Terms index

• Aboriginal English (AE) 349–354, 357, 359, 364–365, 368

• accuracy3, 10–11, 38, 40, 51, 54, 69, 75, 81, 86, 88, 91, 113, 118–119, 121, 123, 146, 150, 163, 187–188, 234, 257, 267, 283–284, 293, 301, 304, 306, 311–317, 320–322, 329, 333, 358, 372, 377–388, 391, 395
  • measure377, 380–381, 383–384, 386–388
  • rate304, 306, 312, 320, 329, 333, 356, 380–381, 386–38

• acquisition
  • criterion3, 9–11, 38, 73, 75, 79, 81–82, 87–88, 91–92, 96, 98, 381, 383
  • process1, 4, 22–23, 161, 168, 175, 182, 267, 285–287, 296, 366, 391, 394
  • spectrum92

• additional language1, 104, 155–156, 160, 168, 178, 181, 289, 366, 391, 395

• amalgam259, 264, 267–268, 270–273, 275–276, 279
  • constructionSee amalgam

• argument structure (a-structure) 16–17, 21–22, 25, 38, 110, 137, 211, 236, 245, 247–249, 307

• assignment22, 27, 103, 105–106, 108–116, 121–122, 124, 126–127, 140–141, 145–146, 198–199, 204, 246, 284, 318–319

• 1–2, 155–156, 185–188, 191, 193, 198, 204–206, 393

• Australian Aboriginal
  • people350
  • students352

• average data395

• c-to-f-mapping307, 318

• cancel inversion 238–240, 242, 252

• capacity6, 40, 50, 73, 78, 160, 162, 187, 198, 207, 216–217, 224–225, 227, 250, 262, 285, 293, 342, 352, 364, 391–392, 394, 396–397

• case1, 103–116, 118–129, 132–133, 136, 138, 140, 143, 145–146, 150–153, 170, 248, 301–302, 304, 306–308, 310–324, 326, 337, 391

• category procedure76, 125, 127, 139, 262–263, 268, 269, 277, 307, 318, 378

• child ESL255, 279, 368

• Chinese (Mandarin)2, 48, 53, 103, 156, 159, 182, 207–211, 213–215, 217–218, 222, 224–229, 257, 303–304, 322, 325, 327, 333–334, 338–339, 341–342, 347

• CLACommunicative Language Ability

• clitic 132–133, 138, 141, 147–148, 150–153, 304
  • pronounSee clitic

• coefficient
  • of reproducibility30, 38, 69, 91–95
  • of scalability30, 38, 57, 63, 69–70, 92, 95

• cognitive interactionist
  • approach to SLA327, 329, 354
  • (SLA) theorySee cognitive interactionist approach to SLA

• cognitive skill theory330

• communicative
  • act 158–159, 163–169, 175, 177–179, 181
  • behaviour9, 163, 250
  • competence284, 287, 347, 369, 371, 375, 390
  • features164, 168–169, 172, 180, 284
  • language ability (CLA) 371–373, 375–376, 378, 385–386, 388
  • language testing373
  • repertoire2, 155, 157–158, 161, 163–164, 168, 179, 181, 394, 396

• comprehension1, 6, 9–11, 13–15, 18–29, 31, 38–48, 50–54, 65, 69–71, 73–74, 76–80, 82, 98, 100–101, 231, 256, 275, 281, 376, 391, 393–394

• configurational105, 108, 114–116, 122, 124, 126–127, 131, 135

• constituent structure (c-structure ) 16–17, 21–22, 24–25, 108–109, 133, 135–136, 138, 215–216, 227, 236–237, 241, 245, 247–249, 262, 264, 307

• constraint5, 6–7, 9, 14–17, 20–21, 38, 44, 46, 103, 129, 135, 158, 161, 168–169, 180, 183, 207, 226–227, 237, 253, 260, 281, 285–286, 299, 301–302, 306, 308, 311, 315–317, 320–321, 325, 328, 346, 366, 368, 390, 398
  • on acquisition285

• controlSee gaining control

• conversational interaction324, 344–346, 355, 368

• corrective feedback287, 296, 299, 305, 322, 327, 344–347, 353, 355, 360, 364–366

