Saartje Verbeke | Research Foundation Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen)
Using the framework of Processability Theory (PT), this chapter examines the development of the Hindi case system in the interlanguage of Dutch-speaking foreign language learners. A number of studies have already adopted the PT framework to describe, predict and explain the development of case marking systems in different languages (e.g., German, Russian and Serbian). These studies demonstrated that PT was a suitable framework for predicting and explaining case development. Because German, Russian and Serbian are accusative languages, the question arises whether PT as a conceptual framework is also applicable to the foreign language acquisition of a language with ergative features such as Hindi. The present chapter therefore addresses case development in L2 Hindi, thereby testing the claim that PT possesses universal applicability. Spontaneous oral production data were collected from 11 foreign language learners of Hindi. In accordance with PT, the study results indicate that three stages of development occur; in particular, learners begin with no feature unification, transition through direct mapping, and eventually attain feature unification.
(1985) The acquisition of Turkish. In D. Slobin (Ed.), The cross-linguistic study of language acquisition (pp. 839-878). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Andersen, R.W
(1978) An implicational model for second language research. Language Learning, 28(1), 221-282.
Artoni, D. & Magnani M
(2013) LFG contributions in second language acquisition research: The development of case in L2 Russian. . In M. Butt & T. Holloway King (Eds.), Proceedings of the LFG13 Conference (pp. 69-89). CSLI Publications.
Austin, J
(2012) The case-agreement hierarchy in acquisition: Evidence from children learning Basque. Lingua, 122, 289-302.
Babyonyshev, M
(1993) The acquisition of the Russian case system. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 19, 1-43.
Baten, K
(2013) The acquisition of the German case system by foreign language learners. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Bavin, E., & Stoll, S
(Eds.) (2014) The acquisition of ergativity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Blake, B.J
(2001) Case. Cambridge: CUP.
Block, D
(1996) Not so fast: Some thoughts on theory culling, relativism, accepted findings and the heart and soul of SLA. Applied Linguistics, 17(1), 63-83.
Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I., Kumar Choudhary, K., Witzlack-Makarevich, A., & Bickel, B
(2008) Bridging the gap between processing preferences and typological distributions: Initial evidence from the online comprehension of control constructions in Hindi. In M. Richards & A. Malchukov (Eds.), Linguistische Arbeitsberichte (Vol. 86; pp. 397-436). Leipzig.
Bowerman, M
(1985) What shapes children's grammar? In D. Slobin (Ed.), The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition (pp. 1257-1314). Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Braine, M
(1992) What sort of innate structure is needed to 'bootstrap' into syntax?Cognition: International Journal of Cognitive Science, 45, 77-100.
Butt, M
(2006) Theories of case. Cambridge: CUP.
Butt, M
(2009) Case in lexical-functional grammar. In A. Malchukov & A. Spencer (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Case (pp. 59-71). Oxford: OUP.
Butt, M. & King, T.H
(2004) The status of case. In V. Dayal & A. Mahajan (Eds.), Clause structure in South Asian languages (pp. 153-198). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Cabrera, M
(2010) Intransitive / inchoative structures in L2 Spanish. In C. Borgonovo, M. Español-Echevarría, & P. Prévost (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 12th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 160-170). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Charters, H., Dao, L., & Jansen, L
(2011) Reassessing the applicability of processability theory: The case of nominal plural. Second Language Research, 27(4), 509-533.
(2009) Uncommon patterns of core term marking and case terminology. Lingua, 119(3), 445-459.
Das, P.K
(2006) Grammatical agreement in Hindi-Urdu and its major varieties. Munich: Lincom.
Davison, A
(1999) Ergativity: Functional and formal issues. In M. Darnell, E.A. Moravcsik, F.J. Newmeyer, M. Noonan, & K. Wheatley (Eds.), Functionalism and formalism in linguistics (pp. 177-210). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Di Biase, B. & Kawaguchi, S
(2002) Exploring the typological plausibility of processability theory: Language development in Italian second language and Japanese second language. Second Language Research, 18(3), 274-302.
Dixon, R
(1994) Ergativity: Cambridge: CUP.
Dulay, H.C. & Burt, M.K
(1974) Natural sequences in child second language acquisition. Language Learning, 24(1), 37-53.
Eisenbeiß, S., Bartke, S., & Clahsen, H
(2005) Structural and lexical case in child German: Evidence from language-impaired and typically developing children. Language Acquisition: A Journal of Developmental Linguistics, 13(1), 3-32.
