Article published in:
Linguistic Variation
Vol. 14:2 (2014) ► pp. 318–368

A typology of Bantu subject inversion

This study charts variation in subject inversion constructions in Bantu languages. It distinguishes between seven types of inversion constructions: formal locative inversion, semantic locative inversion, instrument inversion, patient inversion, (clausal) complement inversion, default agreement inversion and agreeing inversion. Based on a set of nine surface variables, a matrix of inversion constructions is developed which identifies characteristics of the set of constructions overall as well as of each individual construction type. The distribution of the different inversion constructions is documented with reference to a sample of 46 Bantu languages, from which geographical and typological generalisations are drawn. For example, languages with instrument inversion or with patient inversion always have locative inversion (but not vice versa), or if a language has at least one inversion construction, it always has at least either default agreement inversion or agreeing inversion. Finally, underlying parameters potentially accounting for the variation are discussed, such as the status of preverbal locatives as DP or PP, the agreement parameter and the syntactic and thematic restrictions on the preverbal element.
Keywords: agreement
Published online: 09 March 2015
https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.14.2.04mar
References

References

Abdulaziz, Mohammed
1996 Transitivity in Swahili. Cologne: Köppe.Google Scholar
Ariel, Mira
2000 The development of person agreement markers: From pronouns to higher accessibility markers. In Michael Barlow & Suzanne Kemmer (eds.), Usage-based models of language, 197–260. Stanford: CSLI.Google Scholar
Ashton, Ethel O., E. M. K. Mulira, E.G.M. Ndawula & A. N. Tucker
1954 A Luganda grammar. London: Longmans, Green & Co. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Baker, Mark
2003 Agreement, dislocation, and partial configurationality. In Andrew Carnie, Heidi Harley & MaryAnn Willie (eds.), Formal approaches to function in grammar, 107–132. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2008 The syntax of agreement and concord. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2010 Formal Generative Typology. In Bernd Heine & Heiko Narrog (eds.), The Oxford handbook of linguistic analysis, 285–312. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Barrett Keach, Camillia N.
1985 The syntax and interpretation of the relative clause construction in Swahili. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Ph.D. dissertation.Google Scholar
Beaudoin-Lietz, Christa, Derek Nurse & Sarah Rose
2004 Pronominal object marking in Bantu. In Akinbiyi Akinlabi & Oluseye Adesola (eds.), Proceedings of the World Congress of African Linguistics, New Brunswick 2003, 175–188. Cologne: Köppe.Google Scholar
Bonfim Duarte, Fábio
2011 Tense encoding, agreement patterns, definiteness and relativization strategies in Changana. In Eyamba G. Bokamba, et al.. (eds.), Selected proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 80–94. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Bokamba, Eyamba Georges
1976 Question formation in some Bantu languages. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Ph.D. dissertation.Google Scholar
1979 Inversions as grammatical relation changing rules in Bantu languages. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 9(2). 1–24.Google Scholar
Bostoen, Koen & Léon Mundeke
2011 Passiveness and Inversion in Mbuun (Bantu B87, DRC). Studies in Language 35(1). 72–111. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 Subject marking, object-verb order and focus in Mbuun (Bantu, B87). Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 30(2). 139–154. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Botne, Robert
2003 Lega (Beya dialect) (D25). In Derek Nurse & Gérard Philippson (eds.), The Bantu Languages, 422–449. London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Bresnan, Joan & Jonni M. Kanerva
1989 Locative inversion in Chichewa: A case study of factorization in grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 20. 1–50.Google Scholar
Bresnan, Joan & Sam A. Mchombo
1987 Topic, pronoun, and agreement in Chichewa. Language 63. 741–782. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bresnan, Joan & Lioba Moshi
1990 Object asymmetries in comparative Bantu syntax. Linguistic Inquiry 21. 147–85.Google Scholar
Buell, Leston
2002 Swahili amba-less relatives without head movement. UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics 8. 86–106.Google Scholar
2007 Semantic and formal locatives: Implications for the Bantu locative inversion typology. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics 15. 105–120.Google Scholar
Buell, Leston, Kristina Riedel & Jenneke van der Wal
(eds.) 2011 Movement and word order in Bantu. Special issue of Lingua 121(5). CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Buell, Leston & Peter Muriungi
Manuscript. Locatives and locative inversion in Tharaka.
Cann, Ronnie, Ruth Kempson & Eleni Gregoromichelaki
2009 Semantics: An introduction to meaning in language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Carstens, Vicki
2005 Agree and EPP in Bantu. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 23(2). 219–279. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Carstens, Vicki & Loyiso Mletshe
To appear. Implications of Xhosa expletive constructions. Forthcoming in Linguistic Inquiry.