• correlation 40–42, 51, 354, 357–358, 360, 362–364, 371, 373, 375, 378, 385–387
  • analysis42, 378, 385

• correlationalSee correlation

• decodingSee grammatical decoding

• definiteness194, 197, 209

• developmental
  • readiness5, 284–287, 289, 297, 299–300, 313, 315, 320, 323, 325, 347, 349, 372, 388
  • sequence(s) 1–5, 7, 36, 42–43, 47, 111–112, 126, 146, 151, 157, 161, 169, 172, 183, 231, 256, 265–266, 281, 283, 285, 302, 306–307, 323–324, 327–329, 331, 341, 343, 398
  • stage(s)6, 9, 29, 31, 34, 44, 70–71, 73–76, 88, 99, 118, 126, 128, 139, 150, 156–157, 162, 179, 180, 182, 251, 255, 263, 266, 268, 283, 286–288, 291, 298, 301–302, 304, 306, 318, 322, 324, 337, 346, 349, 356, 360, 372–373, 375, 386, 388–389, 398
  • stages for English morphology263
  • trailer322

• developmentally moderated
  • approach to language teaching287, 297
  • focus on form286, 288–289, 291, 296–297
  • instruction322

• deviation29, 30, 185–186, 190, 194, 199, 201–202, 205, 248, 304

• dialectal variation190

• dimension10, 160, 162, 164–168, 175–177, 396

• discourse function 133–134, 155, 236, 304

• discourse-pragmatic113, 131–132, 140–141, 150–151, 207–208, 210–212, 213–214, 218, 220, 226–227
  • features103, 226–227

• discourse-related features394

• distributional analysis 31–33, 36, 39, 266, 291, 321, 392

• dominant language177, 185–186, 188–189, 193, 204–205

• EFL classroom 285–286, 289, 291, 299

• element (Multiplicity) 164–168, 175–177

• elicited imitation task301, 311

• emergence 2–4, 9–10, 31, 34, 38, 40, 65, 73, 75–76, 78–82, 86–88, 97–99, 105, 112–113, 118–121, 123, 126–127, 129, 142, 159–160, 171, 179–180, 187, 208, 214–217, 219, 224, 226–227, 229, 243, 256–257, 266–267, 275, 277–279, 282–284, 291, 293, 301, 312–313, 317–318, 320–322, 325, 328–329, 331, 337, 346, 372, 377–378, 380–381, 386, 388, 391–398
  • criterion 3–4, 31, 34, 40, 79–80, 82, 86–88, 98–99, 118, 121, 129, 142, 160, 187, 257, 267, 282–284, 291, 301, 312, 317, 325, 328–329, 331, 337, 377–378, 380–381, 386, 388, 392–394

• emergentist approach256, 258–259, 264–265, 272, 278–280

• enact28, 310

• enactment task82

• English as a second language23, 46–49, 51, 53, 57–58, 60–67, 70, 76, 79, 81–83, 98–99, 253, 255, 257, 265, 278–282, 299, 324, 344, 346, 351, 368

• English question formation284, 322, 327–328, 330–333, 343

• ESLSee English as a second language

• event probability13, 20–21, 23, 26, 28, 40, 43

• existential159, 164–165, 169–176, 178–179, 182–183
  • structureSee existential

• explicit
  • instruction290, 302, 308–309, 322–323, 342
  • information310

• extended Hypothesis SpaceSee Hypothesis Space

• feature 2–5, 9–10, 14, 16–18, 20, 24–26, 29, 31, 33–36, 38, 46, 48, 55, 73, 76, 78–79, 82–84, 87–88, 92–93, 97, 103, 106, 108, 114, 118, 126–127, 132–134, 155–157, 159–161, 163–181, 186–188, 190–194, 196–197, 199, 201, 203–205, 207–210, 214, 217–218, 220, 226–227, 232, 234, 236–237, 239–243, 248, 250–252, 258, 262, 266, 278, 283–292, 294, 296–297, 299, 302–305, 312, 322–323, 325, 337, 341–343, 251, 360, 364, 366, 372–374, 377, 391–394, 398
  • unification6, 17, 20, 24–26, 78–79, 82, 84, 132, 239–243, 251, 262, 304