Eisenbeiß, S., Narasimhan, B., & Voeĭkova, M
(2009) The acquisition of case. In A. Malchukov & A. Spencer (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of case (pp. 369-383). Oxford: OUP.
Ezeizabarrena, M.J
(2012) The (in)consistent ergative marking in early Basque: L1 vs. child L2. Lingua, 122, 303-317.
Ezeizabarrena, M.J., & Larrañaga, M.P
(1996) Ergativity in Basque: A problem for language acquisition?Linguistics 34, 955-991.
Gagarina, N., & Voeĭkova, M
(2009) Acquisition of case and number in Russian. In U. Stephany & M.D. Voeĭkova (Eds.), Development of nominal inflection in first language acquisition (pp. 179-215). Berlin: De Gruyter.
Glahn, E., Håkansson, G., Hammarberg, B., Holmen, A., Hvenekilde, A., & Lund, K
(2001) Processability in Scandinavian second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23(3), 389-416.
Goddard, C
(1982) Case systems and case marking in Australian languages: A new interpretation. Australian Journal of Linguistics 2, 167-196.
Håkansson, G., & Norrby, C
(2008) Processability Theory applied to written and oral Swedish. In F. Mansouri (Ed.), Second language acquisition research: Theory-construction and testing (pp. 81-94). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
Hansen, L
(1980) Learning and forgetting a second language: The acquisition, loss and reacquisition of Hindi-Urdu negated structures by English-speaking children. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Hansen, L
(1983) The acquisition and forgetting of Hindi-Urdu negation by English-speaking children. In K. Bailey, M. Long, & S. Peck (Eds.), Second language acquisition studies (pp. 93-103). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Hansen, L
(1986) Universals in relative clause acquisition: Evidence from child and adult L1 and L2 learners of Hindi-Urdu. Language Learning, 36(2), 143-158.
Hook, P.E., & Koul, O.N
(2004) Case as agreement. In P. Baskararao & K.V. Subarao (Eds.), Non-nominative subjects (Vol.1; pp. 213-225). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Jansen, L
(2008) Acquisition of German word order in tutored learners: A cross-sectional study in a wider theoretical context. Language Learning, 58(1), 185-231.
Kaplan, R.M., & Bresnan, J
(1982) Lexical-functional grammar: A formal system for grammatical representation. In J. Bresnan (Ed.), The mental representation of grammatical relations (pp. 173-281). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Kawaguchi, S
(2000) Acquisition of Japanese verbal morphology: Applying processability theory to Japanese. Studia Linguistica, 54(2), 238-248.
Keenan, E.L
(1976) Towards a universal definition of "subject". In C.N. Li (Ed.), Subject and topic (pp. 303-333). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Keine, S
(2007) Reanalysing Hindi split-ergativity as a morphological phenomenon. In J. Trommer & A. Opitz (Eds.), 1-2-many (pp. 73-127). Leipzig: Linguistische Arbeitsberichte.
Kersten, K
(2009) Profiling child ESL acquisition: Practical and methodological issues. In J.-U. Keßler & D. Keatinge (Eds.), Research in second language acquisition: Empirical evidence across languages (pp. 267-294). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
Ketrez, F.N., & Aksu-Koç, A
(2009) Early nominal morphology in Turkish: Emergence of case and number. In U. Stephany & M.D. Voeikova (Eds.), Development of nominal inflection in first language acquisition: A cross-linguistic perspective (pp. 15-48). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Lakshmanan, U
(1999) Object shift and the position of NegP in the child L2 grammars of Hindi. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Representation and process: Proceedings of the third Pacific Second Language Research Forum (pp. 23-36). Tokyo: PacSLRF.
Lakshmanan, U
(2006) Child L2 acquisition and the fossilization puzzle. In Z. Han & T. Odlin (Eds.), Studies of fossilization in second language acquisition (pp. 100-133). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Lakshmanan, U., & Ozeki, M
(1996) The case of the missing particle: Objective case assignment and scrambling in the early grammar of Japanese. In A. Stringfellow, D. Cahana-Amitay, E. Hughes, & A. Zukowsk (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th Annual Boston Conference on Language Development (pp. 431-442). Somerville, Ma: Cascadilla Press.
Larrañaga, M.P
(2000) Ergative Sprachen, akkusative Sprachen: der Erwerb des Kasus bei bilingualen Kindern. Frankfurt: Vervuert.