Collins, Chris
2004 The agreement parameter. In Anne Breitbarth & Henk van Riemsdijk (eds.), Triggers, 115–136. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Crane, Thera Marie, Larry M. Hyman & Simon Nsielanga Tukumu
2011 A grammar of Nzadi (B965): A Bantu language of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Creissels, Denis
1996 Conjunctive and disjunctive verb forms in Setswana. South African Journal of African Languages 16. 109–115.Google Scholar
2004 Non-canonical applicatives and focalization in Tswana. Paper presented at Syntax of the World’s Languages. Leipzig.
2011 Tswana locatives and their status in the inversion construction. Africana Linguistica 17. 33–52.Google Scholar
Dalgish, Gerard M.
1976 Locative NP’s, locative suffixes and grammatical relations. BLS 2. 139–148.Google Scholar
de Kind, Jasper & Koen Bostoen
2012 The applicative in ciLubà grammar and discourse: A semantic goal analysis. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 30(1). 101–124. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Demuth, Katherine
1989 Maturation and the acquisition of the Sesotho passive. Language 65(1). 56–80. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1990 Locatives, impersonals and expletives in Sesotho. The Linguistic Review 7(3). 233–249. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Demuth, Katherine & Carolyn Harford
1999 Verb raising and subject inversion in comparative Bantu. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 20(1). 41–61. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Demuth, Katherine & Mark Johnson
1989 Interaction between discourse functions and agreement in Setawana. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 11. 21–35. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Demuth, Katherine & Melissa Kline
2006 The distribution of passives in spoken Sesotho. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 24. 377–388. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Demuth, Katherine & Sheila Mmusi
1997 Presentational focus and thematic structure in comparative Bantu. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 18. 1–19. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Devos, Maud
2004 A grammar of Makwe. Leiden: Leiden University Ph.D. dissertation.Google Scholar
Diercks, Michael
2010 Agreement with subjects in Lubukusu. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Ph.D. dissertation.Google Scholar
2011 The morphosyntax of Lubukusu locative inversion and the parameterization of Agree. Lingua 121(5). 702–720. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 Parameterizing case: Evidence from Bantu. Syntax 15(3). 253–286. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, R.M.W.
1997 The rise and fall of languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Du Plessis, Jacobus Albertus & Marianna Visser
1992 Xhosa syntax. Pretoria: Via Afrika.Google Scholar
Duranti, Alessandro & Ernest R. Byarushengo
1977 On the notion of “direct object”. In Ernest R. Byarushengo, Alessandro Duranti & Larry M. Hyman (eds.), Haya grammatical structure, 45–71. Los Angeles: Department of Linguistics, University of Southern California.Google Scholar
Edelsten, Peter & Chiku Lijongwa
2010 A grammatical sketch of Chindamba, a Bantu language (G52) of Tanzania. Cologne: Köppe.Google Scholar
Fortune, George
1955 An analytical grammar of Shona. London: Longmans, Green and Co. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gamut, L.T.F.
1991 Logic, language and meaning, vol. 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, Hannah
2008 Half empty or half full: An analysis of subject-object inversion in Swahili. London: SOAS, University of London MA dissertation.Google Scholar
Givón, Talmy
1976 Topic, pronoun and grammatical agreement. In Charles N. Li (ed.), Subject and topic, 149–188. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
1979 On understanding grammar. New York: Academic Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gowlett, Derek F.
1989 The parentage and development of Lozi. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 2. 127–149. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Güldemann, Tom
2008 Quotative indexes in African languages: A synchronic and diachronic survey. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Guthrie, Malcolm
1967–71 Comparative Bantu. vol. 4. Farnborough: Gregg.Google Scholar
Halpert, Claire
2012 Argument licensing and agreement in Zulu. Boston, MA: MIT Ph.D. dissertation.Google Scholar
To appear. Structural Case and the nature of vP in Zulu. Proceedings of NELS 42. Amherst, MA: GLSA.
Hamlaoui, Fatima & Emmanuel-Moselly Makasso
2013 Object left-dislocation, topicalization and the syntax-phonology mapping of intonation phrases in Bàsàa. Presentation at Bantu 5, Paris.