• feedback 1–2, 183, 284, 287, 296, 299, 305, 310, 322, 327, 329–333, 335–336, 343–347, 349, 351, 353, 355, 359–360, 364–366, 368, 396

• finite relative clause251

• focus (grammatical function)103, 128, 133–135, 137, 143, 145, 147–149, 152–153, 163, 168, 209, 236, 297

• focus on form 286–291, 296–299, 301–302, 304–305, 320, 324–325, 345, 347

• form-focused281, 284, 286, 288–289, 291, 298, 300, 324, 332–333, 342, 344–345, 347

• formulae78, 395

• formulaic3, 76, 139, 142, 160, 265, 267, 273, 291–292, 302, 337–338

• frequency55, 70, 123, 156, 160, 191, 234, 272, 275–276, 279, 284, 304–305, 327, 329, 331, 333, 338, 341, 351, 358, 360, 364, 379, 386, 390

• functional16, 111, 114, 132, 136–138, 140–141, 145–146, 150, 220, 229, 237, 281, 314, 319–321
  • case marking111, 113–314, 116, 119, 126–127, 306–308, 310–314, 316–321, 323
  • structure (f-structure) 16–17, 22, 25, 109, 133, 136–139, 215–217, 231, 236–237, 240–241, 244–249, 262–263, 307

• gaining control169, 172, 179, 262, 294, 297, 342, 392, 395–398

• German 3–6, 13–14, 50–52, 70, 81, 101, 103, 105, 110–112, 116–117, 126, 128–129, 142, 160, 163, 169, 181, 183, 190, 205–206, 215, 285–286, 289–290, 298, 301–302, 304, 306–309, 312, 320–321, 323–324, 332, 377, 394, 398

• grammar decodingSee grammatical decoding

• grammatical1, 5–6, 10, 13–20, 22, 24–27, 38, 43–46, 48, 50–59, 65, 68–71, 73, 77–84, 86–90, 95–98, 100–101, 103–106, 108–109, 112, 114–115, 122, 126–128, 131, 133–134, 137, 148, 151–152, 159, 161–163, 170, 173–174, 181, 185–187, 191, 194, 199, 204, 206–209, 212–214, 218, 220–222, 224, 226–227, 229, 231–237, 241, 244–247, 249–253, 257–262, 267, 275, 280–281, 284–286, 289–290, 295, 297, 304, 307, 309, 311, 318–319, 323–324, 344, 347, 364, 368, 371–375, 385–386, 388–390, 394, 398
  • assessment372
  • coder19
  • competence 371–373
  • decoding1, 10, 13–15, 18–20, 24, 43, 46, 73–79, 82, 97–98, 100–101, 364
  • encoding1, 10, 13–15, 18–19, 24, 43, 46, 100–101, 133–134
  • function 16–17, 22, 25, 38, 106, 127, 131, 137, 218, 220, 222, 224, 227, 231–237, 241, 244–247, 304, 307, 318–319, 394
  • memory store231, 249–252
  • objectSee object
  • sensitivity53, 55–56, 59, 69, 71

• group data395

• head noun phrase231, 233, 252

• headless267, 270–271, 273–274

• heritage
  • language1, 105, 113, 185–187, 193, 205–206
  • speaker128, 185–188, 190, 195

• Hypothesis Space6, 155, 157–159, 162–164, 166–168, 175, 178–181, 396–397

• implicational
  • order41, 50–52, 385
  • table40, 49, 51, 53, 57–58, 62–64, 68–69
  • sequenceSee implicational order
  • scale 29–30, 34, 38, 47, 56, 71, 81, 88–90, 92–97, 378, 380, 386
  • scaling4, 29, 31, 40, 46–47, 49, 56, 58, 88, 98, 383

• incomplete acquisition156, 185–188, 191, 193, 204–206

• infinitive relative construction259

• information structure133, 135, 145, 152–153, 168, 206

• information structure theory 207–210, 212–213, 220, 222, 226–228

• input flooding 304–305

• instruction1, 5, 23, 26, 47–48, 83, 117, 253, 257, 265, 280–281, 283, 285–291, 293–294, 297–305, 308–309, 312, 314–316, 318–325, 329, 331, 334, 342–347, 350, 364, 372, 376

