One of the consistent findings in the literature from a corpus-based perspective
is that the incidence of metaphor varies across different registers. The goal of
this chapter is to verify to what extent the variation in metaphor use is systematic
in English, from a Multi-Dimensional perspective. The VU University
Annotated Metaphor Corpus was used, comprising over 200,000 words in four
registers. In total, 250 different features were included in the study. The main
results show which dimensions underlie metaphor use in English, how metaphor
relates to the dimensions of variation in English, how much variation can
be accounted for by knowing register distinctions, and which are the metaphorbased
text types in English.
Berber Sardinha, T. (2008a). Metaphor probabilities in corpora. In M.S. Zanotto, L. Cameron, & M. Cavalcanti (Eds.), Confronting metaphor in use: An applied linguistic approach (pp. 127–148). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Berber Sardinha, T. (2008b). Telling one’s life stories with metaphors: A corpus-driven investigation. Paper presented at the
International Conference on Researching and Applying Metaphor (RaAM 7), Cáceres, Spain.
Berber Sardinha, T. (2011a). Dimensions of variation in Brazilian Portuguese. Paper presented at the
10th AACL, American Association for Corpus Linguistics
, Atlanta, GA.
Berber Sardinha, T. (2011b). Dimensions of variation in metaphor use. Paper presented at the
Corpus Linguistics Conference
, Birmingham, UK.
Berber Sardinha, T. (2012a). An assessment of metaphor retrieval methods. In F. MacArthur, J.L. Oncins Martínez, M. Sánchez García, & A.M. Piquer Píriz (Eds.), Metaphor in use: Context, culture, and communication (pp. 21–50). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Berber Sardinha, T. (2012b). Metaphors of the Brazilian economy from 1964–2010. In H. Herrera Soler & M. White (Eds.), Metaphors and mills (pp. 103–126). Berlin/Boston, MA: De Gruyter.
Berber Sardinha, T., Kauffmann, C., & Acunzo, C.M. (2014a). A multidimensional analysis of register variation in Brazilian Portuguese. Corpora, 9(2), 239–271.
Berber Sardinha, T., Kauffmann, C., & Acunzo, C.M. (2014b). Dimensions of register variation in Brazilian Portuguese. In T. Berber Sardinha, & M. Veirano Pinto (Eds.), Multi-Dimensional Analysis, 25 years on: A Tribute to Douglas Biber (pp. 35–80). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Biber, D. (1988). Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Biber, D. (1995). Dimensions of register variation – A cross-linguistic comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Biber, D. (2004). Conversation text types: A multi-dimensional analysis. In G. Purnelle, C. Fairon, & A. Dister (Eds.), Le poids des mots: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on the statistical analysis of textual data (pp. 15–34). Louvain: Presses Universitaires de Louvain.
Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Cortes, V. (2004). If you look at…: Lexical bundles in university teaching and textbooks. Applied Linguistics, 25(3), 371–405.
Biber, D., Davies, M., Jones, J.K., & Tracy-Ventura, N. (2006). Spoken and written register variation in Spanish: A multi-dimensional analysis. Corpora, 1(1), 1–37.
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). The Longman grammar of spoken and written English. London: Longman.
Bick, E. (2009). Introducing probabilistic information in Constraint Grammar parsing.
Proceedings of Corpus Linguistics 2009
, Liverpool, UK.
Cameron, L. (2003). Metaphor in educational discourse. London: Continuum.
Cameron, L. (2008). Metaphor shifting in the dynamics of talk. In M. Zanotto, L. Cameron, & M. Cavalcanti (Eds.), Confronting metaphor in use: An applied linguistic approach (pp. 45–62). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Cameron, L., & Maslen, R. (2010). Metaphor analysis: Research practice in applied linguistics, social sciences and the humanities. London: Equinox.
Cameron, L., & Stelma, J.H. (2004). Metaphor clusters in discourse. Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(2), 7–36.
Dorst, A.G. (2011). Metaphor in fiction: Language, thought and communication. Oisterwijk: Box Press.
Gibbs, R.W. (2008). Metaphor and thought. In R.W. Gibbs (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought (pp. 3–13). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hardie, A., Koller, V., Rayson, P., & Semino, E. (2007). Exploiting a Semantic Annotation Tool for Metaphor Analysis. Corpus Linguistics Conference (CL2007), University of Birmingham, UK.
Herrmann, J.B. (2013). Metaphor in academic discourse: Linguistic forms, conceptual structures, communicative functions and cognitive representations. Utrecht: LOT dissertation series.
Kaal, A.A. (2012). Metaphor in conversation. Oisterwijk: Box Press.
Krennmayr, T. (2011). Metaphors in newspapers. Utrecht: LOT dissertation series.
McEntee-Atalianis, L.J. (2013). Stance and metaphor: Mapping changing representations of (organizational) identity. Discourse and Communication, 7(3), 319–340.
Parodi, G. (2007). Variation across registers in Spanish: Exploring the El-Grial PUCV Corpus. In G. Parodi (Ed.), Working with Spanish corpora (pp. 11–53). London: Continuum.
Pasma, T. (2011). Metaphor and register variation: The personalization of Dutch news discourse. Oisterwijk: Box Press.
Piquer-Piriz, A. (2008). Young learners’ understanding of figurative language. In M. Zanotto, L. Cameron, & M. Cavalcanti (Eds.), Confronting metaphor in use: An applied linguistic approach (pp. 183–198). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Rey, J. (2001). Changing gender roles in popular culture: Dialogue in Star Trek episodes from 1966 to 1993. In S. Conrad & D. Biber (Eds.), Variation in English: Multi-dimensional studies (pp. 138–156). Harlow: Longman.
Semino, E. (2008). Metaphor in discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zanotto, M., & Vesaro Palma, D. (2008). Opening Pandora’s box: Multiple readings of ‘a metaphor’. In M. Zanotto, L. Cameron, & M. Cavalcanti (Eds.), Confronting metaphor in use: An applied linguistic approach (pp. 11–44). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Zhao, N. (2009). The minimum sample size in factor analysis. Retrieved from [URL], on April 1, 2012.
Cited by (4)
Cited by four other publications
Chen, Joanna Zhuoan, Kathleen Ahrens & Dennis Tay
2024. ‘Luxurious’ metaphors in luxury hotel websites in Singapore and Hong Kong: A mixed-methods study. Applied Corpus Linguistics 4:2 ► pp. 100090 ff.
Alejo-González, Rafael
2022. Metaphor in the Academic Mentoring of International Undergraduate Students: The Erasmus Experience. Metaphor and Symbol 37:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Biber, Douglas & Susan Conrad
2019. Register, Genre, and Style,
Krennmayr, Tina & Gerard Steen
2017. VU Amsterdam Metaphor Corpus. In Handbook of Linguistic Annotation, ► pp. 1053 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 19 september 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.