Harford [Perez], Carolyn
1985 Aspects of complementation in three Bantu languages. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison Ph.D. dissertation.Google Scholar
Harford, Carolyn
1990 Locative inversion in Chishona. In John Hutchison & Victor Manfredi (eds.), Current approaches to African linguistics, 137–144. Dordrecht: Foris. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Harford, Carolyn & Katherine Demuth
1999 Prosody outranks syntax: An Optimality approach to subject inversion in Bantu relatives. Linguistic Analysis 29(1–2). 47–68.Google Scholar
Hawkinson, Annie & Larry M. Hyman
1974 Hierarchies of natural topic in Shona. Studies in African Linguistics 5. 147–170.Google Scholar
Henderson, Brent
2006 The syntax and typology of Bantu relative clauses. Urbana-Champaign. IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Ph.D. dissertation.Google Scholar
2011 Agreement, locality, and OVS in Bantu. Lingua 121(5). 742–753. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hopper, Paul J. & Sandra A. Thompson
1980 Transitivity in grammar and discourse. Language 56(2). 251–299. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Iorio, David. In Progress
Subject and object marking in Bembe. Newcastle: University of Newcastle Ph.D. dissertation.
Janson, Tore
1991–1992 Southern Bantu and Makua. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 12–13. 63–106.Google Scholar
Kashina, Kashina
2005 The Silozi clause: A study of the structure and distribution of its constituents. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar
Katamba, Francis
2003 Bantu nominal morphology. In Derek Nurse & Gérard Philippson (eds.), The Bantu languages, 103–120. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kavari, Jekura, Lutz Marten & Jenneke van der Wal
2012 Tone cases in Otjiherero: Head-complement relations, linear order and information structure. Africana Linguistica 18. 315–353.Google Scholar
Kawasha, Boniface
2007 Passivization in Lunda. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 28. 37–56. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kayne, Richard
2005 Movement and silence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kemmer, Suzanne
1993 The middle voice. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Khumalo, Langa
2010 Passive, locative inversion in Ndebele and the unaccusative hypothesis. South African Journal of African Languages 30. 22–34.Google Scholar
Kimenyi, Alexandre
1980 A relational grammar of Kinyarwanda. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kula, Nancy C. & Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng
2007 Phonological and syntactic phrasing in Bemba relatives. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 28(2). 123–148. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kula, Nancy C. & Lutz Marten
2010 Argument structure and agency in Bemba passives. In Karsten Legère & Christina Thornell (eds.), Bantu languages: Analyses, description and theory, 115–130. Cologne: Köppe.Google Scholar
Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson
1980 Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lambrecht, Knud
1994 Information structure and sentence form. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Levin, Beth
1993 English verb classes and alternations. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Maho, Jouni
1999 A comparative study of Bantu noun classes. Gothenburg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Marten, Lutz
2003 The dynamics of Bantu applied verbs: An analysis at the syntax-pragmatics interface. In Kézié K. Lébikaza (ed.), Actes du 3e Congrès Mondial de Linguistique Africaine Lomé 2000, 207–221. Cologne: Köppe.Google Scholar
2006 Locative inversion in Herero: More on morphosyntactic variation in Bantu. In Laura Downing, Lutz Marten & Sabine Zerbian (eds.), Papers in Bantu grammar and description. ZASPiL 43. 97–122.
2010 The great siSwati locative shift. In Anne Breitbarth, Christopher Lucas, Sheila Watts & David Willis (eds.), Continuity and change in grammar, 249–267. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2011 Information structure and agreement: Subjects and subject markers in Swahili and Herero. Lingua 121(5). 787–804. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2013 Linguistic variation, language contact and the new comparative Bantu. Inaugural Lecture, SOAS, University of London, 18 April 2013.
Marten, Lutz & Hannah Gibson
2013 Passive, locative inversion and subject-object reversal in Bantu: A unified dynamic analysis. Ms. SOAS, University of London.
Marten, Lutz, Nancy C. Kula & Nhlanhla Thwala
2007 Parameters of mophosyntactic variation in Bantu. Transactions of the Philological Society 105. 253–338. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Marten, Lutz & Deograsia Ramadhani
2001 An overview of object marking in Kiluguru. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 11. 259–275.Google Scholar
Marten, Lutz, Kristina Riedel, Silvester Ron Simango & Jochen Zeller
(eds.) 2012 Special issue of Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 30(2) on Subject and Object Marking in Bantu. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Mchombo, Sam
2004 The syntax of Chichewa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Meeussen, Achille E.
1959 Essai de grammaire Rundi, Vol. 24. Serie 8, Sciences de l’Homme, Linguistique. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1967 Bantu grammatical reconstruction. Africana Linguistica 3. 80–122. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Mkude, Daniel J.
1974 A study of Kiluguru syntax with special reference to the transformational history of sentences with permuted subject and object. London: SOAS, University of London Ph.D. dissertation.Google Scholar
Möhlig, Wilhelm J. G.