• instructional
  • approach365, 369
  • activities286
  • context 283–284, 392
  • design286
  • setting5, 257, 332, 347
  • intervention293, 393, 396
  • hours 215–16
  • focus284, 286, 343
  • process289
  • treatment301, 305, 309, 319, 335
  • counterbalance345

• integrated encoding-decoding model6, 13–15, 18–20, 42–43, 46

• interaction2, 13, 45, 157–160, 163, 167, 169, 178, 285–291, 294–299, 324, 327–331, 335, 338, 341, 344–346, 349, 351, 353, 355, 359–360, 362, 364–365, 367–368

• Interaction Hypothesis329, 351, 355

• interactionist perspective >158, 182see also cognitive interactionist

• interactional
  • treatment331
  • moves336

• interlanguage 3–4, 6, 9, 78, 88, 108, 118, 142, 155, 163, 183, 228–229, 232, 238–239, 243, 247, 267, 280, 287, 294, 297, 304, 341–342, 351, 364, 369, 393–394
  • system1, 167, 284, 288, 393

• intra-stage69, 105–106, 118, 151

• Italian2, 70, 103, 116–117, 131–142, 145–153, 160, 280, 302, 304, 308, 325, 377

• koineisation190, 192

• language
  • attritionSee attrition
  • loss187
  • profile188, 334
  • shift see shift
  • use 155–156, 167, 186, 189, 193, 204, 208, 258, 344, 376, 386

• learnability45, 254, 288, 298

• lexical4, 6, 13, 16–17, 21, 26–27, 31, 36, 44–45, 73, 76–78, 101, 103, 105, 108–112, 114–116, 121–122, 124, 126–127, 135, 140, 142, 146–148, 150, 152–153, 170, 180, 186, 190, 194, 219, 222, 239, 248–249, 253, 256, 258, 262, 267, 272, 276–279, 291, 307, 322, 324, 337, 352

• Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG)6, 14–18, 20, 23–24, 104, 108, 128, 132–133, 136, 139, 145, 152–153, 157, 161, 213, 231–236, 240–241, 244, 248, 252–253, 255, 261–263, 280–281, 323, 394, 397

• lexical mapping hypothesis106, 135, 245, 248, 255, 307

• lexical semantics13, 20–22, 28

• linear mapping22, 231, 244–245, 248–249, 307

• literacy 1–2, 47, 284, 349–350, 352–354, 357–360, 362–370, 393
  • level284, 349, 352–354, 357–358, 362–364, 366–367, 369

• longitudinal
  • study99, 112, 207–208, 251, 255–257, 264, 272, 275–276, 278–279, 306
  • approach81
  • data111, 151, 156, 214, 256–257, 258, 265–266, 271, 273
  • evidence255

• low level literacy learners349

• L2 EnglishSee English as a second language

• mapping 15–17, 20–22, 24–26, 35–38, 41–43, 45, 48, 77, 111–112, 115, 135, 211, 213, 215–216, 231–235, 241–249, 252, 255, 305, 307, 318–319, 394

• marking35, 37, 51, 76, 79, 103, 105–108, 111–113, 116, 118–119, 121, 124–126, 128, 131–132, 135, 138, 143–146, 151, 153, 174, 192, 194, 196, 198, 201, 241, 263, 267, 272, 277, 301, 306–308, 310–312, 314, 316–323

• mastery98, 118, 123, 187–188, 283–284, 301, 304–305, 308, 312, 315–316, 320–322, 372, 377, 380–381, 383, 386–388, 391–393, 395, 397
  • criterion2, 88

• matrix clause231, 233, 235, 238, 241, 244, 246, 249–250, 252, 257–258, 260–261, 263, 272, 274, 276–279

• morphology2, 4, 9, 25–26, 35–37, 41–42, 52, 54, 69, 76–77, 79, 82, 97–99, 112–113, 128, 131–132, 139–140, 151, 155, 183, 185, 193–194, 204–206, 256, 262–264, 266, 268, 303, 322–323, 338, 350, 360–362, 364, 366, 370, 372, 374

