (pp. 207–228). Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan.
Halliday, M.A.K
1967Notes on transitivity and theme in English, part 1. Journal of Linguistics, 31, 37–81.
Haudricourt, A.-G
1948Les phonèmes et le vocabulaire du thai commun. Journal Asiatique, 2361, 197–238.
Heine, B., & Kuteva, T
2002World lexicon of grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Holm, D
2013Mapping the Old Zhuang character script: a vernacular writing from Southern China. Leiden: Brill.
Hsieh, M.-L
2001Form and meaning: negation and question in Chinese. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Hudak, T.J
(ed.)1991William J. Gedney’s the Tai dialect of Lungming: glossary, texts, and translations. Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan.
Hudak, T.J
(ed.)1993William J. Gedney’s the Saek language: glossary, texts, and translations. Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan.
Hudak, T.J
(ed.)1994William J. Gedney’s Southwestern Tai dialects: glossary, texts, and translations. Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan.
Hudak, T.J
(ed.)1995William J. Gedney’s Central Tai dialects: glossary, texts, and translations. Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan.
Hudak, T.J
(ed.)1996William J. Gedney’s the Lue language: glossary, texts, and translations. Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan.
Hudak, T.J
(ed.)1997William J. Gedney’s Tai dialect studies: glossary, texts, and translations. Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan.
Hudak, T.J
(ed.)2001Minot’s White Tai dictionary: a phonetic version. Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan.
2001Phasa Thai Nuea [The Tai Nüa language]. Bangkok: Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University.
Kullavanijaya, P
2008A historical study of /thîi/ in Thai. In A.V.N. Diller, J.A. Edmondson & Y. Luo (eds.), The Tai-Kadai languages (pp. 445–467). NY: Routledge.
Li, C.N., & Thompson, S.A
1981Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Li, F.-K
1947The hypothesis of pre-glottalized series of consonants in Primitive Tai. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, 111, 177–188.
Li, F.-K
1954Consonant clusters in Thai. Language, 301, 368–379.
Li, F.-K
1960A tentative classification of Tai dialects. In S. Diamond (ed.), Culture in history: essays in honor of Paul Radin (pp. 951–959). New York: Columbia University Press.
Li, F.-K
1977Handbook of Comparative Tai. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Li, F.-K
2005Bo’ai tuyu [The dialect of Po-ai]. Beijing: Tsinghua University.
Li, M
1999Negation in Chinese. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester, Manchester.
Lin, J.-W
2003Aspectual selection and negation in Chinese. Linguistics, 4131, 425–459.
Luo, Y
1995, (December 7-8, 1995). Negation in the Tai languages in historical-comparative perspective. Paper presented at the International Conference on Tai Languages and Cultures in honor of the Sixth Cycle of Her Royal Highness Princess Galyani Vadhana, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Manomaivibool, P
1975Study of Sino-Thai lexical correspondences. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Morey, S.D
2005The Tai languages of Assam: A grammar and texts. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Pittayaporn, P
2009Phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Pulleyblank, E.G
1991Lexicon of reconstructed pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
Qin, X
2004Zhuang lexicology: a study on Zhuang words and an attached Zhuang-English vocabulary. Beijing: Nationalities Press.
2021. The Expansion of Cantonese in the Last Two Centuries. In The Palgrave Handbook of Chinese Language Studies, ► pp. 1 ff.
de Sousa, Hilário
2022. The Expansion of Cantonese Over the Last Two Centuries. In The Palgrave Handbook of Chinese Language Studies, ► pp. 1 ff.
de Sousa, Hilário
2022. On Pinghua and Yue: Some Historical and Linguistic Perspectives. Crossroads 19:2 ► pp. 257 ff.
de Sousa, Hilário
2022. The Expansion of Cantonese Over the Last Two Centuries. In The Palgrave Handbook of Chinese Language Studies, ► pp. 409 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 5 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.