Larrañaga, M.P
(2001) Die Markierung des Subjekts bei bilingual baskisch-spanisch aufwachsenden Kindern. In W. Boeder & G. Hentschel (Eds.), Variierende Markierung von Nominalgruppen in Sprachen unterschiedlichen Typs (pp. 255-274). Oldenburg: BIS-Verlag.
Levelt, W.J.M
(1989) Speaking. From intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Mahajan, A
(1990) The A/A-bar distinction and movement theory. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Manning, C.D
(1996) Ergativity. Argument structure and grammatical relations. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
(1969) Frog, where are you? New York, NY: Dial Press.
Medojevic, L
(2009) Applying processability theory and its extension to Serbian as a family and community language in Australia. In J.-U. Keßler & D. Keatinge (Eds.), Research in second language acquisition: Empirical evidence across languages (pp. 175-212). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
Meerholz-Härle, B., & Tschirner, E
(2001) Processability Theory: Eine empirische Untersuchung. In K. Aguado & C. Riemer (Eds.), Wege und Ziele: Zur Theorie, Empirie und Praxis des Deutschen als Fremdsprache (und anderer Fremdsprachen). Festschrift für Gert Henrici (pp. 155-175). Hohengehren: Schneider.
Meisel, J.M., Clahsen, H., & Pienemann, M
(1981) On determining developmental stages in natural second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 3(2), 109-135.
(2005) Splitting the notion of 'agent': Case-marking in early child Hindi. Journal of Child Language, 32(4), 787-803.
Narasimhan, B., Budwig, N., & Murty, L
(2005) Argument realization in Hindi caregiver-child discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 37(4), 461-495.
Ochs, E
(1982) Ergativity and word order in Samoan child language. Language 58(3), 646-671.
Ochs, E
(1986) Variation and error: A sociolinguistic study of language acquisition in Samoa. In D. Slobin (Ed.), The cross-linguistic study of language acquisition (Vol.1; pp. 783-838). Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ochs, E., & Schieffelin, B
(1995) The impact of language socialization on grammatical development. In P. Fletcher & B. Macwhinney (Eds.), The handbook of child language (pp. 73-95). Oxford: Blackwell.
Pallotti, G
(2007) An operational definition of the emergence criterion. Applied Linguistics, 28(3), 361-382.
Pandharipande, R., & Kachru, Y
(1977) Relational grammar, ergativity, and Hindi-Urdu. Lingua, 41, 217-238.
Pienemann, M
(1998a) Developmental dynamics in L1 and L2 acquisition: Processability theory and generative entrenchment. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(1), 1-20.
(2005) Extending processability theory. In M. Pienemann (Ed.), Cross-linguistic aspects of Processability Theory (pp. 199-251). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Pienemann, M., & Håkansson, G
(1999) A unified approach toward the development of Swedish as L2: A processability account. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21(3), 383-420.
Pinker, S
(1984) Language learnability and language development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Pye, C
(1990) The acquisition of ergative languages. Linguistics, 28(1291-1330).
Schieffelin, B
(1981) A developmental study of pragmatic appropriateness of word order and case marking in Kaluli. In W. Deutsch (Ed.), The child's constructions of language (pp. 105-120). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Schieffelin, B
(1985) The acquisition of Kaluli. In D. Slobin (Ed.), The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition: Theoretical issues (pp. 52-593). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Schlesinger, I
(1982) Steps to language: Towards a theory of native language acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
(1966) The acquisition of Russian as a native language. In F. Smith & G.A. Miller (Eds.), The genesis of language (pp. 129-148). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Ura, H
(2006) A parametric syntax of aspectually conditioned split-ergativity. In A. Johns, M.D. & Ndayairagije (Eds.), Ergativity: Emerging issues (pp. 111-142). Dordrecht: Springer.
Van Valin, R
(1992) An overview of ergative phenomena and their implications for language acquisition. In D. Slobin (Ed.), The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition (Vol. 3; pp. 15-37). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Verbeke, S
(2013) Alignment and ergativity in new Indo-Aryan languages. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Weeks, L.A
(1990) Cross-linguistic research on early grammatical mapping. In M. Rothweiler (Ed.), Spracherwerb und Grammatik. Linguistische Untersuchungen zum Erwerb von Syntax und Morphologie (pp. 50-86). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
Zhang, Y
(2004) Processing constraints, categorial analysis, and the second language acquisition of the Chinese adjective suffix -de(ADJ). Language Learning, 54(3), 437-468.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 13 may 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.