• morpho-syntactic
  • features10, 34, 103, 157, 159, 161, 163, 169, 178, 180, 394
  • level355, 358, 360–361
  • processing10, 24, 35–38, 41–43, 394, 397
  • structures27, 75, 169, 178–180, 199, 204

• morpho-syntax131, 155, 158, 160–161, 163, 168–169, 394, 398

• moving-window paradigm54

• Multidimensional Model (MM) 2–5, 160–162, 396

• multi-facetted
  • feature391, 394
  • structure394, 396

• Multiple Constraints Hypothesis (MCH)6, 14–18, 20, 22, 25, 38, 43, 46, 253

• multiplicity 157–159, 163–164, 166–169, 172, 175, 178, 180–181, 397
  • framework155, 157–159, 164–165, 174–175, 178

• next + 1298, 303, 319, 323

• Niuean (English) 170–177, 179, 183

• non-linear argument-function mapping21, 24–26, 35–38, 41–43

• non-linear mapping22, 25–26, 231, 244–245, 247–249, 255, 307, 394

• non-reversible passive 22–23, 26, 28, 40, 42

• Norwegian (in America)2, 185–200, 202–206

• noticing47, 284, 329, 346, 349, 351, 359–360, 363, 365–366, 368, 397

• Noticing Hypothesis288, 351–352, 359

• Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy (NPAH)232, 234–235, 252–253, 256–258, 260–261, 263–264, 268, 273, 275, 278–279

• noun phrase agreement378

• object22, 33, 51, 54–55, 58, 66, 111, 128, 155, 158, 165, 207–228, 233–235, 245–246, 250, 256–257, 260–261, 303–304, 306–307, 310, 323, 335–336, 353

• opposition119, 126, 307, 309, 313, 317–318, 321, 326

• oral
  • interview 49–50, 53–54, 64, 66, 388
  • language development355, 366

• outcome 78–79, 98–99, 135, 145, 262, 283, 286, 343, 364, 372, 393, 395–396

• Output Hypothesis300, 329, 347, 369

• partial mastery301, 304–305, 308, 312, 315–316, 320–321

• participial relative clause (RC) (construction)233, 251, 255, 259, 262, 264–265, 267, 270–273, 277–279

• passive1, 10, 13–14, 21–29, 31, 35–43, 45–46, 48, 51, 71, 81–82, 100, 142, 145, 148, 169–170, 210, 248, 305, 321, 391, 394

• Perceptual Difficulty Hypothesis235, 256, 258, 260, 264–265, 275

• phrasal procedure76, 105–106, 114, 116, 119–120, 122–127, 171–172, 262–263, 268, 277, 307, 374

• point of emergenceSee emergence

• positional 115–16, 126, 131, 135–136, 138, 145, 150, 209, 222, 307–308, 313–314, 316, 318–321

• prepositional phrase (PP) 105–106, 109, 111–116, 118–120, 122–124, 126–127, 129, 140, 144, 237, 274, 306–308, 311, 318–319, 321, 326

• predictive framework5

• pragmatic
  • competence 375–376, 385–386
  • features9, 103, 173, 226–227

• preverbal negation374, 378–380, 382–384

• procedural skills hypothesis50, 52–53, 68–69

• processability hierarchy6, 76, 81, 235, 238–239, 247, 289, 291, 373

• Processability Theory1, 7, 14–15, 44–50, 70–71, 73–75, 99, 101, 104–105, 128–129, 131, 152–153, 157, 181–183, 185, 206–208, 229, 231, 238, 254–255, 258, 262, 280, 282, 285, 298–299, 301–302, 323–325, 327, 346–347, 368, 371–372, 389–390, 398

• processing
  • ability74, 78, 82, 88, 98, 288
  • capacity162, 207, 217, 224, 364
  • constraints129, 180, 301–302, 306, 308, 311, 315–317, 320–321, 328, 366
  • mechanisms1, 14–15, 24, 74–75, 261, 285
  • prerequisites156, 317
  • principles133, 150
  • procedure(s)3, 6, 20, 24–26, 38, 52, 68, 74, 76–78, 98–99, 132, 151, 162, 207–208, 217–218, 231, 252, 262–263, 308, 312, 394
  • requirements208, 227, 244, 251
  • resources15, 20
  • routines49, 52–53
  • skills83, 213, 217, 225–227, 319
  • strategies5, 48