1967 Die Sprache der Dciriku: Phonologie, Prosodologie und Morphologie. Cologne: Universität zu Köln Ph.D. dissertation. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Möhlig, Wilhelm J.G. & Jekura U. Kavari
2008 Reference grammar of Herero (Otjiherero). Cologne: Köppe.Google Scholar
Möhlig, Wilhelm J. G., Lutz Marten & Jekura U. Kavari
2002 A grammatical sketch of Herero. Cologne: Köppe.Google Scholar
Morimoto, Yukiko
2000 Discourse configurationality in Bantu morphosyntax. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Ph.D. dissertation.Google Scholar
2006 Agreement properties and word order in comparative Bantu. In Laura Downing, Lutz Marten & Sabine Zerbian (eds.), Papers in Bantu grammar and description. ZASPiL 43. 161–187.Google Scholar
Moshi, Lioba
1995 Locatives in KiVunjo-Chaga. In Akinbiyi Akinlabi (ed.), Theoretical approaches to African linguistics, 129–146. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.Google Scholar
Mugane, John Muratha
1997 Bantu nominalization structures. Tuscon, AZ: University of Arizona Ph.D. dissertation.Google Scholar
Muriungi, Peter
2008 Phrasal movement inside Bantu verbs: Deriving affix scope and order in Kîîtharaka. Tromsø: University of Tromsø Ph.D. dissertation. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ndayiragije, Juvénal
1999 Checking economy. Linguistic Inquiry 30. 399–444. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ngoboka, Jean Paul & Jochen Zeller
2013 Locative inversion in Kinyarwanda. Paper presented at the SOAS Inversion Workshop, 25 February 2013.
Ngonyani, Deogratias S.
1996 The morphosyntax of applicatives. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Ph.D. dissertation.Google Scholar
Ngonyani, Deo & Peter Githinji
2006 The asymmetric nature of Bantu applicative constructions. Lingua 116. 31–63. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nichols, Johanna
1992 Linguistic diversity in space and time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nicolle, Steve
2013 A grammar of Digo: A Bantu language of Kenya. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.Google Scholar
Nsuka Nkutsi, Francois
1982 Les Structures Fondamentales du Relatif dans les Langues Bantoues. Tervuren: Musee Royal de l’Afrique Centrale.Google Scholar
Odden, David
1984 Formal correlates of focusing in Kimatuumbi. Studies in African Linguistics 15(3). 275–299.Google Scholar
1996 The phonology and morphology of Kimatuumbi. Oxford: Clarendon Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Pak, Marjorie
2008 A-movement and intervention effects in Luganda. In Natasha Abner & Jason Bishop (eds.), Proceedings of the 27th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, 361–369. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Petzell, Malin
2008 The Kagulu language of Tanzania: Grammar, texts and vocabulary. Cologne: Köppe.Google Scholar
Riedel, Kristina & Lutz Marten
2012 Locative object marking and the argument-adjunct distinction. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 30(2). 277–292. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Rugemalira, Josephat
1993 Bantu multiple object constructions. Linguistic Analysis 23. 226–252.Google Scholar
Russell, Joan
1985 Swahili quasi-passives: The question of context. In Didier L. Goyvaerts (ed.), African linguistics: Essays in memory of M.W.K. Semikenke, 477–490. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Salzmann, Martin
2001 Theoretical approaches to locative inversion. Zürich: University of Zürich MA dissertation.Google Scholar
2011 Towards a typology of locative inversion – Bantu, perhaps Chinese and English – but beyond? Language and Linguistics Compass 5/4. 169–189. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sasse, Hans-Jürgen
2006 Theticity. In Giuliano Bernini & Marcia L. Schwartz (eds.), Pragmatic organization of discourse in the languages of Europe, 255–308. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schadeberg, Thilo C.
2003 Derivation. In Derek Nurse & Gérard Philippson (eds.), The Bantu languages, 71–89. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schadeberg, Thilo C. & Francisco U. Mucanheia
2000 Ekoti: The Maka or Swahili language of Angoche. Cologne: Köppe.Google Scholar
Stappers, Leo
1967 Het passief suffix -u- in de Bantoe-talen. Africana Linguistica 3. 139–145. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Thwala, Nhlanhla
2006a On the subject-predicate relation and subject agreement in SiSwati. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 24(3). 331–359. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2006b Parameters of variation and complement licensing in Bantu. In Laura Downing, Lutz Marten & Sabine Zerbian (eds.), Papers in Bantu grammar and description. ZASPiL 43. 209–232.Google Scholar
Trithart, Mary Lee
1977 Relational grammar and Chichewa subjectivization. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA MA dissertation.Google Scholar
Van der Wal, Jenneke
2008 Agreement in thetic sentences in Bantu and Romance. In Cécile De Cat & Katherine Demuth (eds.), The Bantu-Romance connection. A comparative investigation of verbal agreement, DPs and information structure, 323–350. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2009 Word order and information structure in Makhuwa-Enahara. Utrecht: LOT.Google Scholar
2012 Subject agreement and the EPP in Bantu agreeing inversion. Cambridge Occasional Papers in Linguistics 6. 201–236.Google Scholar
Submitted. Parameterising case: Other evidence from Bantu.
