This article-cum-narrative reflects on the use — indeed usefulness — of a dictionary in helping the researcher to identify metaphorical and non-metaphorical uses of language. Focusing on a group of ‘saying’ verbs as they were used in a face-to-face conversation between a university lecturer and an undergraduate student, it describes a researcher’s attempts to use the dictionary recommended by the Pragglejaz Group in their seminal article on metaphor identification (2007) to discover what basic sense of different words might (or might not) motivate their metaphorical meaning in context. The quest to identify the basic meanings of these verbs using this dictionary was fraught with difficulties and led to a less than satisfactory dénouement.
Baker, C.F., & Ruppenhofer, J. (2002February). FrameNet’s frames vs. Levin’s verb classes. In J. Larson & M. Paster (Eds.), Proceedings of the 28th annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (pp. 27–38). Berkeley, CA: University of California at Berkeley.
Biber, D. (1991). Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Biber, D. (1995). Dimensions of register variation: A cross-linguistic comparison. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Cameron, L. (2008). Metaphor shifting in the dynamics of talk. In M.S. Zanotto, L. Cameron & M. Cavalcanti (Eds.), Confronting metaphor is use: An applied linguistic approach (pp. 45–62). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Carter, R., & McCarthy, M. (1995). Grammar and the spoken language. Applied Linguistics, 161, 141–158.
Dixon, R.M.W. (1991). A new approach to English grammar, on semantic principles. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Dorst, A.G. (2011). Metaphor in fiction: Language, thought and communication. Oisterwijk: UitgeverijBOXPress.
Herrmann, J.B. (2013). Metaphor in academic discourse: Linguistic forms, conceptual structures, communicative functions and cognitive representations. Utrecht: LOT dissertation series.
Kaal, A.A. (2012). Metaphor in conversation. Oisterwijk: UitgeverijBOXPress.
Krennmayr, T. (2011). Metaphor in newspapers. Utrecht: LOT dissertation series.
Levin, B. (1993). English verb classes and alternations: A preliminary investigation. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Levin, B., & Rappaport Hovav, M. (2005). Argument realization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy, M., & Carter, R. (2006). Ten criteria for a spoken grammar. Explorations in Corpus Linguistics, 271, 27–52.
Meinunger, A. (2006). On the discourse impact of subordinate clauses. The architecture of focus, 821, 459–487.
Olsen, D.R. (1994). The world on paper: The conceptual and cognitive implications of writing and reading. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Pragglejaz Group. (2007). MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1–39.
Rundell, M., & Fox, G. (Eds.). (2007). Macmillan English dictionary for advanced learners (2nd ed.). Oxford: Macmillan.
2023. Introduction. Metaphor and the Social World 13:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Falck, Marlene Johansson & Lacey Okonski
2022. Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (pims): A Cognitive Linguistics Approach to Bridge Theory and Practice. Cognitive Semantics 8:2 ► pp. 294 ff.
2016. Beyond Engaged Listenership: Assessing Spanish Undergraduates’ Active Participation in Academic Mentoring Sessions in English as Academic Lingua Franca. In Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2016 [Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics, ], ► pp. 153 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 21 december 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.