Special issue articles
Analyzing the structure of code-switched written texts
The case of Guarani-Spanish Jopara in the novel Ramona Quebranto
As more written language data become available, the interest in written language mixing / codeswitching (LM/CS) is increasing (Sebba, Mahootian & Jonsson 2012; Sebba 2013). LM/CS in non-naturalistic (e.g., literary) texts raises issues related to gauging (1) the authenticity and representativity of a textual corpus, and deciding (2) whether categories/mechanisms of spoken LM/CS apply to written LM/CS. [1] 1 We focus on Guarani-Spanish LM/CS (Jopara) as represented in the Paraguayan novel Ramona Quebranto (RQ). We apply the framework of Muysken (1997; 2000; 2013), developed as a taxonomy of spoken LM/CS. Our contribution extends its applicability to written LM/CS. We show that Jopara has a mix of insertional and backflagging strategies, with infrequent alternations.
Article outline
- 1.Guarani and Jopara in Paraguay
- 2.The corpus: The novel Ramona Quebranto
- 2.1The authenticity of our corpus
- 2.2Applying spoken CS models to written CS
- 3.Muysken’s typology of CS
- 4.Application of Muysken’s model to RQ
- 4.1Insertional strategy
- 4.1.1With morphological integration
- 4.1.1.1Guarani SV agreement on inserted Spanish verbs
- 4.1.1.2Guarani negation on inserted Spanish verbs
- 4.1.1.3Modification by the suffix -ete
- 4.1.1.4Guarani -ma suffix
- 4.1.1.5Future marker -ta
- 4.1.2Insertions without morphological integration
- 4.1.2.1Insertion of Guarani N/NP
- 4.1.2.3Guarani V/VP insertions
- 4.1.2.4Adjective insertions
- 4.2Backflagging strategy
- 4.2.1Interrogative markers
- 4.2.2Emphatic and evidential markers
- 4.2.3Tag and interjection insertions
- 4.2.4Guarani gua’u constructions
- 4.2.5Imperatives and requests
- 4.2.6Plural -kuéra
- 4.2.7Nominal temporal marker -kue
- 4.2.8Postpositional locative -pe
- 4.3Alternational strategy
- 5.Conclusion
- Notes
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References