Van Otterloo, Roger
2011 The Kifuliiru language, volume 2: a descriptive grammar. Dallas, TX: SIL International.Google Scholar
Visser, Marianna
1989 The syntax of the infinitive in Xhosa. South African Journal of African Languages 9(4). 154–185. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Voisin, Sylvie
2006 Applicatif et emphase. In Daniel Lebaud, Catherine Paulin & Katja Ploog (eds.), Constructions verbales et production de sens, 155–170. Besançon: Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté.Google Scholar
Wald, Benji
1997 Instrumental objects in the history of topicality and transitivity in Bantu. In Rose-Marie Déchaine & Victor Manfredi (eds.), Object positions in Benue-Kwa, 221–253. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics.Google Scholar
Whiteley, Wilfred H.
1966 A study of Yao sentences. Oxford: Clarendon Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1972 Case complexes in Swahili. Studies in African Linguistics 3. 1–45.Google Scholar
Whiteley, Wilfred H. & J. D. Mganga
1969 Focus and entailment: Further problems of transitivity in Swahili. African Language Review 8. 108–25.Google Scholar
Woolford, Ellen
1995 Why passive can block object marking. In Akinbiyi Akinlabi (ed.), Theoretical Approaches to African Linguistics, 199–215. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press.Google Scholar
Yoneda, Nobuko
2008 Matengo-go no jouhou-kouzou to gojun. Gengo-Kenkyu 133. 107–132.Google Scholar
2011 Word order in Matengo (N13): Topicality and informational roles. Lingua 121(5). 754–771. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Zeller, Jochen
2004 Relative clause formation in the Bantu languages of South Africa. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 22. 75–93. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 Instrument inversion in Zulu. In Michael R. Marlo, Nikki B. Adams, Christopher R. Green, Michelle Morrison & Tristan M. Purvis (eds.), African languages in context. Selected proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 134–148. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
2013 Locative inversion in Bantu and predication. Linguistics 51(6), 1107–1146. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Zerbian, Sabine
2006 Inversion structures in Northern Sotho. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 24(3). 361–376. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ziervogel, Dirk & Enos John Mabuza
1976 A grammar of the Swati language. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik.Google Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 10 other publications

Arkadiev, Peter
2017. Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Andrej L. Malchukov, Marc Richards (eds.). Scales and Hierarchies. A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective . Studies in Language 41:3 ► pp. 791 ff. Crossref logo
Chou, Chao‐Ting Tim
2020. External Set‐Merge of Heads and Composite Probing: the Case of Locative Inversion in English and Chinese1. Studia Linguistica 74:3 ► pp. 775 ff. Crossref logo
Diercks, Michael
2017.  In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Second Edition, ► pp. 1 ff. Crossref logo
Fominyam, Henry & Radek Šimík
2017. The morphosyntax of exhaustive focus. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 35:4 ► pp. 1027 ff. Crossref logo
Gibson, Hannah
2018. Building meaning in context: A dynamic approach to Bantu clause structure. Transactions of the Philological Society 116 ► pp. 1 ff. Crossref logo
Legate, Julie Anne
2021. Noncanonical Passives: A Typology of Voices in an Impoverished Universal Grammar. Annual Review of Linguistics 7:1 ► pp. 157 ff. Crossref logo
MARTEN, LUTZ & HANNAH GIBSON
2016. Structure building and thematic constraints in Bantu inversion constructions. Journal of Linguistics 52:3 ► pp. 565 ff. Crossref logo
Selvanathan, Nagarajan
2020. The Labeling Algorithm and Kirundi Inversion Structures. Studia Linguistica 74:2 ► pp. 205 ff. Crossref logo
van der Wal, Jenneke
2015. Evidence for abstract Case in Bantu. Lingua 165 ► pp. 109 ff. Crossref logo
van der Wal, Jenneke
2020. Review of ‘The Bantu Languages, second edition’. Linguistic Typology 24:2 ► pp. 399 ff. Crossref logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 14 january 2022. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.