• pro-drop119, 140

• production1, 6, 9–11, 13–15, 18, 20–21, 24–27, 29, 31, 35, 38, 40–48, 50–51, 53, 56, 65–66, 68, 70–71, 73–79, 88, 97–98, 100–101, 114–115, 119–123, 127, 133–134, 142, 146, 148, 153, 159, 163, 165–166, 186, 188, 191, 200, 207–208, 213–214, 218, 224–228, 231–232, 234, 240, 255–258, 263–265, 270, 272, 279, 281, 289, 292, 294, 298, 304, 307, 309, 327, 329–331, 333, 335, 337–343, 346–347, 351, 355, 360, 364, 387, 390–394
  • data27, 31, 35–36, 38, 40–41, 53, 63, 65, 81, 88, 99, 106, 122, 285, 301, 338
  • task49, 68–69, 311, 313, 322

• productive
  • grammar processing 73–75, 98
  • processes10, 18, 74

• prominence103, 133–135, 139, 150

• Prominence Hypothesis103, 106, 113, 131–133, 135, 138–140, 143, 146–147, 150–151

• prompt36, 176, 217–218, 284, 322, 327–333, 334–335–337, 338–345, 347, 359

• ready 283–287; , 292, 296, 301–305; , 312, 314–321; , 323, 327, 358, 372see also unready

• readiness5, 283–287, 289, 297, 299–302, 304–306, 308, 311–318, 320, 322–323, 325, 347, 349, 351, 356, 361, 364, 366, 372, 388

• recasts183, 284, 322, 324, 327–333, 335–337, 339–347, 351, 353–360, 362–364, 367–368, 370

• reception11, 48–50, 65, 68, 70–71, 97, 101

• receptive
  • grammar processing78
  • processes18, 49–50
  • skills69
  • data49, 68

• relative clause1, 155–156, 170, 231–243, 244, 247–249, 251–255, 257–258, 260, 272, 275, 280–282, 379, 394
  • construction(s)156, 231, 233, 236, 255, 270, 282
  • type244, 260, 274

• representation5, 16–18, 22, 25, 45, 133, 153, 161, 191, 225, 233, 236–237, 241, 244, 249, 258, 281, 314–315, 352–353, 393

• reversible passive 22–23, 28

• routine49, 52–53, 290, 395

• Russian2, 103–116, 118, 121–122, 124–129, 131–146, 148, 150–153, 304, 307–308, 323, 325, 377, 391

• S-procedure76, 213, 217, 225–226, 242, 262–263, 268–269, 277–279, 374

• scalability 30–31, 38, 57, 63, 69–70, 91–92, 95, 380–382, 384–385

• second dialect acquisition350, 365–366, 369

• second language acquisition 6–7, 13, 21, 29, 45–48, 70–71, 74, 99–101, 104, 128–129, 152, 156–157, 160–161, 181–183, 185, 187, 205, 207, 226–229, 231, 253–254, 280–282, 286–287, 298–300, 306, 309, 324–325, 327, 344–347, 350, 364, 367–369, 373, 377, 389–391, 398

• self-paced reading10, 40, 48–50, 52–54, 56–57, 68–69, 80, 82, 97–99

• semantic 9–10, 13, 16–17, 20–23, 26, 28, 36, 40, 42–43, 46, 73, 77–78, 81, 100, 108–110, 114–115, 122, 126, 137, 141, 159, 170–172, 175, 207, 209–210, 212, 217–218, 229, 236, 372, 397
  • features209

• semantics13, 19–22, 28, 100, 110, 118, 129, 152, 212, 224, 226, 253, 280, 350, 394

• sentence matching42, 50, 52

• sentence-picture matching28, 51

• sentence procedure (S-Procedure) 119–122, 124–125, 127, 217, 225–226, 242, 262, 263, 268–269, 277–279, 307, 374

• sentence topic207, 209, 213, 215, 218, 220, 229, 325

• shallow processing21, 24, 153

• shared grammatical workspace10, 14–15, 18–19, 43

• shift44, 186, 189, 204

• single constructSee unitary construct

• skill10, 79, 213, 225, 330, 363

• skills38, 50, 52–53, 68–69, 75, 79, 83, 131–132, 138, 186, 213, 217, 226–227, 259, 262, 267, 308, 319, 329, 349, 352, 354, 364, 366, 375

