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NOWELE
Vol. 70:2 (2017) ► pp.171–254

Scandinavian umlaut and contrastive feature hierarchies

| University of Helsinki

With the application of the Contrastive Hierarchy Theory, the contrastive features of preliterary Scandinavian vowels are here inferred from the interaction between targets and triggers for metaphonic fronting, rounding and breaking. One Proto-Scandinavian feature hierarchy is reconstructed for prominent syllables and another for non-prominent ones. The former hierarchy sustained contrasts that differed from the latter, including contrast for rounding and a preserved distinction between Pre-Germanic */i/ and */e/. A prominence system is reconstructed that predicts both the outcome of syncope and the distribution of the two vowel systems between syllables. The analysis neatly accounts for many notorious cruxes of umlaut and breaking that correlate with the prosodic position of the trigger, including the frequent absence of i-umlaut in light syllables.

Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1On aims, data and source languages and their periodisation
    • 1.2Conventions of presentation
    • 1.3The main stressed foot and the contrastive hierarchy theory
    • 1.4Progression of presentation
  • 2.Main findings
  • 3.On diachronic methodology, prosodic theory and the chronology of syncope
    • 3.1Metrics, syllabification and prosodic constraints
    • 3.2On the Inalterability of Proper Features Constraint (IPFC) and issues of phonologisation
    • 3.3Periodisation of TSc and ASc, sonority of vowels and the sequencing of their syncopation
  • 4.Rounding umlaut and breaking
    • 4.1The alterability of descendants of PlGmc */ɛ/ by rounding umlaut
      • 4.1.1Main theses
      • 4.1.2Data and discussion
        • 4.1.2.1The chronology of u-umlaut
        • 4.1.2.2The chronology of w-umlaut
    • 4.2The alterability of *ȇ by primary and secondary rounding umlaut
      • 4.2.1Main theses
      • 4.2.2On jo-breaking and ja-breaking
      • 4.2.3On segmentation
      • 4.2.4The metrical position of the trigger vowel
    • 4.3Rounding umlaut combined with breaking of PSc *ȋ
      • 4.3.1Main thesis
      • 4.3.2Data and discussion
    • 4.4Breaking by back umlaut and its conditional segmentation
      • 4.4.1The feature of the target for back umlaut
        • 4.4.1.1Main theses
        • 4.4.1.2Data and discussion
      • 4.4.2Geographical variation in breaking triggered from within the main foot
    • 4.5The inalterability of descendants of PlGmc */i/ by umlaut
      • 4.5.1Main theses
      • 4.5.2Data and discussion
    • 4.6Interim conclusions and predictions
  • 5.Front umlaut
    • 5.1Introduction to the problem
    • 5.2Probing the first prediction from subsection 4.6
      • 5.2.1Main theses
      • 5.2.2Data and discussion
  • 6.From Proto-Scandinavian to Old Scandinavian
    • 6.1Theoretical interlude on metrical parsing and prominence assignment
    • 6.2From Proto-Scandinavian to Post-Proto-Scandinavian
      • 6.2.1Chronological statements
      • 6.2.2On irregularities in a-breaking
      • 6.2.3Trigger change due to reassignment of prominence
      • 6.2.4On r-breaking
    • 6.3From Post-Proto-Scandinavian to Early Transitional Scandinavian
      • 6.3.1Chronological statements
      • 6.3.2First phonologisation caused by syncope
    • 6.4From Early Transitional Scandinavian to Late Transitional Scandinavian
      • 6.4.1Chronological statements
      • 6.4.2On relayed remote double umlaut
      • 6.4.3Phonologisation of front umlaut
    • 6.5From Late Transitional Scandinavian to Late Ancient Scandinavian
      • 6.5.1Chronological statements
      • 6.5.2The genesis of Ancient Scandinavian
    • 6.6Overtures beyond Ancient Scandinavian
  • 7.Concluding remarks
  • Notes
  • Acronyms and abbreviations
  • Other references
Published online: 28 September 2017
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https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.70.2.03sch
References

Acronyms and abbreviations

For abbreviations of Germanic (Gmc) and Scandinavian (Sc) language stages see Table 6.

AEW = J. de Vries 1962 Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (2nd rev. ed.) Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
ANF Arkiv för nordisk filologi
CFH Contrastive feature hierarchy”
CHT Contrastive Hierarchy Theory”
DEO = N. Å. Nielsen 1985 (1966) Dansk etymologisk ordbog: ordenes historie. (4. oplag). København: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
EDPG = G. Kroonen 2013 Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
IPFC Inalterability of Proper Features Constraint” (see subsection 3.2 )
LägLoS A. D. Kylstra, S. -L. Hahmo, T. Hofstra & O. Nikkilä. Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen I-III1 (I:A-J 1991,; II:K-O 1996; III:P-Ö 2012). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
PEO = J. Katlev 2000 Politikens Etymologiske Ordbog: Danske Ords Historie. København: Politikens Forlag.Google Scholar
PIE Proto-Indo-European”
SEO = E. Hellqvist 1980 [1922] Svensk etymologisk ordbok (3:e uppl.). Lund.Google Scholar
VAOE = H. Bjorvand & F. O. Lindeman 2007 [2000] Våre arveord. Etymologisk ordbok. (2. utg.). Oslo: Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning, Novus.Google Scholar

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