• strategies approach 4–5

• sociolinguistic29, 160, 174, 179, 182–183

• stage-5 questions327, 333, 337–339, 341–343

• stages of question formation349, 355, 359

• Standard Australian English (SAE)128, 152, 171, 273, 284, 349–353, 356–366

• strategic competence375

• structural
  • choice 207–208, 220, 226
  • variation208, 211, 217–218, 225, 267

• subject-object hierarchy hypothesis256

• Swedish2, 103, 166–167, 182–183, 194, 206, 215, 373–374, 376, 385, 387, 389–390

• syntactic
  • position136
  • processing 14–15; , 20–21; , 23, 26, 28, 40, 42–43; , 78, 394, 397see also morpho-syntactic processing
  • role231, 244

• syntax2, 4–6; , 9, 14, 44, 48, 52, 54, 69, 76, 97, 100–101; , 106, 111, 131–133; , 135, 138–139; , 142–143; , 151–152; , 155, 182–183; , 185, 193–194; , 204, 215, 229, 236, 240, 253, 280, 282, 293, 303, 322, 324, 350, 372, 375, 377see also morpho-syntax

• targeted language learning285

• target-like questions (non-target-like)333, 335 337–338, 340–343

• task-based language teaching 286–289, 298–299, 345

• teachability (hypothesis)1, 5, 7, 129, 283, 285, 287–288, 298–299, 301–304, 308–309, 312, 319–321, 323, 325, 329, 346, 366, 372, 388, 390, 398

• there existential 170–173, 175–176, 178, 182

• third (3rd) person (singular) -s4, 51, 54–55, 58, 65, 69, 83, 160, 171, 263, 277–278, 285–286, 289–299, 322, 332

• topic97, 103, 108, 113, 128, 131–135, 137–138, 150, 152–153, 168, 173, 207–209, 213–224, 226–227, 229, 236–238, 241–246, 250–251, 253, 262, 280, 304, 307, 325

• topical(ity)139, 141, 144, 146, 149–150, 220, 224, 227

• topicalisation133, 142, 145–146, 163, 194, 200, 205, 207–215, 217–221, 224, 226–228, 245, 263, 303–304, 323, 374

• topicalise113, 119, 145, 200, 208, 212, 222, 224, 246, 310, 386

• trajectory ,-1, 3, 76, 98, 118, 132, 146, 155, 157, 167, 170, 172, 178–179, 181, 186, 278279, 284, 308, 395–396

• typological1, 5, 70, 103, 131, 135, 161, 234, 253, 260, 275, 280–281, 308

• typologically2, 6, 103, 113, 125, 146, 232

• unitary construct1, 103see also multi-facetted feature/structure

• unready 303–304; , 312, 315–317; , 319, 320–321; , 323see also ready

• variability4, 175–176, 358, 364, 388

• variation(al) 2–6, 25, 27, 29, 31, 36, 44, 46–48, 71, 101, 103–104, 112, 121, 123–124, 146–148, 151, 155, 157–164, 166–167, 170–172, 174–175, 178–179, 181–183, 186, 188, 190–191, 193, 195–199, 201–202, 204–205, 208, 211–212, 217–218, 225, 267, 291, 322, 337, 344, 364, 367, 379, 391–393, 395, 396–398

• verb phrase (VP)25, 26, 76, 84, 105–106, 109, 111, 113–116, 118–122, 126–127, 129, 136–137, 160, 212, 236, 242–243, 259, 261, 263–264, 268–269, 278

• word order 4–6, 36, 44–45, 48, 51, 101, 109, 111, 113, 132–135, 138–141, 143, 145–147, 149–153, 160, 181, 198, 206, 209–212, 215–216, 220, 225, 228–229, 245, 298, 302, 304, 307, 318–319, 323–325, 328–329, 337–338, 342, 360, 362, 364, 366, 370, 373–374, 381, 389

• world knowledge21, 394, 397

• working memory231, 235, 249–252, 261

• ZISA (project)3, 160